Update on the clinical applications of SGLTis: Insight to benefits beyond hypoglycemic and cardiorenal protection.

Sodium glucose cotransporter inhibitor (SGLTi) drugs have been widely used in clinical practice. In addition to their benefits in hyperglycemia, heart failure (HF), and kidney disease, their effects on obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly named nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]), polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), abnormal lipid metabolism, hyperuricemia, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), anemia, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD, formerly named syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone [SIADH]) have been explored. In this review, we searched the data of clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses of SGLTis in patients with diabetes from the PubMed library between January 1, 2020, and February 1, 2024. According to our review, certain SGLTis exhibit relatively superior clinical safety and effectiveness for treating the abovementioned diseases. Proper utilization of SGLTis in these patients can provide additional medication options for patients with different disease scenarios. However, studies of SGLTis in these diseases are relatively rare, with shortcomings such as small sample sizes and short intervention periods. Therefore, further large-scale, long-term, well-designed studies are needed to clarify the findings.

Risk Factors of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: This review aimed to assess the risk factors of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in pediatric children, a common condition with serious long-term sequela. METHODS: PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords "Apnea", "Obstructive Sleep" OR "Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome" AND "Child" OR "Children" OR "Pediatrics". Data from 35 studies involving 497,688 pediatric patients diagnosed with OSA using polysomnography were reviewed. Risk factors examined included sex, obesity, neck circumference, tonsillar/adenoid hypertrophy, respiratory infections, nasal stenosis, parental OSA/smoking, ethnicity, preterm birth, and breastfeeding history. Relative Risk (RR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) were calculated, using Cochrane Q and I² statistics to estimate heterogeneity. RESULTS: Tonsillar hypertrophy (RR = 3.55), adenoid hypertrophy (RR = 1.63), respiratory tract infection (RR = 2.59), obesity (RR = 1.74), and family history of OSA (RR = 3.03) were significantly associated with pediatric OSA. White ethnicity was protective (RR = 0.77). DISCUSSION: Recognizing these risk factors aids in early diagnosis and treatment of pediatric OSA.

Outcomes of Endovascular Therapy for Stanford Type B Aortic Dissection in Patients with Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the influences of varying severity of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) on the outcomes after thoracic endovascular aorta repair (TEVAR) in patients with Stanford type B aortic dissection (TBAD). METHODS: This observational study focused on individuals with TBAD plus SAS who received TEVAR between January 2018 and December 2022. Patients were divided into groups according to the results of the portable sleep-breathing monitoring systems (PSMS): mild SAS (MSAS) and moderate-to-severe SAS (MSSAS). Clinical profiles were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 121 cases with TBAD plus SAS who underwent TEVAR were enrolled in this study. Two groups were formed by stratifying these cases: MSAS (74 cases) and MSSAS (47 cases). The MSSAS cases were found to be older relative to MSAS cases (51.7 ± 8.3 vs. 57.1 ± 12.8 years, p = 0.012) and had a higher body mass index (BMI; 25.7 ± 2.3 vs. 27.0 ± 2.3 kg/m2, p = 0.038). The investigation did not find any appreciable differences between the MSAS and MSSAS groups in terms of complications (endoleak: p = 0.403, SINE: p = 1.000, stent displacement: p = 1.000). However, the MSSAS group exhibited a significantly higher overall mortality rate compared to MSAS group (log-rank p = 0.027). The tendency continued when examining cases with Marfan syndrome (MFS) combined with MSSAS, where the overall mortality rate was significantly greater compared to MFS cases with MSAS (log-rank p = 0.037). The absence of a significant difference was noteworthy in the freedom from reintervention between the MSAS and MSSAS groups (log-rank p = 0.278). The overall mortality rate was significantly higher in MSSAS group even after adjusting for varying potential confounders in the multivariate cox regression analysis (HR 95%CI: 1.875 [1.238-2.586], p = 0.012). A markedly higher rate of distal stent dilation in the MSSAS group was also observed compared to the MSAS group (2.5 [2, 3] vs. 4 [2, 5.5] mm/year, p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: MSSAS is associated with a significantly higher risk of overall mortality and dilation rate of the distal stent after TEVAR for TBAD patients. Hence, aggressive efforts to reverse the severity of SAS in time in these individuals appear necessary.

