A review of published studies on virtual reality in sexuality research.

INTRODUCTION: Virtual reality (VR) technology contributes to greater approach of methodological safety to make ecological validity more feasible and a growing interest in sexuality behaviors. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to show VR in the sexuality area by a comprehensive review of outcomes, offer a synthesis of the studies, and make a methodological quality assessment of finding results. A secondary goal was to investigate the effect of immersion on diverse sexual responses outcomes. METHODS: We designed a review based on a systematic review strategy describing types of studies, participants, data collection and outcomes; searched in 4 electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and SciELO), and made a full-text screening process. RESULTS: The study found 18 articles that met research criteria synthesized within 3 outcome groups: erection measures, level of immersion, and biomarker studies. Synthesis shows a lack of methodological aspects that impair results, such as description of methods from bias protection, randomization, or concealment. The literature still needs to improve its methodology, even though it already shows relevant data for intervention in sexual dysfunction, forensic psychiatry, sexual attraction, orientation, and use of pornography. CONCLUSION: Current methodological issues need better design to highlight relevant issues in sexuality with stronger quality of design, opening boundaries to new diagnostic or interventional technologies to sexual health.

Same-Sex Behavior and its Relationship with Sexual and Health-Related Practices Among a Population-Based Sample of Women in Puerto Rico: Implications for Cancer Prevention and Control.

This secondary data analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of same-sex behavior and sexual and health-related practices of a population-based sample (n=560) of women aged 16-64 years in Puerto Rico (PR). Data collection included interviews and biologic samples. Seven percent of the sample had had sex with other women (WSW). Age-adjusted logistic regression models indicated that WSW had higher odds of history of cancer, having ≥ 7 lifetime sexual partners, using sex toys and sharing them, and use of tobacco and illicit drugs. Future research is needed to address the health needs of WSW, including cancer-related risk factors and sexual practices.

Escolha de parceiro para acasalamento em Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae): influência do envelhecimento dos machos no sucesso de cópula / Mating choice of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae): influence of male ageing on mating success

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da senescência no sucesso de cópula e na secreção de feromônio sexual por machos de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). O efeito do envelhecimento do macho sobre o acasalamento foi analisado utilizando-se machos com cinco e 21 dias de idade, através do seu sucesso de copula (escolha dos machos pela fêmea para cópula) e pela quantidade de machos que emitiram feromônio sexual. O sucesso de cópula foi avaliado através de várias proporções de machos jovens em relação a machos velhos pelo aumento do número de machos velhos:machos jovens de 1:1 até 5:1. O sucesso de cópula na proporção de 1:1 também foi avaliado em gaiola de campo. A avaliação do sucesso de cópula (na proporção 1:1) demonstrou clara preferência das fêmeas pelos machos jovens. A emissão de feromônio sexual foi mais comum em machos jovens do que em machos velhos. Mesmo em casos onde os machos velhos foram mais abundantes (proporções 2:1 e 3:1), as fêmeas continuaram escolhendo os machos jovens. Entretanto, as fêmeas não distinguiram mais os machos jovens em relação aos machos velhos nas proporções 4:1 ou 5:1. Os resultados indicam que o envelhecimento dos machos de C. capitata tem considerável efeito negativo sobre seu sucesso reprodutivo, especialmente se eles são encontrados em proporção menor do que 3:1.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of male ageing on male pheromone release and mating success of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). The effects of male ageing on mating were evaluated on five and 21 d-old males by assessing their mating success (males chosen by a female for copulation) and the amount of males releasing the sex pheromone. The mating success was evaluated by using several ratios of young to older males by increasing the number of older males:young males from 1:1 to 5:1. The mating success of the 1:1 ratio was also evaluated in field cages. The evaluation of the mating success (in the 1:1 ratio) showed a clear preference of the females for young males. Sex pheromone emission was much more common on young than older males. Even in cases were older males were more abundant (ratios 2:1 and 3:1), females still chose the young males. However, females could not distinguish young from older males in ratios of 4:1 or 5:1. Our data indicate that the ageing of C. capitata males has a considerable negative effect on their reproductive success, especially if they are found in a proportion any lower than 3:1.

