Sex recognition does not modulate aggression toward nest intruders in a paper wasp.

During social interactions, the behavior of an individual often depends on the sex of its social partner. Many animal societies have males and females that play very different behavioral roles, although they coexist and interact non-sexually. At specific phases of the colony cycle, social wasp females and males are contemporaries within a nest, they often interact, although mating occurs mostly off the nest, therefore providing an opportunity to test sex discrimination in contexts other than classical sexual ones. We performed a lure presentation experiment to test if Mischocyttarus metathoracicus discriminate between conspecifics of the 2 sexes during on-nest social interactions. Female wasps discriminated conspecific sex during experimentally simulated nest intrusions. Visual and chemical cues may account for this sex discrimination. Despite sex discrimination (evidenced by differential inspective behavior from the nest females toward the female and the male lures), female wasps were as aggressive toward lures of both sexes. In the female-dominated hymenopteran societies, males are often subordinate and not aggressive on nest, resulting in females directing less aggression to them compared to other females. Instead, M. metathoracicus males and females are both aggressive toward nestmates, so they might be perceived as similar threat during on-nest social interactions.

Event-related potentials during the ultimatum game in people with symptoms of depression and/or social anxiety.

Depression and social anxiety are common disorders that have a profound impact on social functioning. The need for studying the neural substrates of social interactions in mental disorders using interactive tasks has been emphasized. The field of neuroeconomics, which combines neuroscience techniques and behavioral economics multiplayer tasks such as the Ultimatum Game (UG), can contribute in this direction. We assessed emotions, behavior, and Event-Related Potentials in participants with depression and/or social anxiety symptoms (MD/SA, n = 63, 57 females) and healthy controls (n = 72, 67 females), while they played the UG. In this task, participants received fair, mid-value, and unfair offers from other players. Mixed linear models were implemented to assess trial level changes in neural activity. The MD/SA group reported higher levels of sadness in response to mid-value and unfair offers compared to controls. In controls, the Medial Frontal Negativity associated with fair offers increased over time, while this dynamic was not observed in the MD/SA group. The MD/SA group showed a decreased P3/LPP in all offers, compared to controls. These results indicate an enhanced negative emotional response to unfairness in the MD/SA group. Neural results reveal a blunted response over time to positive social stimuli in the MD/SA group. Moreover, between-group differences in P3/LPP may relate to a reduced saliency of offers and/or to a reduced availability of resources for processing incoming stimuli in the MD/SA group. Findings may shed light into the neural substrates of social difficulties in these disorders.

Alcohol Consumption, Hangovers, and Smoking among Buenos Aires University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In Argentina, the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic led to serious changes to social interaction, health, economy, and education. Argentina experienced two extensive lockdown periods. University education remained virtual for almost two academic years. The purpose of the present work was to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 lockdowns in Argentina on alcohol consumption, hangover severity and smoking among university students in Buenos Aires. A retrospective online survey was conducted in 2021 among students of the University of Buenos Aires. Participants aged 18-35 years old were asked about the average number of alcoholic drinks and number of drinking days per week, binge drinking occasions, drunkenness, next day hangover severity, number of hangovers per month, and smoking behavior. The results showed that the first and second COVID-19 lockdowns were associated with significant reductions in both weekly alcohol consumption, and hangover severity and subjective intoxication on their heaviest drinking occasions. Males consumed significantly more alcohol than females, and older students (25-35 years old) consumed more alcohol than younger students (18-24 years old). In addition, younger students reduced the number of cigarettes smoked per day during the two lockdown periods while older students exhibited significantly more smoking days per week. In conclusion, the present work in Argentinian students revealed a significant reduction in weekly alcohol consumption, and subjective intoxication and hangover severity on their heaviest drinking occasions during the pandemic lockdown periods.

Organizaciones Odontológicas Universitarias: ¿Cómo Opera la Comunicación en este Campo Social?

RESUMEN: La comunicación es el proceso de síntesis de información, codificación y comprensión dentro de una organización, aún más en espacios clínicos formativos como campo social, ya que se encuentra en estrecha relación con el cómo se desenvuelven los individuos en un determinado sistema -donde la comunicación actúa como una herramienta de coordinación en las relaciones humanas- la interrogante reposa entonces en un análisis de la estructura, mediados por las relaciones comunicacionales que se llevan a cabo al interior de los centros universitarios de formación odontológica en Chile.