[Modern view on the effectiveness of surgical methods for treating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome]. / Sovremennyi vzglyad na effektivnost' khirurgicheskikh metodov lecheniya sindroma obstruktivnogo apnoe sna.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is not only a widespread pathology, but also has far-reaching social consequences due to patients' poor quality of nighttime sleep and high daytime sleepiness. To date, a large number of methods, both conservative and surgical, have been developed for the treatment of OSA. Surgeries performed for OSA are aimed at correcting the structures of the nose, pharynx, larynx, as well as the hyoid and jaw bones and the muscles attached to them. Despite the seventy-five-year history of the use of surgical treatment methods, there is still no complete clarity regarding the advisability of certain types of operations. The article presents data from meta-analyses published over the last ten years and devoted to various types of surgical procedures aimed at combating OSA in adult and pediatric populations. Rhinosurgical approaches, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, surgical advancement of the lower jaw in adults and expansion of the upper jaw in children, interventions on the hyoid bone and mental tubercle, removal of the palatine and pharyngeal tonsils, operations for laryngomalacia and bariatric surgery are considered. Data on the effectiveness of the most common operations: tonsillectomy in adults (85%), multilevel pharyngoplasty (60%); and about a wide range of data on the effectiveness of uvulopalatoplasty (25 to 94%) are presented. Effective surgical options and criteria for a positive prognosis of such treatment, the possibility of complete cure of OSA, that is, reducing the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) below 5 events per hour in adults, are discussed. In conclusion, the need to continue research using Sher's criteria for the effectiveness of surgical operations is emphasized: a reduction in AHI by 50% or more or below 20 events per hour. Research that includes long-term postoperative follow-up is especially important.

The relationship between haemoglobin concentrations and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the relationship between haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library from inception to March 8, 2024. Eligible studies included cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control designs comparing Hb concentrations in OSAS patients and healthy controls. Two reviewers independently screened records and extracted data. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. RESULTS: A total of 27 studies involving 6499 OSAS subjects and 5199 controls were included. Hb concentrations were significantly higher in OSAS patients compared to controls (SMD: 0.28; 95 % CI: 0.18 to 0.39; I2 = 84.4 %). Subgroup analysis by OSAS severity showed that severe OSAS patients had higher Hb concentrations than those with mild/moderate OSAS. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings. However, 7 studies reported opposite results, indicating possible regional or methodological differences. CONCLUSION: Hb concentrations are elevated in OSAS patients, with higher levels observed in severe cases. The significant heterogeneity and the predominance of studies from Turkey highlight the need for further research in diverse populations. Limitations include potential publication bias and variability in study designs.

Alteration of multilayer network perspective on gray and white matter connectivity in obstructive sleep apnea.

PURPOSE: The objective of this research was to examine changes in the neural networks of both gray and white matter in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in comparison to those without the condition, employing a comprehensive multilayer network analysis. METHODS: Patients meeting the criteria for OSA were recruited through polysomnography, while a control group of healthy individuals matched for age and sex was also assembled. Utilizing T1-weighted imaging, a morphometric similarity network was crafted to represent gray matter, while diffusion tensor imaging provided structural connectivity for constructing a white matter network. A multilayer network analysis was then performed, employing graph theory methodologies. RESULTS: We included 40 individuals diagnosed with OSA and 40 healthy participants in our study. Analysis revealed significant differences in various global network metrics between the two groups. Specifically, patients with OSA exhibited higher average degree overlap and average multilayer clustering coefficient (28.081 vs. 23.407, p < 0.001; 0.459 vs. 0.412, p = 0.004), but lower multilayer modularity (0.150 vs. 0.175, p = 0.001) compared to healthy controls. However, no significant differences were observed in average multiplex participation, average overlapping strength, or average weighted multiplex participation between the patients with OSA and healthy controls. Moreover, several brain regions displayed notable differences in degree overlap at the nodal level between patients with OSA and healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Remarkable alterations in the multilayer network, indicating shifts in both gray and white matter, were detected in patients with OSA in contrast to their healthy counterparts. Further examination at the nodal level unveiled notable changes in regions associated with cognition, underscoring the effectiveness of multilayer network analysis in exploring interactions across brain layers.