Relação entre o uso de drogas e comportamento sexual de risco em universitários de um curso de Medicina / Relation between the use of drugs and the risk sex behavior among medical students

Introdução: Os estudantes de Medicina são descritos como uma categoria de risco para uso de drogas. Objetivos: Verificar a relação existente entre o uso de drogas e comportamentos sexuais de risco entre universitários do primeiro ao oitavo semestres do Curso de Medicina da Universidade de Sul de Santa Catarina, câmpus Tubarão. Metodologia: Estudo observacional de delineamento transversal com amostra composta por 245 (76,8 por cento) alunos do primeiro ao oitavo semestres. Utilizou-se um questionário sociodemográfico e o Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) para monitorar a prevalência de comportamentos do uso de substâncias e de riscos entre jovens. Resultados: A prevalência de uso “na vida” de álcool foi de 92,3 por cento, fumo 60 por cento, maconha 27,3 por cento e cocaína de 4,5 por cento. Em geral, a prevalência foi maior no gênero masculino comparado ao gênero feminino. Em relação ao comportamento sexual, os homens tiveram relações com um número maior de parceiras e relataram mais o uso de drogas e álcool antes das relações. Já as estudantes relataram mais vezes não ter usado preservativo na última relação sexual. Conclusões: A pesquisa encontrou uma associação entre o uso de drogas e álcool e comportamento sexual de risco, bem como demonstrou altos índices de uso de substâncias psicoativas entre os alunos. Ambos os gêneros colocam-se com frequência em situações de risco sexual, porém com padrões diferentes de comportamento. Tal fato é importante para o direcionamento de políticas universitárias diferenciadas para cada gênero, abordando especificamente os comportamentos de risco mais frequentemente apresentados por eles.

Introduction: Medical students are described as an at-risk category for the use of drugs. Aims: To determine the connection between drug use and risky sex behavior among first to eighth semester medical undergraduates at the course of medicine of the Universidade de Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão campus. Methods: Observational, transversal trial with a sample of 245 (76.8 percent) students of the first through the eighth semester. A social demographic questionnaire and the Youth Risk Behavior (YRBS) were applied to monitor the prevalence of substance use and risk behaviors among the young. Results: The prevalence of lifetime use of alcohol was 92.3 percent, smoking 60 percent, cannabis 27.3 percent, and cocaine 4.5 percent. Overall, the prevalence of substance use was higher among males than among females. Concerning sex behavior, the males had sex relations with more partners and reported more use of drugs and alcohol before intercourse. On the other hand, the females more often reported not having used condoms during the last intercourse. Conclusions: An association between alcohol/drug use and risk sex behavior was found, as well as high rates of psychoactive substance use among the students. Both genders engage in high risk sex behaviors, however with different patterns. This could be helpful in directing the university policies to each gender, so as to specifically address their most typical behaviors.

Prevalence of condom use and associated factors in a sample of university students in southern Brazil / Prevalência e fatores associados ao uso de preservativos masculinos entre universitários no Sul do Brasil

This article focuses on the frequency of condom use and associated factors in university students, based on a cross-sectional study of 633 students in 2006. Associations were investigated using a logistic regression model with 5 percent significance. Condom use prevalence was 60 percent. Having candidiasis was a protective factor for condom use in both sexual initiation (OR = 0.49; 95 percentCI: 0.31-0.79) and the most recent sexual intercourse (OR = 0.39; 95 percentCI: 0.24-0.65). Condom use was associated with single marital status (OR = 2.89; 95 percentCI: 1.60-5.23) and having a sex partner froim the health field (OR = 0.50; 95 percentCI: 0.34-0.75). Condom use was high in all sexual relations in this sample of university students. Single marital status and having a sex partner from a health-related course were positively associated with condom use in the most recent intercourse. Self-reported genital candidiasis was protective for condom use during early sexual activity and in the most recent sexual relation. Belonging to the health field did not show a significant impact on the use of male condoms.

Este estudo verificou a freqüência e fatores associados ao uso de preservativos em universitários, por meio de estudo transversal com 633 estudantes, em 2006. Para avaliar associação foi utilizado o modelo de regressão logística em nível de 5 por cento de significância. A prevalência do uso de preservativos foi de 60 por cento. Ter candidíase foi um fator de proteção tanto para uso de preservativos na primeira (OR = 0,49; IC95 por cento: 0,31-0,79) quanto na última relação sexual (OR = 0,39; IC95 por cento: 0,24-0,65). O uso de preservativos na última relação sexual foi associado à relação marital não-estável (OR = 2,89; IC95 por cento: 1,60-5,23) e parceiro(a) pertencer à área da saúde (OR = 0,50; IC95 por cento: 0,34-0,75). Concluindo, a freqüência do uso de preservativos, em todas as relações sexuais, entre os estudantes universitários é alta. A relação marital não-estável e possuir parceiro do curso da área da saúde relacionaram-se positivamente ao uso de preservativos durante a última relação sexual. Relato de ter candidíase genital demonstrou proteção para uso de preservativos no início da atividade sexual e na última relação sexual. Pertencer à área da saúde não influenciou significativamente o uso de preservativos masculinos.