ABSTRACT: Communication is the process of synthesis of information, codification and understanding within an organization, even more so in clinical formative spaces as a social field, since it is in close relationship with the way individuals develop in a given system -where communication acts as a tool of coordination in human relations- the question then rests on an analysis of the structure, mediated by the communicational relationships that take place within the university centers of dental training in Chile.

Allogrooming, Self-grooming, and Touching Behavior as a Mechanism to Disperse Insecticides Inside Colonies of a Leaf-Cutting Ant.

Toxic baits, containing the active ingredients sulfluramid or fipronil, are the main methods to control leaf-cutting ants of the genera Atta Fabricius, 1805, and Acromyrmex Mayr, 1865 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). However, the insecticide dispersion among members of the colony during the control needs further studies. We studied whether the behaviors of allogrooming, self-grooming, and contact among individuals spread the insecticides among those of the colony. The insecticides sulfluramid and fipronil (0.1% and 1.0% (w/w)) were applied topically in groups of workers of Atta sexdens (Linnaeus, 1758), and the social interactions among them with or without insecticide were studied. In addition, toxic baits (sulfluramid or fipronil) were provided to colonies and their behavioral acts were observed. At the end of the experiment, colony mortality, number and mass of dead workers, and mass of wet waste were compared between ant nests receiving baits and ants with topical application. In the topical application, behavioral analysis showed higher interaction between ants in the colonies and touch and allogrooming behaviors as the most frequent in those that received the concentrations of sulfluramid. In the baits, the behavior of licking the pellet and allogrooming was more frequent. Colony mortality was faster for those that received topical application, especially with the insecticide fipronil (0.1%). However, the number and mass of dead workers was similar between topical application and toxic baits. In the toxic baits, the licking behavior of the bait pellets and subsequent allogrooming probably dispersed the insecticides. In the topical application, the route of the insecticide occurred by excessive touches among workers, with subsequent allogrooming. Thus, allogrooming, self-grooming, and touching among workers increased the dispersion of insecticides among members of the ant colonies.

Contamination routes and mortality of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) by the insecticides fipronil and sulfluramid through social interactions.

BACKGROUND: Leaf-cutting ants (LCAs) of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are important pests of forest plantations, agriculture and livestock. Toxic baits containing the active ingredients fipronil or sulfluramid are the main method used to control LCAs. Insecticide dispersion among members of an LCA colony during control with toxic bait is not well understood. The objective of the study was to determine whether self-grooming, allogrooming or touching behavior among Atta sexdens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) workers disperses the insecticides fipronil and sulfluramid among members of the colony. The insecticides were topically applied on groups of A. sexdens workers and social interactions between ants with and without insecticide, and group mortality were evaluated. RESULTS: Behavioral analysis showed an increase in interaction among LCA workers as the numbers of individuals increased, with touches between workers being the most frequent behavior. The frequency of observed behaviors was higher in groups treated with sulfluramid compared with fipronil. The mortality of groups treated with fipronil was almost twice as high compared with ants treated with sulfluramid. The insecticides are probably dispersed by excessive touching among workers and subsequent self-grooming and allogrooming. CONCLUSION: These behaviors were responsible for the rapid dispersion of insecticides among members of the colony. Corroboration of the hypothesis that social interactions contaminate nestmates is a model for future studies on contamination of ant workers with active insecticide ingredients. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Coupling Epidemiological Models with Social Dynamics.

In this work we study a Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible model coupled with a continuous opinion dynamics model. We assume that each individual can take measures to reduce the probability of contagion, and the level of effort each agent applies can change due to social interactions. We propose simple rules to model the propagation of behaviors that modify the level of effort, and analyze their impact on the dynamics of the disease. We derive a two dimensional set of ordinary differential equations describing the dynamic of the proportion of the number of infected individuals and the mean value of the effort parameter, and analyze the equilibria of the system. The stability of the endemic phase and disease free equilibria depends only on the mean value of the levels of efforts, and not on the initial distribution of levels of effort.