Correlation between Subjective Nasal Patency and Nasal Capacity in Young Adults: A Pilot Study with a Prototype Device-A Nasoorospirometer.

Background: Nasal airway obstruction (NAO) is characterised by high resistance in the nasal cavity with a collapsible and narrowed upper airway and is an integral part of OSA pathophysiology. The literature demonstrates that the identification of high-risk OSA in the young adult population leads to the prevention of later health consequences. A nasoorospirometer is a prototype device that measures nasal capacity during inspiration. The basis for measurement is a Wheatstone bridge and a thermal anemometer. The parameters are recorded via hot wire anemometry (HTA) with velocity measurements in the airflow field. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to test the feasibility of the device by examining a young adult sample. The secondary aim was to determine whether subjective NAO correlates with nasal capacity and whether NAO corresponds with anthropometric parameters and individual risk of OSA. Methods: A group of 31 participants (mean age 24.9 years) underwent a thorough laryngological examination. The nasoorospirometer was used to measure objective NAO (nasal capacity), the NOSE scale was used to gain subjective NAO evaluation, and the Berlin Questionnaire for the risk of OSA. Results: A correlation analysis confirmed no significant associations between the subjective and objective measures (p > 0.05). Higher BMI and neck circumference are associated with lower NAO and higher nasal patency in the population of young adults (r: 0.32-0.45; p < 0.05). The risk of OSA showed no statistically significant association (p > 0.05). Conclusions: We presented three methods of NAO assessment: subjective participant evaluation, objective nasoosopirometry, and objective laryngological assessment. However, the use of a nasoorospirometer with anthropometric measures in young adults needs to be verified in future studies.

Is there a relationship between the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and the systemic immune inflammation index?

AIM: Vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress and systemic inflammation are considered responsible for the pathophysiology of Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). It is thought that desaturation due to apnea-hypopnea attacks in OSAS patients activates inflammatory pathways. In this study, we aimed to reveal the relationship between inflammation parameters Systemic immune inflammation index (SII), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios (PLR) severity of OSAS in patients who underwent polysomnography in our hospital's sleep laboratory. METHODS: We grouped our 171 patients who were followed up in our sleep laboratory with the diagnosis of OSAS according to their AHI values. We evaluated the correlation of SII, NLR, and PLR values obtained from the complete blood tests of our patients with OSAS diagnosis and OSAS severity. RESULTS: The mean NLR, PLR and SII values of patients with OSAS were statistically significantly higher than those without OSAS (p < 0.05). A positive correlation of 18% was found between the presence of OSAS and the SII value (p = 0.016). No statistically significant difference was found when comparing OSAS severity and NLR, PLR and SII values (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: We observed that SII, NLR and PLR parameters, which are rapidly assessable systemic inflammation markers of this process, were independently associated in patients diagnosed with OSAS and that there was no change in SII, NLR, and PLR parameters with OSAS severity.

Evaluation of bi-directional causal association between obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and diabetic microangiopathy: a Mendelian randomization study.

