ABSTRACT
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Solanum glaucophyllum leaf extract (SGE) as a nutritional additive for dairy cows and other dairy ruminants. However, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) considered the glycosides of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25[OH]2D3) as the active substance and the bolus containing SGE-derived 1,25[OH]2D3 as the preparation of the additive. The product is intended to be administered to dairy ruminants during the pre-parturient (period from 9 days before calving to immediately before calving). The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the administration of one bolus, the preparation of the additive as applied in the animal studies evaluated, containing 500 µg of SGE-derived 1,25[OH]2D3 during the pre-parturient period is safe for cows. Owing to the lack of data, the Panel could not conclude on the safety for of a subsequent administration of a second bolus or on the safety of another SGE-derived 1,25[OH]2D3 preparation for use in dairy ruminants other than cows (Bos taurus). The Panel considered that, under the specified conditions of use, the product is safe for the consumer and the environment. The bolus, a preparation containing SGE, as a source of the active substance, is not irritating to skin and eyes and it is not a sensitiser. Exposure via inhalation is unlikely. The Panel concluded that the administration of the bolus, the preparation of the additive as applied in the animal studies evaluated, containing 500 µg of SGE-derived 1,25[OH]2D3 in a period from 9 days before calving to immediately before calving has the potential to prevent hypocalcaemia in dairy cows. Owing to the lack of data with another preparation, the Panel could not conclude on the efficacy in other dairy ruminants.
ABSTRACT
Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is an established treatment for faecal incontinence involving the implantation of a quadripolar electrode into a sacral foramen, through which an electrical stimulus is applied. Little is known about the induced spread of electric current around the SNS electrode and its effect on adjacent tissues, which limits optimisation of this treatment. The authors constructed a 3-dimensional imaging based finite element model in order to calculate and visualise the stimulation induced current and coupled this to biophysical models of nerve fibres. They investigated the impact of tissue inhomogeneity, electrode model choice and contact configuration and found a number of effects. (i) The presence of anatomical detail changes the estimate of stimulation effects in size and shape. (ii) The difference between the two models of electrodes is minimal for electrode contacts of the same length. (iii) Surprisingly, in this arrangement of electrode and neural fibre, monopolar and bipolar stimulation induce a similar effect. (iv) Interestingly when the active contact is larger, the volume of tissue activated reduces. This work establishes a protocol to better understand both therapeutic and adverse stimulation effects and in the future will enable patient-specific adjustments of stimulation parameters.
ABSTRACT
Analogical acupoints refer to the acupoints with similar functions or effects for certain diseases. From ancient and modern literature, teaching material, modern experimental research and clinical research, the existence of analogical acupoints in the human body is confirmed from multiple levels and angles in this paper. Each acupoint could be considered as analogical acupoint for many diseases, and the analogical acupoints of each disease are overlapped. Therefore, analogical acupoints are not only the basis and premise of acupoint compatibility, but also the basic elements of compatibility.
Subject(s)
Acupuncture Points , Acupuncture Therapy , HumansABSTRACT
Analogical acupoints refer to the acupoints with similar functions or effects for certain diseases. From ancient and modern literature, teaching material, modern experimental research and clinical research, the existence of analogical acupoints in the human body is confirmed from multiple levels and angles in this paper. Each acupoint could be considered as analogical acupoint for many diseases, and the analogical acupoints of each disease are overlapped. Therefore, analogical acupoints are not only the basis and premise of acupoint compatibility, but also the basic elements of compatibility.