Educação e vulnerabilidade a doenças sexualmente transmissíveis/HIV entre militares em um quartel em Porto Alegre, RS / Education and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases/HIV among members of a military unit in Porto Alegre, RS

Introdução: As doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) são assunto frequente nos diversos veículos de informação, acessíveis a todas as faixas etárias e classes sociais, e alvo de campanhas de divulgação, educação e prevenção, motivadas pela grande relevância deste grupo de doenças em matéria de saúde pública. Apesar disso, ainda são crescentes os casos de DST em serviços de atendimento primário de saúde, o que põe em questionamento as razões para tal incapacidade de controle destas doenças. Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o conhecimento dos soldados recrutas de um quartel em Porto Alegre, RS, acerca da transmissão do vírus da imunodeficiência humano (HIV), bem como verificar a ocorrência de práticas comportamentais de risco para transmissão ou aquisição de DST. Métodos: Após aprovação do projeto por comitê de ética em pesquisa, autorização pelo comandante da organização militar selecionada e consentimento dos sujeitos da pesquisa, foi aplicado um questionário semi-estruturado a 195 soldados incorporados no ano de 2007 em um quartel em Porto Alegre, RS. Resultados: Os resultados deste trabalho mostram que embora exista adequado conhecimento sobre as formas de transmissão do vírus HIV pela maioria dos entrevistados, há ocorrência de comportamentos de risco, como a prática de sexo sem preservativos nas relações sexuais, e há referência à percepção de que a ocorrência de DST é pouco possível em suas vidas. Conclusões: Infere-se, com base nestes resultados, que embora haja conhecimento correto sobre as formas de transmissão de DST pela população estudada, há falta de comprometimento e responsabilidade ao não praticar sexo de forma segura.

Background: Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are frequently discussed in the news and midia - easily accessed by people at any age and social cast – and have been the purpose of several campaigns, educational and prevention programs, once it is a huge concern in public health matters. Despite that, cases of STD are still rising in primary attention centers, what stimulates questions on the reason why it is so difficult to control it. Aim: The present paper aimed to verify the knowledge on STD/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission and patterns of sex behavior among recruited soldiers of a military unit in Porto Alegre, RS. Methods: After approval of the ethics review board and the commandant of the military unit, an informed consent was obtained from the 195 subjects of the survey before application of a questionnaire containing topics on STD. Results: The results showed that despite an adequate knowledge on the transmission of STD/HIV, there are still a great number of risky attitudes in sex behavior, like the practice of sex without condoms, and a low chance self-perception for getting sick with a STD. Conclusions: The authors question the reason of the lack of commitment and responsibility among the population studied, once it was noted a correct perception on the transmission of STD/HIV.

Conducta sexual en adolescentes varones y anticoncepción / Sexual behavior in male adolescents and contraception

Se realiza un estudio prospectivo y longitudinal con el objetivo de determinar el grado de conocimiento, utilización y responsabilidad sexual ante la anticoncepción de adolescentes varones en nuestro medio. Se aplicó el método porcentual a las variables y para este fin se confeccionó una encuesta que fue aplicada de forma anónima y voluntaria a 400 varones de la enseñanza media, en el mes de mayo de 1999 en el municipio de Guane; las edades extremas de la muestra fueron los 13 y 18 años. Se encontró un elevado porcentaje de jóvenes con conocimientos sobre los métodos anticonceptivos, lo cual pone de manifiesto una disociación entre el conocimiento y la utilización de los métodos anticonceptivos del adolescente varón. La principal vía de conocimiento sobre los métodos está inculcada a la supuesta disminución de las sensaciones durante el coito que provoca el uso del condón; por último, se encuentra una tendencia machista respecto a la responsabilidad sexual del adolescente varón, lo que está dado por el no conocimiento de su responsabilidad ante la anticoncepción, así como el criterio de sentirse con el derecho de exigir a su pareja una relación segura(AU)