Background: The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and diabetic microangiopathy remains controversial. Objective: This study aimed to use bidirectional two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) to assess the causal relationship between OSAS and diabetic microangiopathy. Methods: First, we used the Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression(LDSC) analysis to assess the genetic correlation. Then, the bidirectional two-sample MR study was conducted in two stages: OSAS and lung function-related indicators (forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)) were investigated as exposures, with diabetic microangiopathy as the outcome in the first stage, and genetic tools were used as proxy variables for OSAS and lung function-related measures in the second step. Genome-wide association study data came from the open GWAS database. We used Inverse-Variance Weighted (IVW), MR-Egger regression, Weighted median, Simple mode, and Weighted mode for effect estimation and pleiotropy testing. We also performed sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of the results. Furthermore, we performed multivariate and mediation MR analyses. Results: In the LDSC analysis, We found a genetic correlation between OSAS, FVC, FEV 1, and diabetic microangiopathy. In the MR analysis, based on IVW analysis, genetically predicted OSAS was positively correlated with the incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and diabetic neuropathy (DN). In the subgroup analysis of DR, there was a significant causal relationship between OSAS and background diabetic retinopathy (BDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The reverse MR did not show a correlation between the incidence of diabetic microangiopathy and OSAS. Reduced FVC had a potential causal relationship with increased incidence of DR and PDR. Reduced FEV1 had a potential causal relationship with the increased incidence of BDR, PDR, and DKD. Multivariate MR analysis showed that the association between OSAS and diabetic microangiopathy remained significant after adjusting for confounding factors. However, we did not find the significant mediating factors. Conclusion: Our results suggest that OSAS may be a cause of the development of diabetic microangiopathy, and OSAS may also be associated with a high risk of diabetic microangiopathy, providing a reference for a better understanding of the prevention of diabetic microangiopathy.

Cardiovascular Outcome in Patients with Major Depression: Role of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome, Insomnia Disorder, and COMISA.

In this study, the 10-year cardiovascular risk associated with comorbid sleep disorders (insomnia disorder, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and COMISA [comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea]) was investigated for patients with major depression. To enable our analysis, 607 patients with major depression were selected from the data register of the Sleep Unit. High 10-year cardiovascular risk was considered present when the Framingham Risk Score was ≥10%. The 10-year cardiovascular risk associated with comorbid sleep disorders has been assessed using logistic regression analyzes. High 10-year cardiovascular risk is significant (40.4%) in patients with major depression. After successive introduction of the different confounders, multivariate logistic regressions showed that for patients with major depression high 10-year cardiovascular risk was significantly associated with COMISA but was not significantly associated with insomnia disorder or obstructive sleep apnea syndrome alone. Thus, these results highlight the existence of a negative synergistic action between insomnia disorder and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on the 10-year cardiovascular risk in patients with major depression, which demonstrates the importance of researching and treating COMISA to improve the prognosis of this specific population subgroup characterized by higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Analysis of Macular Vascularization Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Prospective Clinical Study.

Background and Objectives: Given the conflicting data available in the literature, this study aimed to investigate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) on the macular vascular density (VD) and perfusion density (PD). Materials and Methods: Based on the obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI), 61 prospectively recruited patients were assigned to either a control group (n = 12; OAHI < 5/h) or an OSAS group (n = 49; OAHI ≥ 5/h). The macular VD and PD of the superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP and DCP, respectively) were measured in the parafoveolar and perifoveolar areas using Zeiss PLEX Elite 9000 (6 × 6 mm). The values were compared between the control and OSAS groups. Results: Compared with the control group, the OSAS group demonstrated an increased VD of the DCP in the parafoveolar and perifoveolar areas and PD of the DCP in the perifoveolar area. No significant differences in either the macular VD or PD of the SCP were observed. There was no correlation between the OAHI and macular VD or PD. Conclusions: This study indicates that collateral vessel formation and possible retinal vasodilation occur in the DCP of patients with OSAS.

