Progesterone-Related Diabetes Mellitus in the Bitch: Current Knowledge, the Role of Pyometra, and Relevance in Practice.

Progesterone-related diabetes mellitus (PRDM) in dogs is known for its particular potential for diabetes remission. This narrative review aims to provide relevant detailed information on (1) the canine estrus cycle and its impact on canine diabetes mellitus (CDM) etiology and management, (2) the role of pyometra as a further cause of insulin resistance, and (3) useful individual therapeutic and preventive strategies. PRDM is recognized due to diestrus, exogenous progestogen exposure, pregnancy, and P4-production ovarian dysfunction. Pyometra represents additional inflammatory and septic negative influence on insulin sensitivity, and its diagnosis associated with CDM is therapeutically challenging. The estrus cycle's hormone fluctuations seem to modulate peripheric insulin sensibility by influencing insulin receptor (IR) affinity and its binding capacity, as well as modulating tyrosine kinase activity. Pyometra was shown to negatively influence IR compensatory mechanisms to insulin resistance causing glucose intolerance. Spaying and pregnancy termination may cause diabetes remission in PRDM cases in a median time of 10 days (1-51). Pharmacological annulment of progesterone effects may benefit patients unable to undergo surgery; however, remission chances are virtually null. The ALIVE (Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology) project proposed new criteria for CDM diagnoses and subclinical diabetes recognition. These new concepts may increase the frequency of a PRDM diagnosis and, even more, its relevance. Spaying represents a preventive measure against pyometra and PRDM that should be individually assessed in light of its recognized benefits and harms.

Use of a Composed Simulator by Veterinarian Non-Experts in Minimally Invasive Surgery for Training and Acquisition of Surgical Skills for Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Dogs.

This study aims to assess the acquisition of surgical skills for laparoscopic ovariectomy (LOE) in dogs by veterinary surgeons with no experience in minimally invasive surgery using the CALMA Veterinary Lap-trainer simulator (CVLTS) in an experimental and analytical setting. Veterinary surgeons with no experience in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) (experimental, n = 5), and MIS experts (experts, n = 3) were evaluated. Experimental and expert group participants watched an instructional video (initial time) before practicing the LOE on uterine tissues and ovaries freshly reconstituted after elective ovariohysterectomy (initial time evaluation). Then, the experimental group practiced five training sessions on the composite simulator with permanent feedback and then performed the LOE again (final time evaluation). Surgical performances in initial and final evaluations were video recorded and further evaluated by three external MIS experts using Global objective assessment of laparoscopic skills (GOALS) and LOE-specific rating scales (SRSs) in a double-blinded schedule. In addition, a hands movement assessment system (HMAS) attached to the back of the hands was used to quantitatively measure completion time, angularity, and movement smoothness. Data were analyzed with one-factor ANOVA and Tukey's contrast test. No statistically significant differences were found between the novice group's performance after training and the expert group's performance according to the GOALS (p < 0.01) and SRS (p < 0.05) scores. Moreover, the novices had significantly improved time, number of movements, and angularity in the final time compared with the initial time (p < 0.05), with no significant differences compared to the expert group (p > 0.05). LOE training using a composed simulator resulted in significantly improved laparoscopic skills and time, number, and angularity of movements data, providing evidence of the usefulness and reliability of CVLTS in training LOE.

Protocolo de sedação visando a castração química em cães / Sedation protocol aiming to chemical castration in dogs

A castração química é utilizada para castrar cães machos a um custo mais baixo que o procedimento cirúrgico, que é o método mais aplicado para castrar cães e gatos. A castração química é um procedimento mais simples que a castração cirúrgica e pode ser realizada a nível ambulatorial, sem necessidade de anestesia geral. Entretanto, devido ao estresse pela manipulação e ao desconforto produzido pela injeção de uma substância no interior dos testículos, faz-se necessária uma sedação para que a castração química seja efetuada de um modo que proporcione o bem-estar do animal. Assim, este artigo tem como objetivo propor um protocolo inovador para sedação de cães submetidos à castração química. Para isso, foram utilizados 12 cães submetidos à administração de xilazina em subdose no acuponto yin tang. Após o estabelecimento da sedação, os cães foram castrados quimicamente. O protocolo proposto permitiu que a castração química fosse realizada com conforto para o paciente e para a equipe de médicos veterinários. Desta forma, concluiu-se que o protocolo de sedação é seguro e pode ser empregado em cães para procedimentos não invasivos, como exames, coleta de material e outros processos ou técnicas semelhantes.

Chemical castration is used to spay male dogs at a lower cost than the surgical procedure, which is the most applied method to spay dogs and cats. Chemical castration is a simpler procedure than surgical castration and can be performed on an outpatient basis, without the need for general anesthesia. However, due to the stress caused by manipulation and the discomfort produced by the injection of a substance into the testicles, sedation is necessary so that chemical castration is to be carried out in a way that provides the animal's welfare. Thus, this article aims to propose an innovative protocol for sedation of dogs submitted to chemical castration. For this purpose, twelve dogs submitted to the administration of xylazine in subdosis in the yin-tang acupoint were used. After the establishment of sedation, the dogs were chemically neutered. The proposed protocol allowed chemical castration to be performed with comfort for the patient and the team of veterinarians. Therefore, it is concluded that the sedation protocol is safe and can be used in dogs for non-invasive procedures such as exams, material collection, and other similar processes or techniques.

Prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence in bitches five years after ovariohysterectomy / [Prevalência e fatores de risco para incontinência urinária em cadelas cinco anos após ovário histerectomia]

Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is the most performed elective surgery in veterinary medicine. Although this procedure brings benefits both to the animal and public health, acquired urinary incontinence is a possible complication resultant from it. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence and evaluate size, breed, and time of surgery as risk factors in a population of spayed female dogs in the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, in the year of 2013, through the use of a multiple-choice screening instrument. Identified estimated prevalence was 11.27% and main risk factors were as follows: large size (OR = 7.12 IC95% = 1.42 - 35.67), Rottweiler breed (OR = 8.92; IC95% = 5.25 - 15.15), Pit-bull breed (OR = 4.14; IC95% = 2.19 - 7.83), and Labrador breed (OR = 2.73; IC95% = 1.53 - 4.87). Time of surgery was not considered a risk factor for urinary incontinence in this population (OR = 1.45; IC95% = 0.86 - 2.40). Even though most owners reported a small impact on their relationship with the animal, urinary incontinence hazard should be addressed before spaying.(AU)

A ovário-histerectomia (OHE) é a cirurgia eletiva mais realizada em medicina veterinária. Embora seja um procedimento que beneficie a saúde pública e do animal, a incontinência urinária adquirida é uma complicação possível resultante desse procedimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de incontinência urinária e avaliar porte, raça e momento da castração como fatores de risco em uma população de cadelas castradas no HCV/UFRGS, no ano de 2013, através do uso de um instrumento de triagem de múltipla escolha. A prevalência estimada foi de 11,27% e os principais fatores de risco foram: grande porte (OR = 7,12 IC95% = 1,42 - 35,67), raça Rottweiler (OR = 8,92; IC95% = 5,25 - 15,15), raça Pitbull (OR = 4,14; IC95% = 2,19 - 7,83) e raça Labrador (OR = 2,73; IC95% = 1,53 - 4,87). O tempo da cirurgia não foi considerado fator de risco para incontinência urinária nessa população (OR = 1,45; IC95% = 0,86 - 2,40). Embora a maioria dos proprietários tenha relatado um pequeno impacto no relacionamento com o animal, a possibilidade de incontinência urinária deve ser devidamente discutida antes da castração.(AU)

Post-neutering urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs

Female dogs neutering is a routine surgery that aims to prevent diseases as well as to help populational control. Urinary incontinence is one of the most significant unwanted consequences following the procedure. Pharmacological treatment is recommended for such case, and alpha-adrenergic and estrogenic drugs have been the most frequent choices reported in literature. Besides, tricyclic antidepressants are also able to control clinical signs. The exact mechanism involved with this condition is not yet fully understood. Estrogen deficiency with a subsequent loss of urethral tonus is believed to trigger clinical signs. However, it is possible that other factors such as gonadotropins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone levels may play a part on this complex mechanism of the post-neutering urinary incontinence.

Non surgical contraception in cats: what’s new? / Contracepção não-cirúrgica em gatos: o que há de novo?

In the feline species, progestins, GnRH agonist implants and melatonin implants are the three main non-surgical contraceptive approaches that are important to discuss today. When available, those can actually come handy in many clinical situations when surgery cannot be performed or should be avoided. To date though, those only offer short to medium term options. Research using gene therapy is however on its way, with encouraging preliminary results. A long term alternative using this technology might become available in the future, changing how we approach contraception in cats in our veterinary clinics.

Post-neutering urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs

Female dogs neutering is a routine surgery that aims to prevent diseases as well as to help populational control. Urinary incontinence is one of the most significant unwanted consequences following the procedure. Pharmacological treatment is recommended for such case, and alpha-adrenergic and estrogenic drugs have been the most frequent choices reported in literature. Besides, tricyclic antidepressants are also able to control clinical signs. The exact mechanism involved with this condition is not yet fully understood. Estrogen deficiency with a subsequent loss of urethral tonus is believed to trigger clinical signs. However, it is possible that other factors such as gonadotropins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone levels may play a part on this complex mechanism of the post-neutering urinary incontinence.(AU)

Early-age neutering in dogs and cats: advantages and disadvantages / Castração precoce em cães e gatos: vantagens e desvantagens

Prepubertal gonadectomy is defined as the surgical sterilization of immature male and female animalsaging from 6-to-14 weeks, and it is a less invasive, less traumatic surgery when performed prior to puberty thanin adult animals. In dogs, growth plate closure is delayed when surgery is performed prior to puberty, but thedelay is significantly longer when neutering is done at 7 weeks as compared to 7 months. External genitalia donot develop fully: penile and preputial immaturity and decreased radiodensity of the os penis are frequentlyobserved. Vulvar development is also often insufficient in bitches gonadectomised at 7 weeks. Heat productionis 28% lower in neutered compared to intact cats. A decrease in urethral diameter has been observed in neuteredfemale but not male cats. Effects of prepuberal gonadectomy on behaviour vary depending on species and sex. Ingeneral, excitability and degree of activity are increased in males and females gonadectomised at 7 weeks or 7months, and when surgery is done at 7 weeks animals are found to be more excitable if compared to thosegonadectomised at 7 months. Incidence of urinary incontinence in the canine population may increasesignificantly when gonadectomy is done prior to 3 months of age. The most important anesthetic and surgicalconsiderations concern fasting, the use of a warm environment, the use of short-acting inducing drugs, of volatileanesthesia. Prepubertal neutering is probably an acceptable technique for dogs and cats, although it carries some(minor) risks which should be explained in details whenever using it for client-owned animals.