A prospective and longitudinal study was conducted in order to determine the degree of knowledge, use and sexual responsiblity of male adolescents in relation to contraception in our environment. The percentage method was applied to the variables and an anonymous and voluntary survey was done among 400 males aged 13-18 from the middle educational level, in the municipality of Guane, in May, 1999. It was found that a high proportion of teenagers knew about the contraceptive methods, which shows a dissociation between the knowledge and the utilization of contraceptive methods in the adolescent male. The main way of knowldege about these methods is associated with the supposed reduction of sensations produced by the use of condom during the sexual intercourse. It was also observed a trend toward machism concerning the sexual responsibility of the male adolescent due to the fact that they ignore their responsibilty as regards contraception and that they consider having the right to demand from their partners a safe sexual relation(AU)

Sexual initiation and contraceptive use among adolescent women in northeast Brazil.

To estimate trends and determinants of sexual initiation and contraceptive use among adolescent women in Northeast Brazil, multivariate logistic hazard models are used that draw on data from three Demographic and Health Surveys conducted there between 1986 and 1996. Educational attainment is among the variables found to be associated most consistently with differential risk of engaging in first intercourse during adolescence, including premarital intercourse, and of contraceptive use during sexual initiation. Greater frequency of attending religious services and greater exposure to television are also associated with lower rates of sexual initiation and higher use of contraceptives. Seemingly diminishing returns of education on delayed sexual activity may help explain, in part, observed increases in the absolute level of adolescent sexual experience across survey periods, however. Multilevel modeling techniques pointing to the existence of cluster-level random variances underline the need for further research into community influences on individual sexual activity.

Reconceptualizing adolescent sexual behavior: beyond did they or didn't they?

CONTEXT: Adolescent sexual behavior is typically studied as a dichotomy: Adolescents have had sex or they have not. Broadening this view would lead to a greater understanding of teenagers' sexual behavior. METHODS: Interview data from 907 high school students in Alabama, New York and Puerto Rico were used to examine the relationships between sexual experience and a variety of social, psychological and behavioral variables. Four groups of teenagers are compared: those who did not anticipate initiating sex in the next year (delayers), those who anticipated initiating sex in the next year (anticipators), those who had had one sexual partner (singles) and those who had had two or more partners (multiples). RESULTS: Compared with delayers, anticipators reported more alcohol use and marijuana use; poorer psychological health; riskier peer behaviors; and looser ties to family school and church. Similarly, multiples reported more alcohol and marijuana use, riskier peer behaviors and looser ties to family and school than singles. Risk behaviors, peer behaviors, family variables, and school and church involvement showed a linear trend across the four categories of sexual behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The traditional sex-no sex dichotomy obscures differences among sexually inexperienced teenagers and among adolescents who have had sex. Prevention efforts must be tailored to the specific needs of teenagers with differing sexual experiences and expectations, and must address the social and psychological context in which sexual experiences occur.

Sexual behaviour and infection rates for HIV, blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections among patients attending drug treatment centres in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

A survey was carried out in 2 drug use treatment centres (TCs) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to assess risk behaviours, HIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections/blood-borne infections (STIs/BBIs). Two hundred and twenty-five drug users (195 males and 30 females) were interviewed and clinically examined, and their blood and urine were tested for STIs/BBIs. Prevalences (%) for these infections were as follows--HIV: 0.9, hepatitis B virus (HBV): 14.7, hepatitis C virus (HCV): 5.8, syphilis: 5.3, gonorrhoea/chlamydia (CT/NG): 4.7. In bivariate analyses CT/NG infection was associated with younger age (P=0.003); current genitourinary symptoms (odds ratio [OR]=6.2) and a mainly illegal source of income (OR=9.1). Hepatitis C infection was associated with a history of ever having injected any drug (OR=19.6), and with each one of the injected drugs. After multiple logistic regression, lower educational level (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=3.70) and 'ever having injected drugs' (AOR=3.69) remained as independent risk factors for hepatitis B infection. In conclusion, TCs must implement programmes directed towards the prevention of STIs/BBIs.

Relationship of psychosocial factors to HIV risk among Haitian women.