The Effect of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus on Sleep Architecture and Sleep Apnea Severity in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a severe condition that is characterized by recurrent partial or complete breathing interruptions during sleep, leading to insulin resistance, microvascular complications, and cardiovascular complications. It is of great importance to know the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), which is prevalent in the world and in our country, Turkey, leads to significant mortality and morbidity, significantly affects the quality of life, and requires continuous follow-up, on sleep in patients with OSAS and to raise awareness on this issue. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of diabetes on sleep duration and sleep architecture in patients with OSAS and to investigate the relationship between OSAS severity and DM control. METHODS: Fifty diabetic and 42 non-diabetic patients diagnosed with OSAS at the Sleep Disorders Center of Süreyyapasa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey, between October 2022 and March 2023 were included in the study. Polysomnographic and biochemical parameters of the two groups were compared. The effect of OSAS severity and sleep architecture on diabetes control was investigated. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between diabetic and non-diabetic patients in terms of total sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep latency, whereas REM (rapid eye movement) latency was prolonged and REM sleep duration and percentage were significantly lower in diabetic patients. The severity of OSAS was found to be greater in diabetic patients and they spent significantly more time below 90% saturation during sleep. No correlation was found between the groups in the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) parameter, which we examined in terms of diabetes control, sleep architecture, and OSAS severity. CONCLUSION: The presence of diabetes aggravates the severity of OSAS, prolongs the transition to REM sleep, and leads to a decrease in REM duration. Sleep is essential for both mental and physical well-being. In this regard, it is of utmost importance to examine diabetic patients for OSAS and to perform polysomnography in appropriate patients.

Impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on olfactory and gustatory capacity.

Only a few studies have investigated olfactory function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) using psychophysical testing, and there is a scarcity of data regarding taste evaluation in the existing literature. The primary objectives of this study were to assess both smell and taste in patients with OSAS and to explore the correlation between the severity of symptoms and sensory perception. A total of 85 OSAS patients and a control group comprising 81 subjects were enrolled. Initial assessments included anamnesis, nasal endoscopy, and the completion of questionnaires (Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Visual Analogue Scale, Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders, and the importance of olfaction questionnaire). The diagnosis of OSAS was confirmed by polysomnography, while nasal airflow was evaluated using rhinomanometry. Olfaction was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks test, and the Threshold-Discrimination-Identification (TDI) score was calculated. Taste evaluation was conducted in a subgroup of participants (42 patients, 38 controls) using taste strips. The mean TDI score was 31 ±â€…5.6 for OSAS patients and 35 ±â€…4.6 for controls, indicating a significant difference (P < 0.001). Similarly, the taste score was 7 ±â€…3.0 for OSAS patients and 12.6 ±â€…3.2 for controls (P < 0.001). No correlations were observed between TDI and Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) (r = -0.12; P = 0.28), as well as between the taste score and AHI (r = -0.31; P = 0.22). However, a weak but significant correlation between TDI score and Epworth Sleepiness Scale was detected (r = -0.05; P = 0.002). The study revealed a significant decrease in sensory perception among patients with OSAS, though open questions persist about the pathophysiology.

The use of pulse transit time in diagnostics of sleep-disordered breathing in children.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep is the physiological state of the body where proper morphology and duration are indispensable for human functions throughout both, physical and mental spheres. Disordered breathing during sleep impairs its morphology and results in major disorders in any age group. Adverse effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in children and poor availability of centers offering children's polysomnography call for a reliable and easily accessible screening method. AIM: The aim of the study were to evaluate the usefulness of pulse transit time in the diagnostics of disordered sleep breathing in children and to attempt to employ the parameter in screening tests. Pulse transit time is a physiological parameter determining the time needed for the pulse wave to travel between two measurement points. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Enrolled in the retrospective study were 153 patients (100 boys and 53 girls) suspected of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who underwent polysomnography at I. Moscicki ENT Hospital in Chorzów. RESULTS: Statistically significant relations between apnea/hypopnea index and pulse transit time were observed in both, individual age groups and all of the patients. Pulse transit time results proved a negative correlation with apnea/hypopnea index values commonly accepted as a parameter concluding the polysomnography procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study indicate that pulse transit time measurements may find application in screening tests of sleep-disordered breathing in children.