Jovens e velhos: representações sociais cruzadas- o contributo da animação socioeducativa na reconfiguração das representações sociais entre jovens e velhos: o projeto 'Entre Nós: os livros' / The young and the elderly: cross social representation- the contribute of socio-educational animation in the reorganization of social representations between youngsters and the elderly: 'Entre Nós: os livros' project

Os jovens representam os idosos e a velhice com atributos e características negativas, associando a este momento do ciclo de vida um conjunto vasto de perdas físicas, cognitivas e sociais. Todavia os velhos não se reveem nessas imagens, não se representam nem se caracterizam negativamente. Por outro lado, as pessoas idosas ou velhas representam os jovens com atributos e características muito positivas associadas particularmente à jovialidade deste ciclo de vida. Mas acrescentam a estas representações algumas características negativas, sobretudo relacionadas com determinados aspetos comportamentais. A função social da animação socioeducativa é considerar os anciãos capazes de participar e intervir na vida comunitária. Interessa particularmente nos processos de participação que estimulem os processos de desenvolvimento social e cultural. A participação intergeracional é sem dúvida um pilar em todo este processo, a partir do qual se definem as práticas de animação sociocultural. Procuraremos neste artigo responder a algumas questões que nos ajudarão a compreender como as relações intergeracionais contínuas influenciam a perceção e as representações sociais que os jovens fazem dos idosos e vice-versa. Este trabalho baseia-se nos dados preliminares recolhidos no âmbito de uma investigação-ação em desenvolvimento, pelo que as suas considerações não são de forma alguma conclusivas.(AU)

Young people describe the elderly and old age itself with negative attributes and traits, linking this period of life with a number of phys- ical, cognitive and social losses. However, the elderly don't represent themselves negatively at all. On the other hand, the elderly describe young people with very posi tive attributes and traits, especially related to the inherent liveliness of this particular stage of life. Yet they add some negative traits, mostly related to certain behavioural aspects. The role of socio-educational animation is to declare the elderly able to participate and intervene in community life. It focuses mainly on the participation processes that encourage social and cultural development processes. The intergenerational participation is undoubtedly the main pillar of this process, from which one can define the practices of socio-cultural animation. In this article, we will try to answer some of the questions that will help us understand how continuous intergenerational relationships may influence the perception and social representations made by the youngsters and the elderly about each other. This work is based on preliminary data collected in the scope of an ongoing action research, as such, its remarks can't be deemed as conclusive.(AU)

Patterns of c-Fos expression in telencephalic areas of Tropidurus hygomi (Iguania: Tropiduridae) exposed to different social contexts.

Social behavior in lizards contributes to understanding biological standards and provides models for structuring research about neural mechanisms. Studies have confirmed the effectiveness of comparative models and evidence has contributed to clarifying adult brain plasticity phenomenon when exposed to different stimuli. The expression of c-Fos has been widely used to identify brain areas involved in different behavioral stimuli. The purpose of the present study was to map the expression of c-Fos protein in different telencephalic areas of the lizard Tropidurus hygomi after they were exposed to visual stimuli with another individual of the same species in different social contexts. Lizards were allocated to one of four groups: 1) control group (CTL) - males not exposed to any other animal; 2) exposure to juvenile (EJU) - males exposed to a juvenile; 3) exposure to male (EMA) - males exposed to another adult male; and 4) exposure to females (EFE) -males exposed to female. The EFE group exhibited a greater number of c-Fos + cells in cortical areas (medial cortex - MC and dorsomedial cortex - DMC) and in amygdala (AMY), showing a possible relationship between these structures and behavioral components. Studies like this can contribute significantly to a better understanding of neurophysiological, behavioral, and evolutive aspects.

Reproductive seasonality in Saanen goats kept under tropical conditions.

This study aimed to verify the reproductive seasonality in Saanen goats from distinct parity orders (nulliparous, primiparous, and pluriparous) throughout an entire year in the Southeast Region of Brazil. In addition, it was also verified the influence of environmental indexes, metabolic profile, body weight, and social interactions on the reproductive seasonality of these animals. Forty Saanen goats kept under intensive system at latitude 22° 52' 30″ s and tropical photoperiod (11-13 h of light per day) were used. Every 15 days, blood from 24 animals (8 animals per group) was collected for assessment of serum progesterone levels. Monthly, environmental data (rainfall index, maximum and minimum temperature, and time of natural daylight) and blood were collected to evaluate the metabolic profile. Weighting and body condition score measurement were also carried out every 2 months. There was no difference in body weight and body condition score in primiparous and pluriparous goats. Nulliparous goats showed natural breeding season in the winter season while the primiparous and pluriparous goats remained cyclical in autumn and winter season. Regardless of the parity order, all goats showed a seasonal anestrus in the spring season. From December, social interactions were able to reestablish, in distinct degrees, the cyclical state in the goats. Likewise, environmental and weight indexes had low and moderate influence, respectively, on the reproductive seasonality in the Saanen goats kept under tropical conditions.

