Tumores del sistema nervioso central. Clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud 2021. Hacia un cambio de paradigma / Tumors of the central nervous system. Classification of the World Health Organization 2021. Towards a paradigm shift

El estudio de los tumores del sistema nervioso central (SNC) resulta ser un tema de gran consideración y su conocimiento reviste una alta importancia en la práctica médica. Las clasificaciones de las neoplasias del SNC comenzaron a mediados del siglo XIX hasta que en 1979 la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) publicó la primera edición de una sistemática útil con el objetivo de establecer un lenguaje común para todas las especialidades médicas. Al día de hoy, 5 ediciones actualizaron la taxonomía neoplásica. La quinta edición del año 2021 consolida el cambio de paradigma dado por los avances moleculares, si bien todavía la transición se encuentra en proceso entre la caracterización morfológica y la biológica molecular. En este artículo, se analizan las nuevas modificaciones incorporadas en las diferentes familias tumorales más frecuentes en pediatría haciendo hincapié en aquella información de utilidad para el médico pediatra en su práctica diaria y la consulta multidisciplinaria.

The study of central nervous system (CNS) tumors is a subject of great interest and such knowledge is of great importance in medical practice. The classifications of CNS neoplasms began in the mid-19 th century, until the World Health Organization (WHO) published, in 1979, the first edition of a useful systematic review for the purpose of establishing a common language for all medical specialties. To date, 5 updated editions of neoplastic taxonomy have been published.The fifth edition, from 2021, consolidates the paradigm shift brought about by molecular advances, although the transition between morphological and molecular biological characterization is still in progress. In this article, the new modifications introduced in the different most frequent families of tumors in pediatrics are analyzed, emphasizing useful information for pediatricians in their daily practice and multidisciplinary consultations.

Relação entre meditação, regulação emocional e expressão vocal: estudo de intervenção / Relación entre meditación, regulación emocional y expresión vocal: estudio de intervención / The relationship between meditation, emotional regulation and vocal expression: interventional study

Introdução: A voz é um indicador de estados emocionais, influenciada por fatores como o tônus vagal, a respiração e a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca. O estudo explora esses fatores e a relação com a regulação emocional e a prática meditativa como técnica de autorregulação. Objetivo: Investigar a diferença nas características vocais e na variação da frequência cardíaca em meditadores experientes (EM) e novatos (NM) antes e depois de uma prática meditativa e em não praticantes de meditação ­ grupo controle (CG), antes e depois de um teste controle. Métodos: Estudo quase-fatorial 3 x 2. Três grupos foram avaliados (meditadores experientes EM; meditadores novatos NM; e grupo controle CG, não praticantes de meditação) em dois momentos da manipulação experimental ­ antes e depois de uma sessão meditativa para praticantes de meditação, e antes e depois de uma tarefa de busca de palavras para o grupo controle. A frequência fundamental, jitter, shimmer, relação harmônico-ruído e o primeiro (F1), o segundo (F2) e terceiro (F3) formantes da vogal [a]; a variação da frequência cardíaca (SDNN, RMSSD, LF/HF, SD1 and SD2); estado de ansiedade e autopercepção vocal, foram investigados, antes e após a intervenção. Resultados: O grupo EM alcançou ótimo relaxamento do trato vocal. Os grupos NM e CG apresentaram mudanças em F1. Prática meditativa, de longa duração, está associado com grande diferença em F3, SDNN e SD2 na variação da frequência cardíaca. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que prática meditativa influencia a expressão vocal e reação emocional, e que a experiência em prática meditativa favorece esta relação. (AU)

Introduction: The voice is an indicator of emotional states, influenced by factors such as vagal tone, breathing and heart rate variability. This study explores these factors and their relationship with emotional regulation and meditative practice as a self-regulation technique. Purpose: To investigate the difference in vocal characteristics and heart rate variability in experienced (EM) and novice (NM) meditators before and after a meditation practice and in non-meditators - control group (CG), before and after a control test. Methods: 3 x 2 quasi-factorial study. Three groups were evaluated (experienced meditators EM; novice meditators NM; and control group CG, non-meditators) at two points in the experimental manipulation - before and after a meditation session for meditators, and before and after a word search task for the control group. The fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, harmonic-to-noise ratio and the first (F1), second (F2) and third (F3) formants of the vowel [a]; heart rate variation (SDNN, RMSSD, LF/HF, SD1 and SD2); anxiety state and vocal self-perception, were investigated, before and after the intervention. Results: The EM group achieved optimal vocal tract relaxation. The NM and CG groups showed changes in F1. Long-term meditative practice was associated with a large difference in F3, SDNN and SD2 in heart rate variation. Conclusion: The results suggest that meditation practice influences vocal expression and emotional reaction, and that experience in meditation practice favors this relationship. (AU)

Introducción: La voz es un indicador de los estados emocionales, influida por factores como el tono vagal, la respiración y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca. Este estudio explora estos factores y su relación con la regulación emocional y la práctica de la meditación. Objetivo: Investigar la diferencia en las características vocales y variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca en meditadores experimentados (EM) y novatos (NM) antes y después de una práctica de meditación y en no meditadores - grupo control (GC), antes y después de una prueba control. Métodos: Estudio cuasi-factorial 3 x 2. Se evaluaron tres grupos (meditadores experimentados EM; meditadores novatos NM; y grupo control CG, no meditadores) en dos momentos - antes y después de una sesión de meditación para los meditadores, y antes y después de una tarea de búsqueda de palabras para el grupo control. Se investigaron la frecuencia fundamental, jitter, shimmer, relación armónico-ruido y los formantes primero (F1), segundo (F2) y tercero (F3) de la vocal [a]; la variación de la frecuencia cardiaca (SDNN, RMSSD, LF/HF, SD1 y SD2); el estado de ansiedad y autopercepción vocal, antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: El grupo EM consiguió una relajación óptima del tracto vocal. Los grupos NM y CG mostraron cambios en F1. La práctica de meditación a largo plazo se asocia con una gran diferencia en F3, SDNN y SD2 en la variación de la frecuencia cardiaca. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que la práctica de meditación influye en la expresión vocal y reacción emocional. (AU)