Early-age neutering in dogs and cats: advantages and disadvantages / Castração precoce em cães e gatos: vantagens e desvantagens

Prepubertal gonadectomy is defined as the surgical sterilization of immature male and female animalsaging from 6-to-14 weeks, and it is a less invasive, less traumatic surgery when performed prior to puberty thanin adult animals. In dogs, growth plate closure is delayed when surgery is performed prior to puberty, but thedelay is significantly longer when neutering is done at 7 weeks as compared to 7 months. External genitalia donot develop fully: penile and preputial immaturity and decreased radiodensity of the os penis are frequentlyobserved. Vulvar development is also often insufficient in bitches gonadectomised at 7 weeks. Heat productionis 28% lower in neutered compared to intact cats. A decrease in urethral diameter has been observed in neuteredfemale but not male cats. Effects of prepuberal gonadectomy on behaviour vary depending on species and sex. Ingeneral, excitability and degree of activity are increased in males and females gonadectomised at 7 weeks or 7months, and when surgery is done at 7 weeks animals are found to be more excitable if compared to thosegonadectomised at 7 months. Incidence of urinary incontinence in the canine population may increasesignificantly when gonadectomy is done prior to 3 months of age. The most important anesthetic and surgicalconsiderations concern fasting, the use of a warm environment, the use of short-acting inducing drugs, of volatileanesthesia. Prepubertal neutering is probably an acceptable technique for dogs and cats, although it carries some(minor) risks which should be explained in details whenever using it for client-owned animals.(AU)

Comparação entre as abordagens lateral direita e mediana ventral em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingo-histerectomia / Comparison between the right lateral and ventral median approach in a bitch undergoing ovariosalpinghysterectomy

A fim de comparar as abordagens abdominais, pela linha mediana ventral e lateral direita em cadelas pré-púberes e adultas submetidas a ovariossalpingo-histerectomia, utilizaram-se 28 cadelas hígidas, distribuídas em dois grupos experimentais de igual número: grupo abordagem mediana ventral (AMV) e grupo abordagem lateral direita (ALD), com sete animais adultos e sete animais pré-púberes em cada grupo. O procedimento cirúrgico foi dividido em nove manobras cirúrgicas distintas, e o tempo para conclusão de cada uma delas, suas facilidades e dificuldades, assim como o tempo cirúrgico total, foram determinados. O tempo médio desde o início da incisão da pele até a entrada na cavidade peritoneal foi menor nas cadelas adultas (P≤0,001) e pré-púberes (P≤0,001) do grupo AMV, mas o tempo médio para identificação uterina foi menor nas cadelas pré-púberes (P≤0,001) do grupo ALD. O tempo cirúrgico total foi menor utilizando-se a abordagem lateral direita (grupo ALD) nas cadelas adultas (P≤0,001) e pré-púberes (P≤0,001). Seu uso não se relacionou com complicações cirúrgicas e facilitou a identificação uterina, possibilitando redução no tempo cirúrgico total. Assim, a abordagem lateral direita demonstrou ser uma alternativa segura em cadelas adultas e pré-púberes submetidas à OSH eletiva.(AU)

In order to compare the abdominal approaches, through the ventral midline and right lateral in pre-pubertal adult female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectory we used 28 otherwise healthy dogs, divided into two experimental groups of equal number: Ventral Median Approach Group (VMA) and Right Side Approach Group (RSA), with seven adult animals and seven pre-pubertal animals in each group. The surgical procedure was divided into nine different surgical maneuvers, and the time required for completion of each of them, their strengths and difficulties, as well as the total surgical time were determined. The time from the start of the skin incision to the entrance into the peritoneal cavity was lower in adult female dogs (P≤0.001) and pre-pubertal (P≤0.001) in the VAM group, but the time for uterine identification was lower in pre-pubertal female dogs (P≤ 0.001) in the RSA group. The total surgical time was shorter using the right lateral approach (RSA group) in adult (P≤ 0.001) and pre-pubertal (P≤0.001) female dogs. Thus, the right-side approach has proved to be a safe alternative in adult and pre-pubertal dogs undergoing elective OSH. Its use was not associated with surgical complications, and facilitated uterine identification, allowing a reduction in the total surgical time.(AU)

Comparação entre as abordagens lateral direita e mediana ventral em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingo-histerectomia / Comparison between the right lateral and ventral median approach in a bitch undergoing ovariosalpinghysterectomy

A fim de comparar as abordagens abdominais, pela linha mediana ventral e lateral direita em cadelas pré-púberes e adultas submetidas a ovariossalpingo-histerectomia, utilizaram-se 28 cadelas hígidas, distribuídas em dois grupos experimentais de igual número: grupo abordagem mediana ventral (AMV) e grupo abordagem lateral direita (ALD), com sete animais adultos e sete animais pré-púberes em cada grupo. O procedimento cirúrgico foi dividido em nove manobras cirúrgicas distintas, e o tempo para conclusão de cada uma delas, suas facilidades e dificuldades, assim como o tempo cirúrgico total, foram determinados. O tempo médio desde o início da incisão da pele até a entrada na cavidade peritoneal foi menor nas cadelas adultas (P≤0,001) e pré-púberes (P≤0,001) do grupo AMV, mas o tempo médio para identificação uterina foi menor nas cadelas pré-púberes (P≤0,001) do grupo ALD. O tempo cirúrgico total foi menor utilizando-se a abordagem lateral direita (grupo ALD) nas cadelas adultas (P≤0,001) e pré-púberes (P≤0,001). Seu uso não se relacionou com complicações cirúrgicas e facilitou a identificação uterina, possibilitando redução no tempo cirúrgico total. Assim, a abordagem lateral direita demonstrou ser uma alternativa segura em cadelas adultas e pré-púberes submetidas à OSH eletiva.