Using multiplex networks to capture the multidimensional nature of social structure.

Network analysis has increasingly expanded our understanding of social structure in primates and other animal species. However, most studies use networks representing only one interaction type, when social relationships (and the emerging social structure) are the result of many types of interactions and their interplay through time. The recent development of tools facilitating the integrated analysis of multiple interaction types using multiplex networks has opened the possibility of extending the insight provided by social network analysis. We use a multiplex representation of interactions among the members of a group of wild Geoffroy's spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), to study their social structure. We constructed a six-layered multiplex network based on three indices of overt social interactions (aggression, embraces, grooming) and three distance-based indices (contact, proximity, and association). With tools provided by the MuxViz software, we assessed the relevance of including all six indices in our analysis, the role of individuals in the network (through node versatility), and the presence of modules and non-random triadic structures or motifs. The multiplex provided information which was not equivalent to any individual layer or to the simple aggregation of layers. Network patterns based on associations did not correspond with those observed for overt-interactions or for the multiplex structure. Males were the most versatile individuals, while multiplex modularity and motifs highlighted the relevance of different interaction types for the overall connectivity of the network. We conclude that the multiplex approach improves on previous methods by retaining valuable information from each interaction type and how it is patterned among individuals.

Social behavior and group growth of finishing pigs with divergent social breeding values / Comportamiento social y crecimiento grupal de cerdos en etapa de finalización con valores divergentes de crianza sociales / Comportamento social e crescimento grupal de porcos de engorda com valores divergentes de criação social

Abstract Background: Behavioral traits of pigs have been shown to be partly under genetic control, which raises the possibility that behavior might be altered by genetic selection, resulting in pigs with better growth performance. Objective: To evaluate the behavior and growth of finishing pigs and investigate pigs selected for high or low social breeding value (SBV) in relation to social behavior and group growth. Methods: Thirty-five females and 35 boars from five positive and five negative SBV groups of finishing pigs were grown from 30 to 90 kg and housed in 10 test pens (3.0 × 3.3 m, 7 pigs/pen). Pigs were recorded with video technology for nine consecutive hours on days 1, 15, and 30 after mixing. Pigs were weighed at approximately 90 kg body weight and the number of days to reach 90 kg was then calculated. Results: The frequency and duration of behaviors were present in the positive and negative SBV groups after mixing. On day 1 after mixing, agonistic behavior was significantly higher (p=0.027) for the -SBV group compared with the +SBV group. Feeding and feeding-together behaviors were significantly higher (p<0.003) in the +SBV group on days 1 and 30 after mixing. Moreover, growth performance to reach 90 kg body weight was significantly faster (p<0.002) in the +SBV group than in the -SBV group. Conclusion: Social interactions, such as feeding-together behavior, among pen mates might affect their growth rate and feed intake. Selection for SBV could be used as an indirect technique for improving growth performance of pigs.

Resumen Antecedentes: Se ha demostrado que los rasgos conductuales de los cerdos están parcialmente bajo control genético, lo que plantea la posibilidad de que el comportamiento pueda ser alterado vía selección genética y resulte en cerdos con mejores rendimientos de crecimiento. Objetivo: Evaluar el comportamiento y crecimiento de los cerdos en etapa de finalización e investigar cerdos seleccionados por un valor alto o bajo de crianza social (SBV) en relación al comportamiento social y al crecimiento grupal. Métodos: Treinta y cinco hembras y 35 verracos, pertenecientes a cinco grupos positivos y cinco grupos negativos de SBV de cerdos en etapa de finalización, llevados hasta los 90, desde 30 kg de peso, alojados en 10 corrales de prueba (3,0 x 3,3 m, 7 cerdos/corral). Los cerdos fueron observados con la ayuda de tecnología de vídeo por nueve horas consecutivas en los días 1, 15 y 30 luego de ser mezclados. Además, los cerdos se pesaron a los 90 kg de peso aproximadamente y se calculó el número de días para alcanzar dicho peso. Resultados: La frecuencia y duración de los comportamientos de los cerdos en la etapa de finalización se presentaron en los grupos de SBV negativos y positivos luego de ser mezclados. El día 1 luego de la mezcla, el comportamiento agonístico fue significativamente mayor (p=0,027) en el grupo -SBV que en el grupo +SBV. Los comportamientos de consumo de alimento y de consumo en compañía fueron significativamente mayores (p<0,003) en el grupo +SBV en los días 1 y 30 luego de la mezcla. Además, el crecimiento para alcanzar 90 kg de peso corporal fue significativamente más rápido (p=0,002) en el grupo +SBV que el grupo -SBV. Conclusiones: Las interacciones sociales, tales como el comportamiento de consumo de alimento en compañía, entre los compañeros de corral, pueden afectar la tasa de crecimiento y consumo de alimento. La selección por SBV podría usarse como técnica indirecta para mejorar el rendimiento de crecimiento en cerdos.