Tumores primarios del sistema nervioso central ­ Avances y desafíos

Presentamos el reciente informe de una paciente de 22 años con germinoma primario del sistema nervioso central (SNC), curado con quimioterapia y radioterapia. Los autores comentaron la raridad de esta neoplasia que usualmente se sitúa en la línea media cercano a la glándula pineal, los marcadores alfafetoproteína y gonadotropina coriónica, la indicación de quimioterapia neoadyuvante y dosis reducida de radioterapia, y el pronóstico favorable, con una supervivencia general hasta de 70%. Enfatizaron las actuales limitaciones en cuanto a dosis y extensión de la radiación al SNC, además sobre la utilización de quimioterapia sola o de quimioterapia neoadyuvante. Los comentarios adicionales que vamos a presentar buscan resaltar la importancia del informe inicial, aumentando el interés acerca de los tumores primarios del SNC. (provisto por Infomedic International)

We present the recent report of a 22-year-old patient with primary central nervous system (CNS) germinoma, cured with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The authors commented on the rarity of this neoplasm which is usually located in the midline near the pineal gland, the alpha-fetoprotein and chorionic gonadotropin markers, the indication for neoadjuvant chemotherapy and reduced dose radiotherapy, and the favorable prognosis, with an overall survival of up to 70%. They emphasized the current limitations in terms of dose and extent of radiation to the CNS, as well as the use of chemotherapy alone or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The additional comments that we are about to present seek to highlight the importance of the initial report, increasing interest in primary CNS tumors (provided by Infomedic International)

Recaídas del trastorno de espectro de la neuromielitis óptica e influencia estacional en una cohorte de un país ecuatorial / Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders relapses and seasonal influence in an equatorial country cohort

Introducción La evidencia sobre la distribución estacional de las recaídas del trastorno del espectro de la neuromielitis óptica (NMOSD), especialmente en países tropicales, es limitada y diversa. Objetivo Evaluar la influencia de las variaciones estacionales en las recaídas del NMOSD en un país localizado sobre la línea ecuatorial. Pacientes y métodos Se llevó a cabo un estudio ecológico, con información retrospectiva de una cohorte de pacientes con NMOSD atendida entre enero de 2003 y diciembre de 2020 en Medellín, Colombia. Se recolectaron datos demográficos y clínicos de los pacientes, así como información sobre variables estacionales y climáticas. Se calculó la frecuencia de recaídas por estación, mes y año, y se realizó una regresión binomial negativa para evaluar la asociación entre el número de recaídas, y las variables estacionales y climáticas. Resultados Se incluyó a 113 pacientes, de los cuales el 89,38% eran mujeres, con una edad media en el momento del diagnóstico de NMOSD de 44,97 (±13,98) años y una mediana de tres recaídas (rango intercuartílico: 1-2). Se registraron 237 recaídas, la mayoría en pacientes seropositivos para anticuerpos antiacuaporina 4 (87,76%) y con mielitis longitudinal extensa como la presentación clínica más común (53,59%). Las recaídas se presentaron con mayor frecuencia durante la segunda temporada lluviosa (28,69%; n = 68), y en los meses de noviembre y diciembre. Sin embargo, en la regresión binomial negativa no se observó una asociación significativa entre el número de recaídas y las variables climáticas y estacionales, los meses y los años. Conclusión Las variables climáticas y los patrones estacionales no muestran una asociación significativa con cambios en el número de recaídas del NMOSD en pacientes residentes en un país localizado sobre la línea ecuatorial. (AU)

INTRODUCTION Information about seasonal distribution of Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) attacks, particularly in tropical countries, has rarely been described and the reported data are diverse. OBJECTIVE. To evaluate influence of seasonal variation in NMOSD relapses in an equatorial country. PATIENTS AND METHODS Exploratory observational, retrospective ecological study in a cohort of patients with NMOSD followed from January 2008 to December 2019. Data of demographic, clinical information, characteristics of relapses and seasonal temporal variation were recorded. Also, the annual, monthly and intra-annual seasonal variation of relapses was quantified. A negative binomial regression was used to estimate the associations between the number of relapses and climatic and temporal variables. RESULTS One hundred thirteen patients were included, most of them were female (89.38%), with a mean age at NMOSD diagnosis was 44.97 (±13.98) and the median of relapses per patient were 2 relapses (IQR 1-3). The patients presented 237 relapses, most of these in AQP4 seropositive patients (87.76%) and longitudinal extensive myelitis was the most frequent type of relapse (53.59%). According to the temporal variation, relapses were more common in the second rainy season (28.69%) during November and December. However, there weren’t significant differences in the number of relapses between seasons and climatic variables in the multivariable model. CONCLUSION. The number of NMOSD relapses in this equatorial country cohort did not exhibit any significant associations with climatic variations, including changes in rainy or dry seasons. (AU)

Mortality and sequelae of tuberculous meningitis in a high-resource setting: A cohort study, 1990–2017 / Mortalidad y secuelas de la meningitis tuberculosa en Barcelona (España): Estudio de cohortes, 1990-2017

Introduction: Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), the most serious form of tuberculosis, results in high mortality and long-term disability in low-resource countries. We investigated temporal trends in mortality and sequelae in a high-resource low-incidence country. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all adult patients with TBM at two third-level teaching hospitals in Barcelona (Spain), between January 1990 and December 2017, assessing temporal trends in mortality and sequelae after 12 months over four consecutive 7-year time windows. Rates observed across the four periods were adjusted for covariates. Results: Of the 135 cases included, all but one started tuberculosis (TB) treatment and 120 (89.6%) received rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide, with or without ethambutol. The probability of being alive at month 12 was 81.8%, with no differences among the four periods: in comparison with the 1990–1996 period, the adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 2.55 (0.71–9.25), 0.70 (0.13–3.85), and 1.29 (0.28–5.91) for the 1997–2003, 2004–2010, and 2011–2017 periods respectively. Sequelae were present in 28.3% at month 12, with no differences across the four periods in the adjusted analysis: in comparison with the 1990–1996 period, the odds ratios and 95% CIs were 0.80 (0.09–7.22); 1.94 (0.21–17.96), and 2.42 (0.25–23.07) for the 1997–2003, 2004–2010, and 2011–2017 periods respectively. Conclusion: This study shows that TBM still causes high mortality and disability even in a high-resource low-incidence TB setting and without improvement over time.(AU)