Analysis of vasoactive and oxidative stress indicators for evaluating the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure, and relation of vasoactive and oxidative stress indicators and cardiac function in obstructive sleep Apnea Syndrome patients.

Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is a breathing disorder during sleep. The work was to evaluate the relationship between vasoactive and oxidative stress indicators and cardiac function in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) patients. Methods: OSAS patients (n=120) were treated with CPAP from May 2021 to June 2022. According to the clinical efficacy, the patients were divided into effective and ineffective groups. Vasoactive factors and oxidative stress indices were compared between the two groups to evaluate their clinical efficacy. The changes in cardiac function indices in the two groups were tested, and the correlation between vasoactive factors and oxidative stress indices and cardiac function was analysed. Results: The effective rate of CPAP was 63.33% (76/120). Ang II, ET-1, and MDA levels were lower, and the SOD level was higher in the effective group than in the ineffective group after treatment. The AUC of the four indicators was all greater than 0.75. LPWT and IVST values of the effective group were lower than the ineffective group. A positive correlation was identified between the levels of Ang II, ET-1, and MDA with LPWT, between levels of ET-1 and MDA with IVST, and a negative correlation between SOD with LPWT and IVST. Conclusions: CPAP treatment can effectively improve vascular activity and reduce the oxidative stress response in OSAS patients, and the combined detection of vasoactive factors and oxidative stress indicators is valuable for evaluating the efficacy of CPAP and is related to the cardiac function of patients.

Association Between Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Osteoarthritis: Insights from Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization and Bioinformatics Analysis.

Background: Sleep apnea syndrome(SAS) and osteoarthritis (OA) are two prevalent diseases that often coexist, but the causal relationship between them remains unclear. In light of this, our team utilizes Mendelian Randomization and bioinformatics analysis methods to investigate the potential association between the two diseases. Methods: In this study, we utilized GWAS data pertaining to SAS and OA to assess the causal relationship between the two diseases through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. We then employed transcriptomic data to perform differential gene identification, WGCNA, shared gene determination, functional enrichment analysis, and colocalization analysis, all designed to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the association between the two diseases. In the end, we utilized Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis again to delve deeper into the relationship between the two diseases and immune cells. Results: Our research findings indicate that SAS is a risk factor for OA (p = 0.000004), knee OA (p = 0.0000001) and hip OA(p = 0.001). Furthermore, OA (p = 0.000195), knee OA (p = 0.001) are significant risk factors for SAS. However, there is no clear evidence that hip OA (p = 0.892) is a risk factor for SAS. Interestingly, the genes shared between OA and SAS are significantly enriched in leukocyte migration, leukocyte chemotaxis. Moreover, colocalization analysis suggests that the genes JUNB, COL8A1, FOSB, and IER2 may be key genes associated with both diseases. Furthermore, 57 immune cell phenotypes are associated with SAS, 95 with OA, and 6 shared between both diseases. Conclusion: This research confirmed the bidirectional causal relationship between SAS and OA. Notably, the 4 genes (JUNB, COL8A1, FOSB, IER2) and 6 immune phenotypes are crucial for both diseases, these provide hopeful targets for future interventions against these two diseases.