Resumo Antecedentes: Os traços comportamentais dos porcos demonstraram estar parcialmente sob controle genético, o que aumenta a possibilidade de que o comportamento possa ser alterado pela seleção genética e resulte em porcos com melhor comportamento de crescimento. Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento e o crescimento dos porcos de engorda e investigar os porcos selecionados para alto ou baixo valor de reprodução social (SBV) em relação ao comportamento social e crescimento do grupo. Métodos: Trinta e cinco fêmeas e 35 machos, pertencentes a cinco grupos de SBV positivos e cinco negativos de porcos de engorda, foram engordados até 90 de 30 kg e alojados em 10 currais de teste (3,0 × 3,3 m, 7 porcos/curral). Os porcos foram observados com o auxílio de tecnologia de vídeo durante nove horas consecutivas nos dias 1, 15 e 30 após a mistura. Além disso, os porcos foram sopesados em aproximadamente 90 kg de peso corporal e o número de dias para atingir 90 kg foi então calculado. Resultados: A frequência e a duração dos comportamentos dos porcos de engorda foram apresentadas com grupos de SBV positivo e negativo após a mistura. No dia 1 após a mistura, o comportamento agonístico foi significativamente maior (p=0,027) no grupo -SBV do que no grupo +SBV. Os comportamentos de alimentação e alimentação conjunta foram significativamente maiores (p<0,003) no grupo +SBV nos dias 1 e 30 após a mistura. Além disso, o comportamento de crescimento do grupo para atingir 90 kg de peso corporal foi significativamente mais rápido (p<0,002) no grupo +SBV do que no grupo -SBV. Conclusão: As interações sociais, como o comportamento de alimentação conjunta, entre companheiros de curral podem afetar a taxa de crescimento e a ingestão alimentar. A seleção para SBV pode ser uma técnica indireta para melhorar o comportamento de crescimento dos porcos.

Entre o urbano e o rural:: afetações nos encontros de uma pesquisa em saúde / Between the urban and the rural:: affectations within the encounters in a research in health

O objetivo deste texto é expor as interações entre pesquisadora, profissionais de saúde e usuários do SUS no contexto rural, no material empírico de uma pesquisa de orientação etnográfica. O rural é pensado como o lugar do encontro entre o campo e a cidade, como um espaço singular e como um modo vida. Apoiadas nas contribuições dos estudos etnográficos, utilizaram-se, neste trabalho, recursos como observação participante, descrição densa e entrevistas com os profissionais da equipe de Saúde da Família que trabalham em povoados de um município de Minas Gerais. Acentuam-se, nos resultados e discussão, elementos do material empírico que permitem acompanhar cenas de estranhamento nos encontros proporcionados pela pesquisa.

The objective of this text is to expose the interactions between the researcher, health professionals and SUS users, in the empirical material of an ethnographically oriented research in health. The rural is thought of as an encounter between the countryside and the city, as a singular space , and as a way of life. Supported by the contributions of ethnographic studies, we used field strategies such as participant observation, dense description and interviews with professionals of the Family Health team, who work at villages of the state of Minas Gerais. In the results and discussion section we highlight elements of the empirical material that lead us to follow scenes of estrangement within the encounters produced by the research.

The loss of behavioral diversity as a consequence of anthropogenic habitat disturbance: the social interactions of black howler monkeys.