Introducción: La meningitis tuberculosa (TBM), la forma más grave de tuberculosis, provoca una alta mortalidad y discapacidad a largo plazo en países con bajos recursos. Nuestro objetivo es investigar la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad y las secuelas en un país con recursos elevados y baja incidencia. Métodos: Hemos realizado un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de los pacientes adultos con TBM en dos hospitales universitarios de tercer nivel en Barcelona (España), entre 1990 y 2017, evaluando las tendencias temporales de mortalidad y secuelas a los 12 meses, comparando cuatro periodos consecutivos de siete años. Las tasas observadas en los cuatro periodos se han ajustado por covariables. Resultados: De los 135 casos incluidos, todos menos uno inició tratamiento antituberculoso y 120 (89,6%) recibieron rifampicina, isoniazida y pirazinamida, con o sin etambutol. La probabilidad de estar vivo a los 12 meses fue de 81,8%, sin diferencias entre los cuatro periodos: en comparación con el periodo 1990-1996, los coeficientes de riesgo ajustados y los intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95% fueron 2,55 (0,71-9,25), 0,70 (0,13-3,85) y 1,29 (0,28-5,91) para los periodos 1997-2003, 2004-2010 y 2011-2017, respectivamente. Las secuelas estaban presentes en 28,3% en el mes 12, sin diferencias entre los cuatro periodos en el análisis ajustado: en comparación con el periodo 1990-1996, los coeficientes de probabilidad y los IC 95% fueron 0,80 (0,09-7,22); 1,94 (0,21-17,96) y 2,42 (0,25-23,07) para los periodos 1997-2003, 2004-2010 y 2011-2017, respectivamente. Conclusión: Este estudio muestra que la TBM todavía causa una alta mortalidad y discapacidad sin mejoría con el tiempo, incluso en un entorno con baja incidencia de tuberculosis y con elevados recursos.(AU)

Radionecrosis cerebral en un adulto

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 37 años de edad con el antecedente de haber recibido radioterapia por una lesión tumoral en la región frontal derecha, el cual acudió a consulta en el Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía de Cuba por presentar cefalea intensa y hemiparesia izquierda. Luego de realizados los exámenes necesarios, se estableció el diagnóstico clínico-imagenológico de lesión por radionecrosis en el hemisferio contralateral, que fue corroborado en el estudio anatomopatológico una vez que se extirpó el tumor; seguidamente, se indicó inmunoterapia. La evolución del paciente fue satisfactoria, pues se logró el control de la enfermedad y la resolución de los síntomas.

The case report of a 37-year-old patient with history of having received radiotherapy due to a tumor lesion in the right frontal region is presented, who attended to the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in Cuba because of intense headache and left hemiparesis. After carrying out the necessary examinations, the clinical-imaging diagnosis of a radionecrosis lesion in the contralateral hemisphere was established, which was corroborated in the pathological examination once the tumor was removed; then, immunotherapy was indicated. The patient had a favorable clinical course because the control of the disease was achieved as well as the resolution of symptoms.

Streptococcus bovis infection of the central nervous system in adults: Report of 4 cases and literature review / Infección del sistema nervioso central por Streptococcus bovis en adultos: reporte de 4 casos y revisión de la literatura

Objectives: To describe the clinical features, history and association with intestinal disease in central nervous system (CNS) S. bovis infections. Methods: Four cases of S. bovis CNS infections from our institution are presented. Additionally a systematic literature review of articles published between 1975 and 2021 in PubMed/MEDLINE was conducted. Results: 52 studies with 65 cases were found; five were excluded because of incomplete data. In total 64 cases were analyzed including our four cases: 55 with meningitis and 9 with intracranial focal infections. Both infections were frequently associated with underlying conditions (70.3%) such as immunosuppression (32.8%) or cancer (10.9%). In 23 cases a biotype was identified, with biotype II being the most frequent (69.6%) and S. pasteurianus the most common within this subgroup. Intestinal diseases were found in 60.9% of cases, most commonly neoplasms (41.0%) and Strongyloides infestation (30.8%). Overall mortality was 17.1%, with a higher rate in focal infection (44.4% vs 12.7%; p=0.001). Conclusions: CNS infections due to S. bovis are infrequent and the most common clinical form is meningitis. Compared with focal infections, meningitis had a more acute course, was less associated with endocarditis and had a lower mortality. Immunosuppression and intestinal disease were frequent in both infections.(AU)

Introducción: Streptococcus bovis, una causa bien conocida de endocarditis asociada a cáncer colorrectal, es también una causa poco frecuente de infecciones del sistema nervioso central (SNC), incluyendo meningitis, abscesos cerebrales o empiema subdural. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características clínicas, los antecedentes médicos y la asociación con la enfermedad intestinal en las infecciones por S. bovis en el SNC. Métodos: Describimos 4 infecciones por S. bovis en el SNC en nuestra Unidad y, a continuación, presentamos una revisión bibliográfica de los artículos publicados entre 1975-2021 en PubMed/MEDLINE. Resultados: Se encontraron 52 estudios con 65 casos; 5 se excluyeron por datos incompletos. En total se analizaron 64 casos incluyendo nuestros 4: 55 con meningitis y 9 con infecciones focales intracraneales. Ambas infecciones se asociaron con frecuencia a condiciones subyacentes (70,3%) como la inmunosupresión (32,8%) o el cáncer (10,9%). En 23 casos se identificó un biotipo, siendo el más frecuente el biotipo ii (69,6%), y dentro de ellos, S. pasteurianus. En el 60,9% de los casos se detectaron enfermedades intestinales, siendo las más frecuentes las neoplasias (41,0%) y la infestación por Strongyloides (30,8%). La mortalidad global fue del 17,1%, con una tasa mayor en la infección focal (44,4 frente a 12,7%; p=0,001). Conclusiones: Las infecciones del SNC debidas a S. bovis son poco frecuentes y la forma clínica más común es la meningitis. En comparación con las infecciones focales, la meningitis tiene un curso más agudo, está menos asociada a la endocarditis y tiene una menor mortalidad. La inmunosupresión y la enfermedad intestinal fueron frecuentes en ambas infecciones.(AU)

Listeriosis no gestacional: cambios en frecuencia, formas clínicas y factores pronósticos / Non-perinatal listeriosis: changes in frequency, clinical spectrum and prognostic factors