In order to compare the abdominal approaches, through the ventral midline and right lateral in pre-pubertal adult female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectory we used 28 otherwise healthy dogs, divided into two experimental groups of equal number: Ventral Median Approach Group (VMA) and Right Side Approach Group (RSA), with seven adult animals and seven pre-pubertal animals in each group. The surgical procedure was divided into nine different surgical maneuvers, and the time required for completion of each of them, their strengths and difficulties, as well as the total surgical time were determined. The time from the start of the skin incision to the entrance into the peritoneal cavity was lower in adult female dogs (P≤0.001) and pre-pubertal (P≤0.001) in the VAM group, but the time for uterine identification was lower in pre-pubertal female dogs (P≤ 0.001) in the RSA group. The total surgical time was shorter using the right lateral approach (RSA group) in adult (P≤ 0.001) and pre-pubertal (P≤0.001) female dogs. Thus, the right-side approach has proved to be a safe alternative in adult and pre-pubertal dogs undergoing elective OSH. Its use was not associated with surgical complications, and facilitated uterine identification, allowing a reduction in the total surgical time.

SERUM LIPID PROFILE OF SPAYED AND NON-SPAYED FEMALE DOGS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BODY CONDITION SCORE

Neutering females may be associated to weight gain in dogs. In order to diagnose possible alterations, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemias, laboratory assessment of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is important. The aim of this study was to verify glycemia and serum lipid profile in non-spayed and spayed female dogs, and associate these results with the body condition score. Thirty-two spayed (n=16) and non-spayed (n=16) female dogs had their blood collected for biochemical analysis, and were classified as to their body condition score (BCS). Nine had normal BCS, 10 were overweight, and 13 were obese. Little difference was observed among spayed and non-spayed dogs. Glycemia of spayed canine females is higher than that of non-spayed dogs, regardless of the body condition score. Likewise, total cholesterol levels are higher in non-spayed females. The HDL is higher in non-spayed obese dogs than in spayed dogs with the same body condition, this parameter did not differ in other weight groups. Contrary to what happens in post-menopausal women, spaying dogs does not seem to have such a strong effect on the metabolic parameters assessed. This study revealed unique results, where neither spaying nor weight group had a strong association with metabolic alterations.

A esterilização pode estar associada ao ganho de peso em cães. Para diagnosticar possíveis alterações, como diabetes e hiperlipidemias, análises laboratoriais do metabolismo de carboidratos e lipídios são importantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a glicemia e o metabolismo lipídico em fêmeas caninas não esterilizadas e esterilizadas e associar estes resultados com o escore de condição corporal. Trinta e duas fêmeas caninas, esterilizadas (n=16) e não esterilizadas (n=16) foram submetidas à coleta sanguínea para análises bioquímicas e foram classificadas conforme escore de condição corporal (ECC). Nove tiveram ECC normal, 10 apresentavam sobrepeso e 13 eram obesas. Pequenas diferenças foram observadas entre os cães esterilizados e não esterilizados. A glicemia de fêmeas não esterilizadas foi mais elevada em todos os escores corporais, bem como o HDL. Triglicérides, LDL e VLDL foram mais baixos em fêmeas não esterilizadas com sobrepeso quando comparado com animais esterilizados na mesma condição corporal, o que não foi observado em outros grupos. Contrariamente ao que acontece em mulheres após a menopausa, a esterilização em fêmeas de cães não parece ter fortes efeitos sobre os parâmetros metabólicos avaliados. Este estudo apresenta resultados únicos, nos quais nem a esterilização nem o peso possuem forte associação com alterações metabólicas.

Perfil lipídico de fêmeas caninas esterilizadas e não esterilizadas associado com o escore de condição corporal / Serum lipid profile of spayed and non-spayed female dogs associated with the body condition score

Neutering females may be associated to weight gain in dogs. In order to diagnose possible alterations, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemias, laboratory assessment of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is important. The aim of this study was to verify glycemia and serum lipid profile in non-spayed and spayed female dogs, and associate these results with the body condition score. Thirty-two spayed (n=16) and non-spayed (n=16) female dogs had their blood collected for biochemical analysis, and were classified as to their body condition score (BCS). Nine had normal BCS, 10 were overweight, and 13 were obese. Little difference was observed among spayed and non-spayed dogs. Glycemia of spayed canine females is higher than that of non-spayed dogs, regardless of the body condition score. Likewise, total cholesterol levels are higher in non-spayed females. The HDL is higher in non-spayed obese dogs than in spayed dogs with the same body condition, this parameter did not differ in other weight groups. Contrary to what happens in post-menopausal women, spaying dogs does not seem to have such a strong effect on the metabolic parameters assessed. This study revealed unique results, where neither spaying nor weight group had a strong association with metabolic alterations.(AU)