To date, no study has investigated how human disturbance affects the size of the behavioral repertoire of a species. The aim of the present study is to illustrate how measurement of behavioral diversity assists in documenting biodiversity loss, demonstrating that human disturbance has a negative effect on behavioral diversity. We studied the social interaction repertoire of 41 adult black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) belonging to 10 groups living in different habitats in Campeche (Mexico), and related repertoire size to a proxy of human-induced habitat disturbance, habitat size. The social interaction repertoire of groups living in habitats with higher human-induced disturbance included lower number of behavioral types, and in particular, fewer energy-demanding behaviors. Thus, in addition to a loss in biodiversity, measured through organismal diversity, the disturbance of black howler monkeys' habitats is accompanied by a loss in behavioral diversity. We believe that the study of behavioral diversity as an element of biodiversity will become an increasingly important research topic, as it will improve our understanding of the behavioral strategies displayed by wildlife facing anthropogenic disturbance.

Interacción social conflictiva y problemas de salud mental en redes personales de ex combatientes ilegales en Colombia / Conflictive social interactions and mental health issues in personal networks of Colombian unlawful ex-combatants

Interacción conflictiva implica relaciones interpersonales en las que existen molestias o enojo. Este estudio abordó la existencia de diferencias significativas en la estructura de redes personales y problemas de salud mental de ex combatientes ilegales colombianos con y sin conflictos relacionales. Se evaluó a 106 individuos de tres ciudades mediante un estudio comparativo, analizando las propiedades estructurales de sus redes y el registro de problemas de sintomatología somática, ansiedad-insomnio, disfunción social y depresión grave. Las redes obtuvieron rendimiento moderado de sus indicadores, con mayor reporte de conflictos en aquellas con más cercanía y menor densidad relacional. Los problemas de ansiedad-insomnio y depresión fueron más comunes en redes con conflictos interpersonales. Las interacciones sociales mediadas por el conflicto parecen tener participación en los problemas de salud mental, por lo cual se sugiere incluir estrategias que fomenten interacciones cordiales dentro de las acciones tendientes a la adecuada reintegración de esta población.

A conflictive interaction implies interpersonal relationships where discomfort or anger feelings exist; this study addresses the existence of significant differences in the structure of personal nets and mental health problems in Colombian unlawful ex-combatants with and without relationships conflicts. 106 individuals were evaluated in three cities throughout a comparative study, analyzing the structural properties of their personal networks and the registration of problems as somatic symptomatology, anxiety-insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression. The networks shown moderate performance of their indicators, reporting higher number of conflicts in those where the closeness is higher and the relational density is lower. Anxiety-Insomnia and depression problems were more common in networks with interpersonal conflicts. Findings suggest that social interactions mediated by the conflict seem to have participation in mental health problems, reason why it is suggested to include strategies that encourage positive interactions related to the proper reintegration of this population.

How do demographic and social factors influence parent-offspring conflict? The case of wild black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya).

In this study, we examined the influence of demography and social context on mother-offspring conflict in wild black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) inhabiting two nearby sites in northern Argentina, one comprising continuous forest and one fragmented forest. These sites differed in population density (3.25 vs. 1.04 individuals/ha), degree of home range overlap between neighboring groups (70 vs. 31%), and rate of intergroup encounters (2 vs. 0.02-1 encounters/day), though not in interbirth interval or rate of infant mortality. During a 27-month study (September 2008 through November 2010), we observed 37 mother-offspring dyads across the two sites. We found a very similar pattern of mother-offspring conflict in both populations; specifically, the sites did not differ in any of the variables used to characterize the mother-offspring relationship (the time spent in contact, the rate at which the mother makes and breaks contact, the rate at which the infant breaks contact, the rate of maternal rejection, and signs of infant distress) except one (the rate at which the infant makes contact). Although mother-offspring conflict is a dynamic process that varies over time, our results suggest that the different demographic and social contexts found at the two study sites did not have a marked effect on quantitative aspects of the mother-offspring relationship in these populations of black and gold howlers. Finally, this study suggests that the environmental variability (ecological, demographic, and social traits) leads to a set of strategies used both by infants and mothers with a main goal of conflict resolution, with mothers specifically aiming to cope with the tradeoff between current and future reproduction.