Introducción: La infección por Listeria monocytogenes es una enfermedad grave que afecta mayoritariamente a personas de edad avanzada e inmunodeprimidos y cuya incidencia está aumentando. En este estudio se analizan los casos de listeriosis en dos hospitales con el fin de estudiar cambios en su incidencia, formas de presentación clínica y posibles factores asociados a mortalidad. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico de pacientes con listeriosis diagnosticada por aislamiento microbiológico entre 1977 y 2021 en dos hospitales universitarios de Madrid. Se recogen variables epidemiológicas, clínicas, estado de inmunodepresión, pruebas complementarias y tratamiento. Se analizan factores asociados a mortalidad. Resultados: Se analizaron 194 casos de listeriosis. La incidencia de listeriosis por ingresos aumentó a lo largo del estudio, con una importante caída del número de casos en 2020. La bacteriemia aislada (37,1%) y la afectación del sistema nervioso central (SNC) (36,6%) fueron las presentaciones más frecuentes. El 21% de los casos tuvo síntomas de gastroenteritis. El 16,5% presentó otras infecciones focales, siendo las más frecuentes peritonitis bacteriana espontánea (8,2%), colecistitis (2,1%), infección respiratoria (1,5%) e infección de prótesis vascular (1,5%). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 24,7%. Fueron factores independientes asociados a mortalidad al ingreso la edad (odds ratio [OR] 1.027, intervalo de confianza [IC] 95% 1.003-1.056) y la presencia de tumor sólido (OR 3.525, IC 95% 1.652-7.524). Conclusiones: En este estudio se constata un aumento de la incidencia de listeriosis en nuestro medio. Las presentaciones más frecuentes fueron la bacteriemia aislada y la afectación del SNC. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria se asoció a la edad y al diagnóstico de tumor sólido.(AU)

Introduction: Listeria monocytogenes infection is a severe disease affecting mainly aged people and patients with immune depression. The incidence of listeriosis seems to be increasing. In the present study cases of listeriosis from two hospitals are analyzed with the aims of studying changes in its incidence, clinical forms of presentation and possible factors associated with mortality. Methods: Retrospective multicentric study of patients with culture-proven listeriosis in two university hospitals in Madrid between 1977 and 2021. Epidemiological and clinical variables, as well as factors for immune depression, complementary studies and treatments were registered. Factors associated with mortality were analyzed. Results: A total of 194 cases of listeriosis were analyzed. The incidence of listeriosis among in-patients increased through the study period, with a significant drop in the number of cases in 2020. The most common clinical presentations were isolated bacteriemia (37.1%) and central nervous system involvement (CNS) (36.6%). Symptoms of gastroenteritis occurred in 21% of cases. Other focal infections were present in 16.5% of patients, the most frequent were spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (8.2%), cholecystitis (2.1%), respiratory infection (1.5%) and vascular prothesis infection (1.5%). In-hospital mortality was 24.7%. Independent factors associated with mortality at admission were age (odds ratio [OR] 1.027, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]1.003–1.056) and a diagnosis of a solid tumor (OR 3.525, 95% CI1.652–7.524). Conclusions: This study confirms an increasing incidence of listeriosis in our millieu. The most common clinical presentations were isolated bacteriemia and central nervous system involvement. In-hospital mortality was associated with age and the diagnosis of a solid tumor.(AU)

Non-perinatal listeriosis: Changes in frequency, clinical spectrum and prognostic factors.

INTRODUCTION: Listeria monocytogenes infection is a severe disease affecting mainly aged people and patients with immune depression. The incidence of listeriosis seems to be increasing. In the present study cases of listeriosis from two hospitals are analyzed with the aims of studying changes in its incidence, clinical forms of presentation and possible factors associated with mortality. METHODS: Retrospective multicentric study of patients with culture-proven listeriosis in two university hospitals in Madrid between 1977 and 2021. Epidemiological and clinical variables, as well as factors for immune depression, complementary studies and treatments were registered. Factors associated with mortality were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 194 cases of listeriosis were analyzed. The incidence of listeriosis among in-patients increased through the study period, with a significant drop in the number of cases in 2020. The most common clinical presentations were isolated bacteriemia (37.1%) and central nervous system involvement (CNS) (36.6%). Symptoms of gastroenteritis occurred in 21% of cases. Other focal infections were present in 16.5% of patients, the most frequent were spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (8.2%), cholecystitis (2.1%), respiratory infection (1.5%) and vascular prothesis infection (1.5%). In-hospital mortality was 24.7%. Independent factors associated with mortality at admission were age (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.027, 95% confidence interval [IC95%] 1.003-1.056) and a diagnosis of a solid tumor (OR 3.525, IC95% 1.652-7.524). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms an increasing incidence of listeriosis in our millieu. The most common clinical presentations were isolated bacteriemia and central nervous system involvement. In-hospital mortality was associated with age and the diagnosis of a solid tumor.

Mortality and sequelae of tuberculous meningitis in a high-resource setting: A cohort study, 1990-2017.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), the most serious form of tuberculosis, results in high mortality and long-term disability in low-resource countries. We investigated temporal trends in mortality and sequelae in a high-resource low-incidence country. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all adult patients with TBM at two third-level teaching hospitals in Barcelona (Spain), between January 1990 and December 2017, assessing temporal trends in mortality and sequelae after 12 months over four consecutive 7-year time windows. Rates observed across the four periods were adjusted for covariates. RESULTS: Of the 135 cases included, all but one started tuberculosis (TB) treatment and 120 (89.6%) received rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide, with or without ethambutol. The probability of being alive at month 12 was 81.8%, with no differences among the four periods: in comparison with the 1990-1996 period, the adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 2.55 (0.71-9.25), 0.70 (0.13-3.85), and 1.29 (0.28-5.91) for the 1997-2003, 2004-2010, and 2011-2017 periods respectively. Sequelae were present in 28.3% at month 12, with no differences across the four periods in the adjusted analysis: in comparison with the 1990-1996 period, the odds ratios and 95% CIs were 0.80 (0.09-7.22); 1.94 (0.21-17.96), and 2.42 (0.25-23.07) for the 1997-2003, 2004-2010, and 2011-2017 periods respectively. CONCLUSION: This study shows that TBM still causes high mortality and disability even in a high-resource low-incidence TB setting and without improvement over time.