A esterilização pode estar associada ao ganho de peso em cães. Para diagnosticar possíveis alterações, como diabetes e hiperlipidemias, análises laboratoriais do metabolismo de carboidratos e lipídios são importantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a glicemia e o metabolismo lipídico em fêmeas caninas não esterilizadas e esterilizadas e associar estes resultados com o escore de condição corporal. Trinta e duas fêmeas caninas, esterilizadas (n=16) e não esterilizadas (n=16) foram submetidas à coleta sanguínea para análises bioquímicas e foram classificadas conforme escore de condição corporal (ECC). Nove tiveram ECC normal, 10 apresentavam sobrepeso e 13 eram obesas. Pequenas diferenças foram observadas entre os cães esterilizados e não esterilizados. A glicemia de fêmeas não esterilizadas foi mais elevada em todos os escores corporais, bem como o HDL. Triglicérides, LDL e VLDL foram mais baixos em fêmeas não esterilizadas com sobrepeso quando comparado com animais esterilizados na mesma condição corporal, o que não foi observado em outros grupos. Contrariamente ao que acontece em mulheres após a menopausa, a esterilização em fêmeas de cães não parece ter fortes efeitos sobre os parâmetros metabólicos avaliados. Este estudo apresenta resultados únicos, nos quais nem a esterilização nem o peso possuem forte associação com alterações metabólicas.(AU)

Perfil lipídico de fêmeas caninas esterilizadas e não esterilizadas associado com o escore de condição corporal / Serum lipid profile of spayed and non-spayed female dogs associated with the body condition score

Neutering females may be associated to weight gain in dogs. In order to diagnose possible alterations, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemias, laboratory assessment of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is important. The aim of this study was to verify glycemia and serum lipid profile in non-spayed and spayed female dogs, and associate these results with the body condition score. Thirty-two spayed (n=16) and non-spayed (n=16) female dogs had their blood collected for biochemical analysis, and were classified as to their body condition score (BCS). Nine had normal BCS, 10 were overweight, and 13 were obese. Little difference was observed among spayed and non-spayed dogs. Glycemia of spayed canine females is higher than that of non-spayed dogs, regardless of the body condition score. Likewise, total cholesterol levels are higher in non-spayed females. The HDL is higher in non-spayed obese dogs than in spayed dogs with the same body condition, this parameter did not differ in other weight groups. Contrary to what happens in post-menopausal women, spaying dogs does not seem to have such a strong effect on the metabolic parameters assessed. This study revealed unique results, where neither spaying nor weight group had a strong association with metabolic alterations.

A esterilização pode estar associada ao ganho de peso em cães. Para diagnosticar possíveis alterações, como diabetes e hiperlipidemias, análises laboratoriais do metabolismo de carboidratos e lipídios são importantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a glicemia e o metabolismo lipídico em fêmeas caninas não esterilizadas e esterilizadas e associar estes resultados com o escore de condição corporal. Trinta e duas fêmeas caninas, esterilizadas (n=16) e não esterilizadas (n=16) foram submetidas à coleta sanguínea para análises bioquímicas e foram classificadas conforme escore de condição corporal (ECC). Nove tiveram ECC normal, 10 apresentavam sobrepeso e 13 eram obesas. Pequenas diferenças foram observadas entre os cães esterilizados e não esterilizados. A glicemia de fêmeas não esterilizadas foi mais elevada em todos os escores corporais, bem como o HDL. Triglicérides, LDL e VLDL foram mais baixos em fêmeas não esterilizadas com sobrepeso quando comparado com animais esterilizados na mesma condição corporal, o que não foi observado em outros grupos. Contrariamente ao que acontece em mulheres após a menopausa, a esterilização em fêmeas de cães não parece ter fortes efeitos sobre os parâmetros metabólicos avaliados. Este estudo apresenta resultados únicos, nos quais nem a esterilização nem o peso possuem forte associação com alterações metabólicas.

Piometra iatrogênica em cadela: relato de caso / Iatrogenic pyometra in a bitch: a case report

Descreve-se um caso raro de piometra iatrogênica adquirida após ligadura bilateral dos cornos uterinoscomo método contraceptivo em cadela, a qual foi atendida com inapetência e secreção vaginal. Após examefísico, suspeitou-se de piometra de coto, pois a paciente já havia sido castrada, segundo informação obtida naanamnese. Após celiotomia mediana retroumbilical, foi constatada presença dos ovários e quatro segmentosuterinos repletos de pus, demonstrando que os cornos uterinos haviam sido ligados bilateralmente e que a técnicade ovário-histerectomia (OH), que é a mais utilizada na prática clínica veterinária, não havia sido realizada.Provavelmente o cirurgião anterior tentou imitar a ligadura tubária, utilizada para anticoncepção em mulheres, aqual é inadequada para a espécie. Após constatação da piometra, foi realizada OH para tratamento da condição, oque levou à recuperação completa do animal.(AU)

We describe a rare case of iatrogenic pyometra acquired after bilateral ligation of the uterine horns asa contraceptive method in a bitch. The animal was admitted with ineptness and vaginal secretion. After physicalexamination we suspected stump pyometra, because the patient had already been neutered, according toinformation obtained in the anamnesis. After retroumbilical median celiotomy the presence of the ovaries, andfour segments of the uterus filled with pus were observed, demonstrating that the uterine horns were ligatedbilaterally and the technique of ovariohysterectomy (OH), which is the most widely used in veterinary clinicalpractice, had not been performed. The previous surgeon probably tried to imitate tubal ligation, used forcontraception in women, which is inadequate for the species. After confirmation of the pyometra, OH wasperformed for treating the condition, and there was complete recovery of the animal.(AU)