Metas parentais de socialização em relação ao desenvolvimento de seus filhos / Parental socialization goals with respect to the development of their children

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as metas de socialização parental com relação ao desenvolvimento de seus filhos. Pretendeu-se, ainda, identificar as estratégias e fontes de ajuda que as mães e os pais buscam para o desenvolvimento dessas metas. Participaram deste estudo 18 homens e 18 mulheres, casados entre si, que tinham apenas um filho. Os resultados mostraram que as metas mais valorizadas por ambos os pais e mães foram o respeito aos outros, honestidade, êxito escolar, êxito pessoal e afetividade. Ao comparar as metas de socialização entre pais e mães, os resultados demonstraram mais semelhanças do que diferenças, verificando-se que os esforços tendem mais a ser no sentido de combinar responsabilidades na busca de uma co-paternidade

The aim of this study was to analyze the goals of parental socialization regarding the development of their children. The aim is also to identify strategies and sources of help that mothers and fathers seek to develop these goals. The study included 18 men and 18 women, married to each other, who had only one child. The results showed that the most valued goals by both fathers and mothers were respect for others, honesty, academic achievement, personal success and affectionateness When comparing the socialization goals between fathers and mothers, the results showed more similarities than differences, verifying that efforts tend to be more towards combining responsibilities in pursuit ofa co-parenting

Interacciones sociales y explotación económica / Social interactions and economic exploitation

Planteo aquí un nuevo modelo de interacción social general basado en lasdotaciones de información, heurística y recursos de los agentes de una organización social. A partirde estas dotaciones se puede hacer una representación en un espacio social determinado en el quese desarrollan interacciones sociales. El modelo permite identificar la posición de un agente en elespacio social y hacer comparaciones interpersonales.A partir del modelo de interacción social general, planteo un modelo de explotación económica.Una autoridad desde este modelo de explotación puede establecer áreas de restricción para determinarla explotación económica de los agentes.El cálculo de las dotaciones y las combinaciones de éstas, pueden permitir a una autoridaddeterminar si existe o no explotación de unos agentes por otros, fijar categorías de explotación, eidentificar áreas de atención prioritarias. El modelo se podría constituir en una herramienta másapropiada para la identificación de la condición laboral o económica de los niños y niñas.

Prevención de la enfermedad oral en familias desplazadas por la violencia de la comunidad de Nelson Mandela Cartagena- Colombia / Prevention of oral disease in a community, displaced by violence in Cartagena- Colombia

Introducción y Objetivo: Las intervenciones con programas de promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad oral han sido utilizadas en las comunidades vulnerables con el fin de evitar tratamientos de operatoria dental. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar los conocimientos, manejo y aplicación de los conceptos de salud y enfermedad oral, en familias desplazadas por la violencia. Materiales y Métodos: Un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, apoyado en el método de investigación acción participativa, fue utilizado en 15 familias desplazadas por la violencia con niños escolarizados. Para la recolección de la información se utilizaron los talleres, la entrevista individual estructurada, la entrevista a grupos focales y la observación. Resultados: Los pobladores lograron construir un nuevo conocimiento en el cual se estableció la salud como un proceso constituido por diferentes componentes (bienestar físico, mental y social). De igual manera, el método de enseñanza (IAP) permitió a los pobladores ser parte activa de la solución de sus problemas y dificultades, modificando conceptos vagos de salud y enfermedad y convirtiéndolos en personas inquietas en la búsqueda de situaciones que mejoren su calidad de vida, autoestima, motivación y sentido de pertenencia en la comunidad. Conclusiones: Es fundamental la interacción directa con la comunidad, donde se pueda conocer a fondo todos sus aspectos sociales y tomar este análisis como punto de partida para diseñar estrategias que permitan la intervención directa de la comunidad y mejorar su calidad de vida.

Introduction and Objective: The interventions with health promotion and prevention programs had been used in vulnerable communities, in order to reduce operative dentistry. The aim of the present study was to analyze the knowledge and application of health and illness concepts, in families displaced by violence. Materials and Methods: This project is based on a qualitative methodological focus, supported in the participatory action investigation method, including constructive and hermeneutical tools. 15 lower-income families displaced by violence and whose children were scholarized, were selected. Data collection was done through educational workshops, individual structured interviews, focus groups and observation of people responsible for the care of the children. Categories analyzed included Health and general illness, health and oral illness, prevention, knowledge on treatment of oral illnesses, oral health habits and social practices. Results: The settlers managed to build a new knowledge in which health was established as a process constituted by different components such as social, mental, and physical welll-being. Similarly, this technique of teaching (IAP) allowed settlers to participate actively in the solution of their problems and difficulties, modifying vague concepts of health and illness and becoming involved in looking for solutions that improve their quality of life, self-esteem, motivation and sense of belonging to the community. Conclusions: It is fundamental to have a direct interaction with the community, in order to know all its social aspects in depth. This analysis will serve as a starting point in order to design educational strategies that will permit direct intervention of the community and improve their quality of life.