Streptococcus bovis infection of the central nervous system in adults: Report of 4 cases and literature review.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical features, history and association with intestinal disease in central nervous system (CNS) S. bovis infections. METHODS: Four cases of S. bovis CNS infections from our institution are presented. Additionally a systematic literature review of articles published between 1975 and 2021 in PubMed/MEDLINE was conducted. RESULTS: 52 studies with 65 cases were found; five were excluded because of incomplete data. In total 64 cases were analyzed including our four cases: 55 with meningitis and 9 with intracranial focal infections. Both infections were frequently associated with underlying conditions (70.3%) such as immunosuppression (32.8%) or cancer (10.9%). In 23 cases a biotype was identified, with biotype II being the most frequent (69.6%) and S. pasteurianus the most common within this subgroup. Intestinal diseases were found in 60.9% of cases, most commonly neoplasms (41.0%) and Strongyloides infestation (30.8%). Overall mortality was 17.1%, with a higher rate in focal infection (44.4% vs 12.7%; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CNS infections due to S. bovis are infrequent and the most common clinical form is meningitis. Compared with focal infections, meningitis had a more acute course, was less associated with endocarditis and had a lower mortality. Immunosuppression and intestinal disease were frequent in both infections.

Estudio del líquido cefalorraquídeo en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas malignas / Study of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with hematologic malignancies

Introducción: La infiltración del sistema nervioso central por células malignas constituye una complicación grave de algunas neoplasias hematológicas, principalmente leucemias agudas y linfomas agresivos. Objetivo: Resumir la base científica y la significación clínica de los métodos de estudio del líquido cefalorraquídeo para el diagnóstico y el seguimiento de la infiltración neuromeníngea en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas. Métodos: Se buscó información durante abril de 2021 en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y SciELO. Se seleccionaron las publicaciones en base a su tipología, actualidad, alcance y las limitaciones de los estudios. Conclusiones: El estudio citomorfológico del líquido cefalorraquídeo se considera el método estándar para el diagnóstico y el seguimiento de la infiltración neuromeníngea. La citometría de flujo resulta más sensible para la detección de infiltración oculta que la citología convencional; pero aún existen reservas sobre su significación clínica. Se investiga también la sensibilidad de otros estudios moleculares como el uso de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y la detección de biomarcadores(AU)

Introduction: Infiltration of the central nervous system by malignant cells constitutes a serious complication of some hematological malignancies, mainly acute leukemias and aggressive lymphomas. Objective: To summarize the scientific basis and clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid study methods for the diagnosis and follow-up of neuromeningeal infiltration in patients with hematologic malignancies. Methods: Information was searched during April 2021 in PubMed, ScienceDirect and SciELO databases. Publications were selected based on their typology, timeliness, scope, and study limitations. Conclusions: The cytomorphological study of cerebrospinal fluid is considered the standard method for the diagnosis and follow-up of neuromeningeal infiltration. Flow cytometry is more sensitive for the detection of occult infiltration than conventional cytology, but there are still reservations about its clinical significance. The sensitivity of other molecular studies such as the use of PCR and biomarker detection is also investigated(AU)

Glutamato monosódico y suprasistema neuroendocrinoinmune murino

Introducción: El glutamato monosódico se emplea en humanos desde el pasado siglo como potenciador del sabor. Su inoculación parenteral en murinos durante el período neonatal causa lesiones en varios núcleos hipotalámicos. Objetivo: Describir los efectos del glutamato monosódico sobre el sistema neuroendocrinoinmune en murinos. Metodos: Se realizó una revisión de artículos de libre acceso en las bases de datos PubMed y SciELO entre enero de 2013 y julio de 2020. También se examinó el texto básico de la asignatura Sangre y Sistema Inmune de la carrera de medicina. Desarrollo: Con independencia de su efecto adictivo, varios estudios defienden la inocuidad del glutamato monosódico. Sin embargo, este compuesto puede atravesar la barrera hematoencefálica de neonatos de murinos, y ocasionar trastornos metabólicos, reproductivos y del sistema inmune. Conclusiones: El glutamato monosódico en roedores causa alteraciones en los órganos que integran el suprasistema neuroendocrinoinmune y, por tanto, afecta sus funciones homeostáticas. Los mecanismos patogénicos no se conocen con exactitud.

Introduction: Monosodium glutamate has been used in humans since the last century as a flavor enhancer. Its parenteral inoculation in murine during the neonatal period causes lesions in several hypothalamic nuclei. Objective: To describe the effects of monosodium glutamate on the neuroendocrine immune system in murine samples. Methods: A review of open access articles in the PubMed and SciELO databases was conducted between January 2013 and July 2020. The basic text of the Blood and Immune System course of the medical school was also reviewed. Development: Regardless of its addictive effect, several studies defend the safety of monosodium glutamate. However, this compound can cross the blood-brain barrier of murine neonates, causing metabolic, reproductive and immune system disorders. Conclusions: Monosodium glutamate in rodents causes alterations in the organs that make up the neuroendocrine-immune suprasystem and, therefore, affects their homeostatic functions. The pathogenic mechanisms are not known exactly.

O ensino de ciências na educação básica: desvendando o sistema nervoso através de cartilhas e mapas mentais / Science teaching in basic education: unveiling the nervous system through primers and mental maps / Enseñanza de ciencias en educación básica: desvelando el sistema nervioso a través de primers y mapas mentales

Objetivo: o estudo visou um relato de experiências entre os autores sobre a tutoria do módulo três durante o curso EAD no ano de 2022. Método: Este curso com atividades síncronas e assíncronas, para professores da educação básica e estudantes de graduação, foi realizado em outubro e novembro, do ano de 2022 e culminou na construção de uma cartilha com mapas mentais, temas e estratégias trabalhados durante o curso comomateriais pedagógicos para o ensino fundamental II. Resultados:A cartilha intitulada: as consequências do consumo de álcool ao sistema nervoso, teve como parceria professores de duas escolas básicas. Esta apresenta informações anatomofisiológicas a respeito do funcionamento do sistema nervoso e o álcool. A temática explica como o funcionamento do sistema nervoso pode ser afetado pelo uso de bebidas alcoólicas; compreensão das alterações causadas ao funcionamento do sistema nervoso pela ingestão de álcool e instrumentalização dos professores com mais um recurso pedagógico. Conclusão:Dessa forma, foi possível a promoção da sensibilização dos estudantes quanto aos aspectos negativos do uso de bebidas alcoólicas. Assim como, prevenção nos jovens quanto ao seuuso indiscriminado, colaborando com a popularização da ciência.