Piometra iatrogênica em cadela: relato de caso / Iatrogenic pyometra in a bitch: a case report

Descreve-se um caso raro de piometra iatrogênica adquirida após ligadura bilateral dos cornos uterinoscomo método contraceptivo em cadela, a qual foi atendida com inapetência e secreção vaginal. Após examefísico, suspeitou-se de piometra de coto, pois a paciente já havia sido castrada, segundo informação obtida naanamnese. Após celiotomia mediana retroumbilical, foi constatada presença dos ovários e quatro segmentosuterinos repletos de pus, demonstrando que os cornos uterinos haviam sido ligados bilateralmente e que a técnicade ovário-histerectomia (OH), que é a mais utilizada na prática clínica veterinária, não havia sido realizada.Provavelmente o cirurgião anterior tentou imitar a ligadura tubária, utilizada para anticoncepção em mulheres, aqual é inadequada para a espécie. Após constatação da piometra, foi realizada OH para tratamento da condição, oque levou à recuperação completa do animal.

We describe a rare case of iatrogenic pyometra acquired after bilateral ligation of the uterine horns asa contraceptive method in a bitch. The animal was admitted with ineptness and vaginal secretion. After physicalexamination we suspected stump pyometra, because the patient had already been neutered, according toinformation obtained in the anamnesis. After retroumbilical median celiotomy the presence of the ovaries, andfour segments of the uterus filled with pus were observed, demonstrating that the uterine horns were ligatedbilaterally and the technique of ovariohysterectomy (OH), which is the most widely used in veterinary clinicalpractice, had not been performed. The previous surgeon probably tried to imitate tubal ligation, used forcontraception in women, which is inadequate for the species. After confirmation of the pyometra, OH wasperformed for treating the condition, and there was complete recovery of the animal.

Manifestação incomum de paralisia de membros pélvicos em felino com hidronefrose decorrente de ovarioectomia ­ relato de caso / Limbs paralyze in a cat with hydronephrosis following ovariectomy - case report

Neste trabalho, descreve-se a ocorrência de hidronefrose iatrogênica em rim esquerdo, comprimindo artéria aorta abdominal em gato persa e provocando paralisia de membros pélvicos. O animal apresentava discreta desidratação, mucosas hipocoradas, extremidades frias e cianóticas, ausência bilateral de pulso da artéria femoral, bem como insensibilidade superficial e profunda, e presença de massa de consistência firme com seis centímetros de diâmetro, à palpação abdominal. Realizada celiotomia exploratória, verificou-se rim esquerdo aumentado comprimindo artéria aorta abdominal e a dilatação cranial do ureter esquerdo fixado ao corno uterino por meio de ligadura com fio não absorvível. Após nefrectomia, observou-se a restauração da circulação local. O animal foi a óbito, após oito horas.

This study describes the occurrence of iatrogenic hydronephrosis in left kidney with compression of the abdominal aorta in persian cat and paralysis of hind limbs. The animal had slight dehydration, pale mucous membranes, cold extremities and cyanotic, absence of bilateral femoral artery pulse, and absence of superficial and deep pain, and presence of a mass of firm consistency with six centimeters in diameter, on abdominal palpation. Performed exploratory celiotomy, there was increased left kidney compressing the abdominal aorta and dilation of the cranial left ureter attached to the uterine horn by means of ligation with nonabsorbable. After nephrectomy, it was observed the restoration of local circulation. The animal died after eight hours.

Utilização de abraçadeiras de náilon 6.6 (poliamida) como método de ligadura de pedículos ovarianos e coto uterino em ovário-histerectomia eletiva em cadelas (Canis familiaris) / The efficiency of nylon 6.6 (polyamide) cable ties as a method for massive ligatures of ovarian pedicles and uterine stubs in ovariohysterectomy of bitches (Canis familiaris) / Utilización de abrazaderas de nylon 6.6 (poliamida) como método de ligadura de pedículos de ovario y coto uterino en ovariohisterectomía electiva en perras (Canis familiaris)

Se evaluó la utilización de abrazaderas de nylon 6.6 (poliamida) en ovariohisterectomía de perras, como método de ligadura vascular de pedículos de ovario y coto uterino, considerando los parámetros tiempo quirúrgico, costo, seguridad y biocompatibilidad. Fueron operadas veinte perras semidomiciliadas, la mayoría sin raza definida, pesando de 3,5 a 22,0 (9,57 ± 5,62) Kg, y con edades variando entre 6 y 96 (37,0 ± 25,12) meses. Todas fueron evaluadas antes del procedimiento y 7, 14 y 21 días después, por medio de examen físico y de laboratorio (volumen globular, cómputo relativo de monocitos, proteína plasmática total y fibrinogenio. Las abrazaderas fueron esterilizadas por autoclave y las pacientes inducidas con anestesia general disociativa (tiletamina, zolazepam y xilacina) y anestesia regional epidural con lidocaína. La técnica quirúrgica empleada fue laparotomía retroumbilical mediana. En el periodo pos-operatorio, no se observaron muertes o cualquier complicación relacionada al procedimiento. Cuarenta y cinco días después, cinco perras (25,0%) fueron nuevamente operadas para verificación de las alteraciones macroscópicas de las estructuras de la cavidad abdominal y colección de fragmentos de cotos uterinos y pedículos de ovario, juntamente con las abrazaderas implantadas, para realización de examen histopatológico. Las reacciones tejiduales macroscópicas observadas fueron discretas, con las estructuras presentando color y consistencia aparentemente normales, sin presencia de pus o fibrina. No se observó exudación o adherencias en intestinos, indicando que no hubo hemorragias significativas durante el procedimiento quirúrgico. Microscópicamente se encontró respuesta tejidual caracterizada por cápsula distinta y no extensa de tejido fibroso, fibrosis inmatura e inflamación subaguda en el tejido adiposo alrededor de la abrazadera. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 11 minutos por paciente, y el costo individual promedio de cada procedimiento fue de ...(AU)