This study describes the prevalence of HIV risk behaviors among low-income, Haitian women, identifies theoretically relevant mediating psychosocial HIV risk predictors, and provides formative data for developing culturally and gender sensitive interventions for this distinctive, high risk, and understudied population. Confidential interview surveys were administered to 101 women of Haitian descent while they awaited their medical appointments at a local low-income, community medical clinic. Moderately high levels of sexual risk behavior (i.e., unprotected sex with nonmonogamous partners; multiple lifetime partners) were reported. On average, these women reported a belief in their HIV susceptibility, relatively little HIV-related anxiety, somewhat inadequate levels of communication regarding safer sex practices, and lack of adequate confidence in their ability to negotiate safer behaviors in sexual encounters. Both personal and partner condom attitudes were unfavorable and these attitudes predicted condom use levels. It was concluded that interventions need to be developed for Haitian women to improve their attitudes toward condom use and their confidence in negotiating safer sexual practices. However, these interventions cannot be developed in a vacuum. Although it is crucial to consider the woman's individual attitudes and behaviors, it is also important to consider the male partner's attitudes toward sex and the woman's relationship with her male partner within the context of Haitian culture. Only by determining and targeting important potential motivations for safe sex within the cultural context can we most effectively reduce HIV sex risk behavior in Haitian women.

Correlates of first intercourse among women in Jamaica.

This study examines retrospective reports of factors anticipated to impact first intercourse in a random sample of 897 Jamaican women, and contributes to our understanding of the relationship between sexual risk, knowledge, and economic and demographic correlates of first intercourse. A relationship between initiation of intercourse prior to the age of consent (16 years) and factors occurring at or around the time of first intercourse was found. Early initiators were more likely to have had less early family stability and to have experienced menarche at a younger age than late initiators. Although early initiators of intercourse were more likely to report lower socioeconomic status, less STD knowledge, and greater numbers of pregnancies, they were no more likely to report more sexual partners than women who engaged in first intercourse after the age of consent, and had a greater number of long-term relationships. Regardless of age of first intercourse, women need to be made aware of the risks of sexual contact so that they can make informed decisions about the consequences of sexual activity. Overall, results are consistent with work conducted in other parts of the Caribbean and America regarding the age at which young women engage in first intercourse. Findings suggest the need for further work exploring expectations at first intercourse such as marriage, economic support, or relationship stability. Implications of these findings are discussed within the context of economic and structural factors that both increase and decrease risks.

PIP: This study examines retrospective reports of factors anticipated to impact first intercourse among 897 women selected randomly in Jamaica. Three groups of factors were associated with early vs. late initiation of intercourse. A significant association was noted between family structure in childhood and age of first intercourse. Women growing up in one-parent families were more likely to engage in intercourse before the age of 16. The age of menarche was also significantly associated with age of intercourse. The characteristics of the first sexual partner and the characteristics of the relationship were significantly associated with the age of intercourse. On the other hand, there are four sets of variables assessing current demographic characteristics, current relationship status, and factors such as religiosity and knowledge on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It was observed that early initiators of intercourse were more likely to report lower socioeconomic status, less STD knowledge, and a greater number of pregnancies. This study identifies some of the circumstances of first intercourse, which highlight the need to develop health and educational intervention programs that offer more options to young adolescents who may consider early childbearing to stabilize relationships.

Risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among female commercial sex workers in Mexico City.

A scarce number of studies have been carried out to determine the epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection in female sex workers (FSWs). The objective of this study was to examine the correlates of infection for HSV-2 with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, sexual behaviour and history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among FSWs in Mexico City. A sample frame of commercial sex work sites was constructed during the fall of 1992. Sites identified were streets, bars and massage parlours. During 1993 we surveyed 757 FSWs aged 18-76 years, from a random sample of sites. Participating women provided a blood sample and answered a standardized questionnaire. HSV-2 antibodies were identified based on a Western blot assay, using type-specific recombinant glycoprotein gG2. In a multivariate analysis, the presence of HSV-2 antibodies was correlated (P < 0.005) with increasing age and time working as prostitutes, low education, street working site and positive serology for syphilis. The results showed that the working site and the education level are contextual variables related to the risk of HSV-2 infection, where poorly educated and street FSWs had the highest probability of infection. Characteristics that represent periods of exposure to the virus as age and time working in prostitution were predictors of the HSV-2 infection.