Objective:the study aimed to report experiences between the authors regarding the tutoring of module three during the EAD course in the year 2022. Method:This course with synchronous and asynchronous activities, for basic education teachers and undergraduate students, was carried out in October and November, 2022 and culminated in the construction of a booklet with mental maps, themes and strategies workedon during the course as teaching materials for elementary school II. Results:The booklet entitled: the consequences of alcohol consumption on the nervous system, was partnered with teachers from two basic schools. This presents anatomophysiological information regarding the functioning of the nervous system and alcohol. The theme explains how the functioning of the nervous system can be affected by the use of alcoholic beverages; understanding the changes caused to the functioning of the nervous system byalcohol intake and providing teachers with yet another pedagogical resource. Conclusion:In this way, it was possible to promote student awareness regarding the negative aspects of the use of alcoholic beverages. As well as prevention among young people regarding its indiscriminate use, collaborating with the popularization of science.

Objetivo: el estudio tuvo como objetivo relatar experiencias entre los autores respecto a la tutoría del módulo tres durante el curso EAD en el año 2022. Método: Este curso con actividades sincrónicas y asincrónicas, para docentes de educación básica y estudiantes de pregrado, se realizó en los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2022 y culminó con la construcción de una cartilla con mapas mentales, temáticas y estrategias trabajadas durante el curso como material didáctico para la escuela primaria II. Resultados:El cuadernillo titulado: las consecuencias del consumo de alcohol en el sistema nervioso, fue elaborado en colaboración con docentes de dos escuelas básicas. Presenta información anatomofisiológica sobre el funcionamiento del sistema nervioso y el alcohol. El tema explica cómo el funcionamiento del sistema nervioso puede verse afectado por el uso de bebidas alcohólicas; comprender los cambios que provoca en el funcionamiento del sistema nervioso la ingesta de alcohol y dotar a los docentes de un recurso pedagógico más. Conclusión: De esta manera, fue posible sensibilizar a los estudiantes sobre los aspectos negativos del consumo de alcohol. Así como la prevención entre los jóvenes sobre su uso indiscriminado, contribuyendo a la popularización de la ciencia.

Influência do tempo de internação hospitalar sobre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca pediátrica por meio de método linear / Influence of hospital stay on the variability of pediatric heart rate by linear method / Influencia de la estancia hospitalaria en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca pediátrica por método lineal

INTRODUÇÃO: A imobilização prolongada acarreta prejuízos sistêmicos que repercute diretamente em maiores agravos aos pacientes, dentre eles se encontra a redução da VFC, indicativo de maior morbimortalidade clínica. OBJETIVO: Analisar se o tempo de internação hospitalar influencia a modulação autonômica da frequência cardíaca em pacientes pediátricos. METODOLOGIA: Estudo longitudinal, quantitativo e prospectivo, realizado em uma enfermaria pediátrica. A amostra foi de pacientes entre 4 a 11 anos, ambos gêneros, internados dentro das primeiras 48 horas. A coleta iniciou após a assinatura do TCLE pelo responsável, seguida do colhimento dos dados pessoais e clínicos dos pacientes seguida da coleta da VFC, repetida no último dia de internação. A captação da VFC foi realizada pelo monitor Polar RS800CX. Os dados foram transferidos e passados por uma análise matemática no programa Kubios HRV2.2. Por fim, os dados foram tabulados e analisados pelo Microsoft Excel 2013 e software BioEstat® 5.3 respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Os valores lineares no domínio do tempo obtiveram média pré (IRR=644,7 com P=0,42; RMSSD= 46,1 com P=0,017 e SDNN=43,5 com P=0,017) e pós (IRR=656,3; RMSSD=34,8; SDNN=35,38) e no domínio da frequência média pré (LF=41,9 com P=0,013; HF=58,0 com P=0,013; LF/HF=1,03 com P=0,04) e pós (LF=52,2; HF=47,7; LF/HF=3,56). A correlação de Pearson na análise tanto de RMSSD pós x tempo de internação, quanto SDNN pós x tempo de internação demonstraram R=0,55 e R=0,59 respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Foi observado que o tempo de internação exerce influência negativa sobre a modulação autonômica da frequência cardíaca em pacientes pediátricos.

INTRODUCTION: Prolonged immobilization causes systemic damage that has a direct impact on greater harm to patients, among which is the reduction in HRV, indicative of greater clinical morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether the length of hospital stay influences the autonomic modulation of heart rate in pediatric patients. METHODOLOGY: Longitudinal, quantitative and prospective study, carried out in a pediatric ward. The sample consisted of patients between 4 and 11 years old, both genders, hospitalized within the first 48 hours. The collection began after the signature of the TCLE by the guardian, followed by the collection of the patients' personal and clinical data, followed by the HRV collection, repeated on the last day of hospitalization. HRV capture was performed by the Polar RS800CX monitor. The data were transferred and passed through a mathematical analysis in the Kubios HRV2.2 program. Finally, data were tabulated and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and BioEstat® 5.3 software, respectively. RESULTS: Linear values in the time domain obtained mean pre (IRR=644.7 with P=0.42; RMSSD=46.1 with P=0.017 and SDNN=43.5 with P=0.017) and post (IRR=656.3; RMSSD=34.8; SDNN=35.38) and in the pre mean frequency domain (LF=41.9 with P=0.013; HF=58.0 with P=0.013; LF/HF=1,03 with P=0.04) and powders (LF=52.2; HF=47.7; LF/HF=3.56). Pearson's correlation in the analysis of both the RMSSD post x length of stay and the SDNN post x length of stay showed R=0.55 and R=0.59 respectively. CONCLUSION: It was observed that the length of stay has a negative influence on the autonomic modulation of heart rate in pediatric patients.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La inmovilización prolongada provoca daños sistémicos que repercuten directamente en un mayor perjuicio para los pacientes, entre los que se encuentra la disminución de la VFC, indicativa de una mayor morbimortalidad clínica. OBJETIVO: Analizar si la duración de la estancia hospitalaria influye en la modulación autonómica de la frecuencia cardiaca en pacientes pediátricos. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio longitudinal, cuantitativo y prospectivo, realizado en una planta de pediatría. La muestra consistió en pacientes entre 4 y 11 años, de ambos sexos, hospitalizados dentro de las primeras 48 horas. La recogida se inició tras la firma del TCLE por el tutor, seguida de la recogida de los datos personales y clínicos de los pacientes, seguida de la recogida de la VFC, repetida el último día de hospitalización. La captura de la VFC se realizó con el monitor Polar RS800CX. Los datos se transfirieron y pasaron por un análisis matemático en el programa Kubios HRV2.2. Finalmente, los datos fueron tabulados y analizados utilizando Microsoft Excel 2013 y el software BioEstat® 5.3, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron valores lineales en el dominio temporal medios pre (TIR=644,7 con P=0,42; RMSSD=46,1 con P=0,017 y SDNN=43,5 con P=0,017) y post (TIR=656,3; RMSSD=34. 8; SDNN=35,38) y en el dominio de la frecuencia media pre (LF=41,9 con P=0,013; HF=58,0 con P=0,013; LF/HF=1,03 con P=0,04) y polvos (LF=52,2; HF=47,7; LF/HF=3,56). La correlación de Pearson en el análisis tanto de la RMSSD post x duración de la estancia como de la SDNN post x duración de la estancia mostró R=0,55 y R=0,59 respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: Se observó que la duración de la estancia influye negativamente en la modulación autonómica de la frecuencia cardíaca en pacientes pediátricos.