The efficiency of nylon 6.6 (polyamide) cable ties as a method for massive ligatures of ovarian pedicles and uterine stubs in ovariohysterectomy of bitches was evaluated. The following parameters were considered: cost of the procedure, surgical time, complications associated to the procedure and easiness of use, safety, and biocompatibility of the nylon ties. Twenty bitches weighing 3.5 to 22.0 kg (9.57 ± 5.62), with ages varying from six to 96 months (37.0 ± 25.12) were used. The bitches were evaluated immediately before and at seven, 14 and 21 days after surgery by physical and laboratory examinations (globular volume, monocytes relative count, total plasma protein and fibrinogen). The nylon ties were sterilized by autoclaving and the patients were submitted to dissociative anesthesia (tiletamine, zolazepam, and xylazine) and regional epidural anesthesia with lidocaine. The surgery was carried through a standard midline retroumbilical laparotomy. Forty-five days after the surgery, five patients (25.0%) were submitted to laparatomy to examine the abdominal cavity and to collect samples of uterine stubs and ovarian pedicles for histopathology. The following results were obtained. All surgeries were uneventful and conducted without complications, the average surgical time was 10.65 minute and the individual cost per procedure was U$ 18.50. All the ovarian pedicles and uterine stubs were adequately healed and none of the patients had fibrin tags or adhesions between intestinal loops, which would indicate hemorrhages during the previous surgical procedure. Histologically there was a distinct non-extensive tissue reaction characterized by fibrosis and subacute inflammation in the tissue around the nylon ties. It was concluded that the use of nylon cable ties is a non expensive, fast, safe and efficient method for hemostasis in ovariohysterectomy for population control in bitches.(AU)

Avaliou-se a utilização de abraçadeiras de náilon 6.6 (poliamida) em ovário-histerectomia de cadelas, como método de ligadura vascular de pedículos ovarianos e cotos uterinos, levando em consideração os parâmetros tempo cirúrgico, custo, segurança e biocompatibilidade. Foram operadas vinte cadelas semidomiciliadas, a maioria sem raça definida, pesando de 3,5 a 22,0 (9,57 ± 5,62) Kg, e com idades variando entre seis e 96 (37,0 ± 25,12) meses. Todas foram avaliadas antes do procedimento e 7, 14 e 21 dias após, por meio de exames físico e laboratorial (volume globular, contagem relativa de monócitos, proteína plasmática total e fibrinogênio). As abraçadeiras foram esterilizadas por autoclavagem e as pacientes induzidas com anestesia geral dissociativa (tiletamina, zolazepam e xilazina) e anestesia regional epidural com lidocaína. A técnica cirúrgica empregada foi a laparatomia retroumbilical mediana. No período pós-operatório, não se observaram óbitos ou quaisquer complicações que pudessem estar relacionadas ao procedimento. Quarenta e cinco dias após a realização da cirurgia, cinco cadelas (25,0%) foram reoperadas para verificação das alterações macroscópicas das estruturas da cavidade abdominal e colheita de fragmentos de cotos uterinos e pedículos ovarianos, juntamente com as abraçadeiras implantadas, para realização de exame histopatológico. As reações teciduais macroscópicas observadas foram discretas, com as estruturas apresentando coloração e consistência aparentemente normais, sem presença de pus ou fibrina. Não se observaram exsudato ou aderências entre alças intestinais, indicando que não houve hemorragias significativas durante o procedimento cirúrgico. Microscopicamente, encontrou-se resposta tecidual caracterizada por cápsula distinta e não extensa de tecido fibroso, fibrose imatura e inflamação subaguda no tecido adiposo em torno da abraçadeira. O tempo cirúrgico médio foi de 11 minutos por paciente, e o custo individual médio ...(AU)

Utilização de abraçadeiras de náilon 6.6 (poliamida) como método de ligadura de pedículos ovarianos e coto uterino em ovário-histerectomia eletiva em cadelas (Canis familiaris) / The efficiency of nylon 6.6 (polyamide) cable ties as a method for massive ligatures of ovarian pedicles and uterine stubs in ovariohysterectomy of bitches (Canis familiaris) / Utilización de abrazaderas de nylon 6.6 (poliamida) como método de ligadura de pedículos de ovario y coto uterino en ovariohisterectomía electiva en perras (Canis familiaris)