A study on pulmonary function in children with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pulmonary function of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. METHODS: A total of 328 children aged 3 to 12 years old who were evaluated for a sleep disorder from January 2022 to June 2023 were selected as the observation group, classified into mild, moderate, and severe categories based on the apnea hypopnea index. The number of children with mild, moderate, and severe obstructive sleep apnea is 228, 62, and 28 respectively. Additionally, 126 healthy individuals aged 3 to 13 years old undergoing health examinations during the same period were selected as the control group. All subjects underwent sleep respiratory monitoring, pulmonary function tests, and impulse oscillometry. Comparative analysis was performed on pulmonary function indices (forced vital capacity, maximum ventilation, inspiratory capacity, total lung capacity, and inspiratory reserve volume), and respiratory impedance indices (resonant frequency, total respiratory impedance, viscous resistance at 5 Hz, 20 Hz, and 35 Hz). Pulmonary function indices were also compared among patients in the observation group with mild, moderate, and severe conditions. RESULTS: In the observation group, the FVC pre% of patients decreased by 10.5 ± 5.99 compared to the control group. The MVV of the control group decreased by 28.10 ± 2.22 compared to patients in the observation group. The IC of the control group decreased by 0.68 ± 0.44 compared to patients in the observation group. The TLC of the control group decreased by 1.354 ± 0.51 compared to patients in the observation group. The ERV of the control group decreased by 0.53 ± 0.30 compared to patients in the observation group. Additionally, the Fres, Zrs, R5, R20, and R35 of the observation group were higher than those of the control group by 10.73 ± 0.18, 1.78 ± 0.24, 0.11 ± 0.17, 0.86 ± 0.13, and 0.02 ± 0.21, respectively. In sum, the pulmonary function indices of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group, while the respiratory impedance indices were higher (P < 0.05). Within the observation group, the pulmonary function indices of severe patients were lower than those of moderate and mild patients, and moderate patients had lower pulmonary function indices than mild patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The pulmonary function of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is impaired and varies in severity. There are significant differences in pulmonary function, underscoring the importance of monitoring pulmonary function in these children for clinical assessment and treatment prognosis.

Development and Validation of a Nomogram Model to Predict Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Objectives: Polysomnography was class I test for who was suspected of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) which would cost lots of time and money. This study aimed to develop a nomogram model mainly based on oxygen and blood routine indicators to predict OSA. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 685 patients with suspected OSA at our hospital. Multivariate analysis was used to construct a nomogram. The performance of the nomogram was assessed using calibration and discrimination. Results: The multivariate analysis identified age, gender, body mass index, mean pulse oxygen saturation, percent nighttime with oxygen saturation less than 90%, red blood cell, hematocrit, and red blood cell distribution width SD as significant factors (P < .05). A nomogram was created for the prediction of OSA using these clinical parameters and was internally validated using a bootstrapping method. Our nomogram model showed good discrimination and calibration in terms of predicting OSA, and had a C-index of 0.935 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.917-0.954] according to the internal validation. Discrimination and calibration in the validation group were also good (C-index, 0.957; 95% CI, 0.930-0.984). Conclusion: The newly developed nomogram can effectively help physicians make better clinical decisions, which may save a lot of time and costs.

Cephalometric Evaluation in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea undergoing Lateral Pharyngoplasty.

Introduction Lateral pharyngoplasty (LP) has shown promising results. Craniofacial deformity reduces the pharyngeal space, contributing to the etiopathogenesis. The analysis of craniofacial features can be performed using cephalometry. Objective To verify if craniofacial deformity is associated with worse polysomnographic data in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and to verify if the preoperative cephalometric parameters can interfere with the surgical success of the LP. Methods The study included 21 patients with OSA aged between 18 and 65 years who underwent LP in a university hospital from 2015 to 2019. Polysomnography was performed postoperatively, after a minimum period of 6 months from the surgical procedure. In addition, a cephalometric evaluation was performed to assess craniofacial deformity, and to correlate it with the polysomnographic results. Results The mean and median of all polysomnographic respiratory parameters improved postoperatively, especially the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), which went from 40.15 to 16.60 events per hour ( p = 0.001). Of the 21 patients, 15 showed improvements in the AHI postoperatively. As for the cephalometric evaluations, we found that the longer the distance between the hyoid bone and the mandibular plane, the greater the patient's preoperative AHI ( p = 0.011). When assessing whether cephalometric changes related to craniofacial deformities influence the surgical outcome of LP, no correlation was found for any cephalometric measurement. Conclusion The longer the distance between the hyoid bone and the mandibular plane, the greater the preoperative AHI, and LP was an effective OSA treatment. Cephalometric variables are not able to modify or determine the success of LP in apneic patients in the population assessed.