PIP: The authors investigated the relationship between herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, sexual behavior, and history of STDs among female prostitutes in Mexico City. During 1993, 757 female prostitutes aged 18-76 years, of mean age 28.5 years, from a random selection of prostitution sites provided blood samples and answered a standardized questionnaire. The presence of HSV-2 antibodies was identified through Western blot assay, using type-specific recombinant glycoprotein gG2. Overall seroprevalences for the study population were 65.1%, 0.6%, 3%, and 6.4% for HSV-2, HIV, hepatitis B virus, and syphilis, respectively. There was no significant correlation between HIV and HSV-2 serological results, although all 5 HIV-seropositive women were HSV-2 seropositive. In a multivariate analysis, the presence of HSV-2 antibodies was correlated with relatively higher age and longer time working as prostitutes, low education, prostitution at a street site, and positive serology for syphilis.

Factors associated with condom use in the male population of Mexico City.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are an important public health problem, due to their medical, social and economic repercussions. Therefore, more knowledge is needed about the sexual behaviour that promotes their spread, in order to improve control and prevention strategies. Our aim was to determine the frequency of male condom use associated with sexual behaviour factors, a history of and knowledge about STDs in a sample of the male population in Mexico City. During 1994 a cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out, using multi-stage sampling with conglomerates, in 1377 men from 15 to 49 years old. The mean age was 34.5 years (SD 7.5 years). Mean age at first sexual relations was 17.7 years (SD 2.8 years). The global proportion of condom use during the last sexual relation was 24.6%; use according to type of female sex partner in the last year was 18.8% with regular partners and 62.5% with occasional partners. The principal predictors of male condom use, identified through statistical modelling, were: younger age (<25 years), middle and high education level (>9 years), middle and high socioeconomic level and type of sexual partners (occasional and regular). This population has risk factors for acquiring and transmitting some STDs, such as occasional sexual partners and a history of STDs. Characteristics which are important in relation to male condom use were identified, such as age (younger than 35), education (complete junior high school or more) and type of sexual partners (occasional and regular).

PIP: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in 1994 to determine the frequency of condom use in Mexico City among sexually active men aged 15-49 years old, and the association with sexual behavior and a history of or knowledge about STDs. The 1377 men interviewed were of mean age 34.5 years, and experienced their first sexual intercourse at mean age 17.7 years. 47% of the men reported using a condom at least once in their lives and 81.6% were married. 79.4% reported having a formal partner, 14.6% had relations with occasional partners, and 6.1% with both regular and informal partners. 26.4% used a condom during their most recent sexual intercourse, 18.8% with formal partners and 62.5% with casual partners. Condom use with formal partners was largely to prevent pregnancy, while condom use with casual partners was to prevent the transmission of STDs. Young and single men were almost twice as likely to use condoms as older married men. The main predictors of male condom use were therefore being under 25 years old, having more than 9 years of formal education, being of middle to high socioeconomic status, and type of sex partners.

Reproductive health risk behavior survey of Colombian high school students.

PURPOSE: To establish rates of potentially risky sexual behaviors among Colombian adolescent students. METHODS: A total of 230 9th and 11th graders at a Colombian high school (69% of enrolled students) were anonymously surveyed about selected reproductive health behaviors using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's self-administered Youth Risk Behavior Survey. RESULTS: The response rate was >90%. The group was demographically representative of students. Twenty-nine percent of the group had engaged in intercourse (13% of 9th and 43% of 11th graders). Male gender [beta = 0.7873; odds ratio (OR) = 2.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.57-3.08] and increasing age (beta = 0.3413; OR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.02-1.93) were each significantly correlated with prior sexual activity. Compared with females, males initiated intercourse at a significantly earlier age (beta = 0.284; p < .001) but did not report significantly more partners (means 2.1 vs. 1.4; chi2 = 1.25; p = .262). Forty-eight percent of respondents used contraception during their last encounter. Sixty-three percent used oral contraceptives or condoms, while the remainder used less effective methods. Contraceptive use did not correlate with gender or age. Age was significantly and positively correlated with use of alcohol prior to sexual activity (B = 1.28; OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.49-8.44). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with U.S. populations of similar ages, the Colombian group surveyed had fewer sexually active members, reported fewer partners, and used contraception with lower frequency.