Psychophysiological reactions during the trauma-film paradigm and their predictive value for intrusions.

Background: Adequate adaptation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is crucial in potentially life-threatening situations. The defence cascade provides a descriptive model of progressing dominant physiological reactions in such situations, including cardiovascular parameters and body mobility. The empirical evidence for this model is scarce, and the influence of physiological reactions in this model for predicting trauma-induced intrusions is unresolved.Objectives: Using a trauma-film paradigm, we aimed to test physiological reactions to a highly stressful film as an analogue to a traumatic event along the defence cascade model. We also aimed to examine the predictive power of physiological activity for subsequent intrusive symptoms.Method: Forty-seven healthy female participants watched a stressful and a neutral film in randomized order. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and body sway were measured. Participants tracked frequency, distress, and quality of subsequent intrusions in a diary for 7 consecutive days.Results: For the stressful film, we observed an initial decrease in HR, followed by an increase, before the HR stabilized at a high level, which was not found during the neutral film. No differences in HRV were observed between the two films. Body sway and trembling frequency were heightened during the stressful film. Neither HR nor HRV predicted subsequent intrusions, whereas perceived distress during the stressful film did.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the physiological trauma-analogue response is characterized by an orientation response and subsequent hyperarousal, reaching a high physiological plateau. In contrast to the assumptions of the defence cascade model, the hyperarousal was not followed by downregulation. Potential explanations are discussed. For trauma-associated intrusions in the subsequent week, psychological distress during the film seems to be more important than physiological distress. Understanding the interaction between physiological and psychological responses during threat informs the study of ANS imbalances in mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder.

We used a trauma-film analogue to examine the defence cascade model and to investigate the influence of psychophysiological response on subsequent intrusions.While we found an orientation phase, upregulation phase, and coactivation indicated by heart rate, no downregulation phase was observed.None of the physiological parameters examined predicted subsequent intrusions, whereas subjective distress during the film did.

Lineamientos técnicos para la respuesta ante la detección de poliovirus y un brote de poliomielitis / Technical guidelines for response to poliovirus detection and a polio outbreak

La poliomielitis es una enfermedad muy contagiosa causada por un virus que invade el sistema nervioso y puede causar parálisis, afecta sobre todo a los niños menores de 5 años. No tiene cura, pero es prevenible. La única forma de prevenir la enfermedad es vacunando. Cuando se administra la vacuna antipoliomielítica en el esquema recomendado, puede proporcionar una protección de por vida. Por tal motivo se actualizan los Lineamientos técnicos para la respuesta ante la detección de poliovirus y un brote de poliomielitis vigentes desde 2019, con la finalidad de establecer las directrices que deben seguir e implementar todas las instituciones que conforman el Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS), cumpliendo con todos los indicadores de calidad de la vigilancia, asegurando la detección temprana de cualquier poliovirus y desencadenar las acciones de prevención y control

Polio is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus that invades the nervous system and can cause paralysis, mainly affecting children under the age of 5. There is no cure, but it is preventable. The only way to prevent the disease is by vaccinating. When the polio vaccine is given in the recommended regimen, it can provide lifelong protection. For this reason, the Technical Guidelines for the Response to the Detection of Poliovirus and a Polio Outbreak in force since 2019 are updated, in order to establish the guidelines to be followed and implement all the institutions that make up the National Integrated Health System (NHIS), complying with all quality indicators of surveillance, ensuring early detection of any poliovirus and trigger prevention and control actions

Encefalitis autoinmune seronegativa asociada a síndrome de Sjögren primario / Autoimmune seronegative encephalitis associated to primary Sjögren's disease

La encefalitis autoinmune es un trastorno inmunomediado que compromete distintos territorios del parénquima cerebral, involucrando frecuentemente la materia gris profunda o la corteza, con o sin compromiso de la materia blanca, meninges o médula espinal. Se asocia frecuentemente con enfermedades autoinmunes o paraneoplásicas, y constituye un reto diagnóstico. Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 55 años con antecedente de síndrome de Sjögren que consultó a Emergencias por cefalea y confusión. El líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) presentaba leucocitosis con neutrofilia. En la resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) cerebral se evidenciaron múltiples imágenes de comportamiento restrictivo, de señal hiperintensa en T2 y FLAIR, a predominio córtico-subcortical a nivel occipital bilateral, hemisferio cerebeloso derecho y parietal derecho. Se descartaron infecciones y neoplasias. El panel de anticuerpos para encefalitis autoinmune aquaporina-4 y anti-MOG en LCR fue negativo. Recibió metilprednisolona endovenosa con mejoría progresiva de los síntomas.

Autoimmune encephalitis is an immune-mediated disorder that affects different areas of the brain parenchyma, often involving deep gray matter or the cortex, with or without involvement of white matter, meninges, or spinal cord. It is frequently associated with autoimmune or paraneoplastic diseases and is a diagnostic challenge. We report the case of a 55-year-old woman with history of Sjögren's syndrome who presented to the emergency department with headache and episodes of confusion. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Brain MRI revealed multiple restricted diffusion lesions with hyperintense signal on T2 and FLAIR sequences, predominantly in the bilateral occipital region, right cerebellar hemisphere, and right parietal region. Infections and neoplasms were ruled out. The panel of antibodies for autoimmune encephalitis, including Aquaporin-4 and anti-MOG in CSF, was negative. She received intravenous methylprednisolone, leading to symptom improvement.