PIP: A survey on the reproductive health risk behaviors of adolescent students in Colombia was conducted. 230 9th and 11th graders participated in a survey using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's self-administered Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The sample was composed of 62% females and 38% males, aged 13-18 years. It was found that 29% had engaged in sexual intercourse; among these, 13% were 9th graders and 43% were 11th graders. Increasing age and male gender were significantly correlated with past sexual activity. Older males have more prevalent sexual activity than older females, while younger adolescents showed no gender differences. Male gender was significantly associated with early age of initiation of intercourse. Furthermore, 48% reported using contraception during their last sexual encounter, of which 63% used an effective method (condom, oral contraception, withdrawal) and 37% used a method of low or unknown efficacy. Use of alcohol prior to the last sexual intercourse accounted for 14%. The majority of the participants had discussed or received information on HIV infection at school (92%) or from family (77%). Results showed unmet health needs of the adolescent groups and lower frequency of contraceptive use.

Prevalence of gonococcal and chlamydial infections in commercial sex workers in a Peruvian Amazon city.

BACKGROUND: Iquitos Peru, a densely populated port city housing both a large military base and a booming tourist industry, provides a thriving market for commercial sex and, consequently, sexually transmitted disease (STD). The purpose of this study was to characterize the prevalence of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among commercial sex workers (CSWs) and to correlate those findings with social/behavioral characteristics. METHODS: One hundred CSWs, recruited through street and brothel outreach, were administered questionnaires. Urine specimens were collected for gonorrhea and chlamydia testing using ligase chain reaction assays. RESULTS: Twenty-eight percent of CSWs were positive for chlamydia (22%) or gonorrhea (14%). Registered CSWs were more likely to have worked more than 5 years (p = 0.03), report 10 or more partners (p = 0.002), and work in brothels (p < 0.001). Significant associations were also noted between infection status and age, with adolescents at increased risk (odds ratio [OR] = 4.13, p = 0.001), and duration of employment, with those employed less than 5 years at increased risk (OR = 3.72, p = 0.04). The latter association, however, was because of age. Also, most CSWs believed themselves to be at no/small risk or didn't know their risk of future gonococcal infection (30%/12% and 25%, respectively) and AIDS (25%/8% and 35%, respectively), with 11% perceiving AIDS as more of a threat. CONCLUSIONS: High infection rates, lack of knowledge regarding STD/HIV risk assessment, and other high-risk behavior prevalent among this population stress the need for STD intervention. The study further suggests that educational/risk assessment programs and risk reduction interventions could be successful.

PIP: This study aims to characterize the prevalence of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Iquitos, Peru, which provides a thriving market for CSWs and, consequently, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and to correlate those findings with social/behavioral characteristics. About 100 CSWs, recruited through street (n = 37) and brothel outreach (n = 67), were interviewed through questionnaires. Urine specimens were collected for gonorrhea and chlamydial testing. Findings revealed that registered CSWs were significantly more likely to have worked in the sex trade for more than 5 years, report 10 or more sex partners per week, and to work in brothels. Nonetheless, there were no significant differences in age, average charge for sex, or STD prevalence between registered and unregistered CSWs. Overall, 28% of CSWs were positive for chlamydia (22%) and gonorrhea (14%). Furthermore, a number of CSWs stated that they did not know whether they were at risk or assessed their risk as being low for contracting gonorrhea or AIDS. There was no significant association between self-perception of STD risk and STD prevalence. High infection rates, lack of knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and STD risk assessment, and other high-risk behaviors prevalent among this population stress the need for STD intervention programs and risk reduction behavior.

Sexual practices and prevalence of HIV, HTLV-I/II, and Treponema pallidum among clandestine female sex workers in Lima, Peru.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A survey was conducted to determine the sexual behavior practices and prevalence of HIV-1, HTLV-I/II, and T. pallidum infections among unlicensed female sex workers (FSWs) in Lima, Peru. GOAL OF THIS STUDY: To assess the role of unlicensed FSWs as a potential source of retroviral and T. pallidum infection. STUDY DESIGN: Female sex workers from 15 brothels were enrolled. Sera samples were obtained and tested for antibodies to HIV-1, HTLV-I, and Treponema pallidum. RESULTS: Of 158 FSWs studied, all were negative for HIV-1, 6 were positive for HTLV-I, and 5 were positive for Treponema pallidum. Of their male clients, 75% used condoms, whereas only 3% reported condom use with their steady partners. When condoms were always used by clients, the history of a sexually transmitted disease was significantly reduced (p < 0.01), and the prevalence of HTLV-I (p < 0.05) and syphilis was lower among these workers. CONCLUSION: Data suggested that the low rate of sexually transmitted diseases among FSWs reflected the high rate of condom use by their male clients.