La niebla mental, una manifestación neurocognitiva del síndrome post-COVID-19 / Brain fog, a neurocognitive manifestation of the post-COVID-19 syndrome

Introducción: La COVID-19, infección causada por el SARS-CoV-2, ocasiona daños a diferentes órganos y sistemas, como el sistema nervioso central. Entre las alteraciones neurológicas se describe la niebla mental como manifestación neurocognitiva frecuente en el síndrome post-COVID-19, con un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Se revisaron 104 artículos publicados desde junio 2020 a octubre del 2022, en las bases de datos Pubmed, Medline, Lilacs y Cumed. Objetivo: Actualizar conocimientos sobre las manifestaciones neurocognitivas de niebla mental en el síndrome post-COVID-19. Desarrollo: Se describen alteraciones neurocognitivas de niebla mental, trastornos de atención, concentración y memoria, asociados a otros síntomas neurológicos, como cefalea, insomnio, anosmia, ageusia, ansiedad, depresión, y otros síntomas persistentes, que caracterizan al síndrome post-COVID-19. Se hace referencia a elementos de la etiopatogenia, resaltando la respuesta inmune sistémica exagerada, generada por la liberación de citoquinas, aspectos a tener presentes para la conducta diagnóstica y terapéutica de los pacientes post-COVID-19. Conclusiones: Los síntomas neurocognitivos de niebla mental, constituyen las alteraciones neurológicas frecuentes del síndrome post-COVID-19, son variados, con combinación de diferentes síntomas en cada enfermo, más frecuentes en mujeres y en pacientes que presentaron enfermedad grave(AU)

Introduction: COVID-19, infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, causes damage to different organs and systems, such as the central nervous system. Among the neurological alterations, brain fog is described as a frequent neurocognitive manifestation in post-COVID-19 syndrome, with a negative impact on patients' quality of life; 104 articles published were reviewed from June 2020 to October 2022, in Pubmed, Medline, Lilacs and Cumed databases. Objective: To update knowledge on the neurocognitive manifestations of brain fog in post-COVID-19 syndrome. Development: Neurocognitive alterations of mental fog, attention, concentration and memory disorders, associated with other neurological symptoms, such as headache, insomnia, anosmia, ageusia, anxiety, depression, and other persistent symptoms, which characterize post-COVID-19 syndrome, are described. Reference is made to elements of the etiopathogenesis, highlighting the exaggerated systemic immune response, generated by the release of cytokines, aspects to keep in mind for the diagnostic and therapeutic conduct of post-COVID-19 patients. Conclusions: The neurocognitive symptoms of brain fog are frequent neurological alterations of post-COVID-19 syndrome, they are varied, with a combination of different symptoms in each patient, more frequent in women and in patients who presented severe disease(AU)

Scedosporium boydii finding in an immunocompromised patient and review of the literature / Hallazgo de Scedosporium boydii en un paciente inmunocomprometido y revisión de la literatura

Background Scedosporiasis is an emerging mycosis that has gained importance in recent years due to its worldwide prevalence. It is caused by species of the Scedosporium apiospermum complex. These species can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients and, occasionally, in immunocompetent patients as well. The high intrinsic antifungal resistance make these infections difficult to manage. Aims The objective of this study was to interpret the mycological findings in a transplant patient, together with the images obtained in the radiological studies, in order to provide an early and effective antifungal therapy. Methods The mycological analysis of samples taken from a heart transplant patient with radiological images suggesting a fungal infection was performed. Computed tomography scan of the head and thorax showed space-occupying lesions in both the frontal lobe and cerebellum, and multiple pulmonary nodules. The nodules were punctured and the samples obtained were analyzed according to the procedures for mycological analysis. The identity of the isolates was confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. Eventually, the antifungal susceptibility was studied. Results The fungal isolates obtained, whose identity was confirmed by sequencing, belonged to the species Scedosporium boydii. Injured tissues were surgically removed and a treatment with amphotericin B and voriconazole-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 0.5μg/mL and ≥0.5μg/mL respectively – was administered. Conclusions Although the patient died due to complications of a Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis refractory to treatment, the progression of the fungal disease, although slow, was favourable in the early phases of the treatment due to a correct diagnosis and the antifungal susceptibility test carried out. ... (AU)

Antecedentes La escedosporiasis es una micosis emergente de relevancia en los últimos años por su prevalencia mundial. Es causada por especies del complejo Scedosporium apiospermum (S. apiospermum), que pueden provocar infecciones oportunistas de difícil tratamiento en pacientes inmunocomprometidos y, ocasionalmente, en inmunocompetentes. El alto grado de resistencia intrínseca de las especies de este complejo dificulta el manejo de las infecciones. Objetivos Interpretar los hallazgos micológicos en un paciente trasplantado, en conjunción con los estudios radiológicos, a fin de instaurar una terapia antifúngica precoz y efectiva. Métodos Se realizó el estudio micológico de muestras de un paciente con trasplante cardiaco, cuyos exámenes radiológicos eran compatibles con una infección fúngica. La tomografía axial computarizada de cabeza y tórax mostró masas ocupantes en el lóbulo frontal y el cerebelo, así como múltiples nódulos pulmonares. Se punzaron las mismas y se procesó de acuerdo con el protocolo de análisis micológico de rutina; la identidad de los aislamientos se confirmó por secuenciación nucleotídica. Finalmente se evaluó la sensibilidad antifúngica. Resultados La identidad de los aislamientos fúngicos obtenidos fue Scedosporium boydii (S. boydii). Se procedió a la remoción quirúrgica del tejido afectado y se puso un tratamiento con anfotericina B y voriconazol, para los cuales los valores de concentración inhibitoria mínima del aislamiento fueron 0,5 μg/mL y ≥ 0,5 μg/mL, respectivamente. Conclusiones Si bien el paciente falleció por complicaciones asociadas a sepsis por Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) refractaria al tratamiento, la evolución del cuadro micológico, aun siendo lenta, progresó favorablemente en las primeras fases del tratamiento. Esto se atribuye a un correcto diagnóstico y evaluación de la sensibilidad antifúngica del hongo aislado. ... (AU)