PIP: A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of HIV-I, human T cell leukemia virus I and II (HTLV-I/II), and Treponema pallidum infection and the associated risk factors for the transmission of these sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among unlicensed female sex workers (FSWs) in Lima, Peru, to further define their role as a potential source of infection. Unlicensed FSWs from 15 brothels were enrolled in this study from March to June 1994. Serum samples were collected and tested for antibodies to HIV-I, HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and Treponema pallidum. Results revealed that of the 158 FSWs studied, all were negative for HIV-I; 6 were positive for HTLV-I, and 5 had T. pallidum antibodies. Of their male clients, 75% had used condoms for the past 6 months, whereas only 3% reported condom use with their steady partners. Among the workers who stated that condoms were always used, the frequency of a history of STDs, including genital ulcers and inguinal adenopathies, was lower compared to occasional users. Similarly, the prevalence of HTLV-I infection and syphilis was lower among these workers. In conclusion, the study results suggested that the low rate of STDs among FSWs reflected a high rate of condom use.

Dialogue and the negotiation of meaning: constructions of virginity in Mexico.

PIP: This article analyzes the social meaning assigned to virginity and sexual initiation in three areas of Mexico. The introduction: 1) notes that such a study may contribute to an understanding of constructs of sexuality, 2) reviews research in sexuality in Mexico, and 3) relates the current study to other qualitative studies of the cultural aspects of sexuality because it focuses on how sexual meanings are constructed. The next section explains how the study's conceptual foundation was influenced by social constructivist accounts of sex and sexuality and reviews the theory underlying the research process. The third section describes the field work conducted among an Indian community that is connected to the larger community, a rural subsistence agricultural village heavily influenced by Catholicism, and a working-class urban neighborhood. Data were gathered from 7 group discussions and in-depth individual interviews with 14 men and 13 women 15-30 years old. Next, the analysis is shown to have revealed recurrence of four major thematic categories that were analyzed in terms of narrative, metaphor, and rhetoric and in terms of dialogue and polyphony. An example is then provided to illustrate how deconstruction was used to interpret the dialogue. The discussion of findings points out that common constructions of meaning in the three communities proved to be as important as differences. The influence of Catholicism, urban culture, and formal education were recognizable and strong in all settings.^ieng

Reflections on ethical problems encountered in field research on Mexican male homosexuality: 1968 to present.

PIP: This paper presents field research on the major ethical problems in the study of male homosexuality in Mexico from 1968 up to the present and describes a solution to these problems. Ethical concerns about the psychological and social well-being of respondents are heightened in when the focus of a study is on a highly private, sensitive and sanctioned human behavior such as sexual relations. The ethics of a gay man conducting participant observation studies of male homosexuality tend particularly to be open to special scrutiny and suspicion. Most of the major ethical concerns about the study of male homosexuality are related to 1) the methods used by the researcher to collect participant-observation and interview data and 2) the possibility that the dissemination of study findings by the researcher to the outside world may lead to unwanted adverse effects on project respondents and on the population they represent. The use of the participant-observer in gathering of data in the field presents a serious ethical problem that must be addressed by sex researchers. Thus, future researchers contemplating ethnographic participant observation studies in the field must take into account the reality that it is extremely unlikely that they will be able to separate their private sex lives completely from their research.^ieng

Cultural change, hybridity and male homosexuality in Mexico.

PIP: This paper analyzes how contemporary perceptions of male homosexuality are being shaped in Mexico. Ethnographic analysis included four short case studies from 64 mostly middle class individuals for two years in Guadalajara City. Mexican sexual culture is often portrayed traditionally as grounded in values inherent in machismo and influenced by Catholicism. There is a contrast between these traditional interpretations of roles and sexual identities in Mexico and the identities that are being adopted by many contemporary Mexican homosexual men. The homosexual men were categorizable in terms of 1) those who dominated in the sexual relationship and who were capable of maintaining a nonstigmatized identity as regular men, 2) those who assumed a feminine role and were penetrated and who were stigmatized for their effeminate demeanor, and 3) a minority of men who assumed both roles and who were termed "anally active and passive". The study revealed that middle-class homosexuals established networks in which individuals, supported by their friends, acquired the strength to effect personal changes along with other larger cultural changes. Thus, individual actions are beginning to have a collective effect on the society at large.^ieng