Avaliou-se a utilização de abraçadeiras de náilon 6.6 (poliamida) em ovário-histerectomia de cadelas, como método de ligadura vascular de pedículos ovarianos e cotos uterinos, levando em consideração os parâmetros tempo cirúrgico, custo, segurança e biocompatibilidade. Foram operadas vinte cadelas semidomiciliadas, a maioria sem raça definida, pesando de 3,5 a 22,0 (9,57 ± 5,62) Kg, e com idades variando entre seis e 96 (37,0 ± 25,12) meses. Todas foram avaliadas antes do procedimento e 7, 14 e 21 dias após, por meio de exames físico e laboratorial (volume globular, contagem relativa de monócitos, proteína plasmática total e fibrinogênio). As abraçadeiras foram esterilizadas por autoclavagem e as pacientes induzidas com anestesia geral dissociativa (tiletamina, zolazepam e xilazina) e anestesia regional epidural com lidocaína. A técnica cirúrgica empregada foi a laparatomia retroumbilical mediana. No período pós-operatório, não se observaram óbitos ou quaisquer complicações que pudessem estar relacionadas ao procedimento. Quarenta e cinco dias após a realização da cirurgia, cinco cadelas (25,0%) foram reoperadas para verificação das alterações macroscópicas das estruturas da cavidade abdominal e colheita de fragmentos de cotos uterinos e pedículos ovarianos, juntamente com as abraçadeiras implantadas, para realização de exame histopatológico. As reações teciduais macroscópicas observadas foram discretas, com as estruturas apresentando coloração e consistência aparentemente normais, sem presença de pus ou fibrina. Não se observaram exsudato ou aderências entre alças intestinais, indicando que não houve hemorragias significativas durante o procedimento cirúrgico. Microscopicamente, encontrou-se resposta tecidual caracterizada por cápsula distinta e não extensa de tecido fibroso, fibrose imatura e inflamação subaguda no tecido adiposo em torno da abraçadeira. O tempo cirúrgico médio foi de 11 minutos por paciente, e o custo individual médio ...

The efficiency of nylon 6.6 (polyamide) cable ties as a method for massive ligatures of ovarian pedicles and uterine stubs in ovariohysterectomy of bitches was evaluated. The following parameters were considered: cost of the procedure, surgical time, complications associated to the procedure and easiness of use, safety, and biocompatibility of the nylon ties. Twenty bitches weighing 3.5 to 22.0 kg (9.57 ± 5.62), with ages varying from six to 96 months (37.0 ± 25.12) were used. The bitches were evaluated immediately before and at seven, 14 and 21 days after surgery by physical and laboratory examinations (globular volume, monocytes relative count, total plasma protein and fibrinogen). The nylon ties were sterilized by autoclaving and the patients were submitted to dissociative anesthesia (tiletamine, zolazepam, and xylazine) and regional epidural anesthesia with lidocaine. The surgery was carried through a standard midline retroumbilical laparotomy. Forty-five days after the surgery, five patients (25.0%) were submitted to laparatomy to examine the abdominal cavity and to collect samples of uterine stubs and ovarian pedicles for histopathology. The following results were obtained. All surgeries were uneventful and conducted without complications, the average surgical time was 10.65 minute and the individual cost per procedure was U$ 18.50. All the ovarian pedicles and uterine stubs were adequately healed and none of the patients had fibrin tags or adhesions between intestinal loops, which would indicate hemorrhages during the previous surgical procedure. Histologically there was a distinct non-extensive tissue reaction characterized by fibrosis and subacute inflammation in the tissue around the nylon ties. It was concluded that the use of nylon cable ties is a non expensive, fast, safe and efficient method for hemostasis in ovariohysterectomy for population control in bitches.

Se evaluó la utilización de abrazaderas de nylon 6.6 (poliamida) en ovariohisterectomía de perras, como método de ligadura vascular de pedículos de ovario y coto uterino, considerando los parámetros tiempo quirúrgico, costo, seguridad y biocompatibilidad. Fueron operadas veinte perras semidomiciliadas, la mayoría sin raza definida, pesando de 3,5 a 22,0 (9,57 ± 5,62) Kg, y con edades variando entre 6 y 96 (37,0 ± 25,12) meses. Todas fueron evaluadas antes del procedimiento y 7, 14 y 21 días después, por medio de examen físico y de laboratorio (volumen globular, cómputo relativo de monocitos, proteína plasmática total y fibrinogenio). Las abrazaderas fueron esterilizadas por autoclave y las pacientes inducidas con anestesia general disociativa (tiletamina, zolazepam y xilacina) y anestesia regional epidural con lidocaína. La técnica quirúrgica empleada fue laparotomía retroumbilical mediana. En el periodo pos-operatorio, no se observaron muertes o cualquier complicación relacionada al procedimiento. Cuarenta y cinco días después, cinco perras (25,0%) fueron nuevamente operadas para verificación de las alteraciones macroscópicas de las estructuras de la cavidad abdominal y colección de fragmentos de cotos uterinos y pedículos de ovario, juntamente con las abrazaderas implantadas, para realización de examen histopatológico. Las reacciones tejiduales macroscópicas observadas fueron discretas, con las estructuras presentando color y consistencia aparentemente normales, sin presencia de pus o fibrina. No se observó exudación o adherencias en intestinos, indicando que no hubo hemorragias significativas durante el procedimiento quirúrgico. Microscópicamente se encontró respuesta tejidual caracterizada por cápsula distinta y no extensa de tejido fibroso, fibrosis inmatura e inflamación subaguda en el tejido adiposo alrededor de la abrazadera. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 11 minutos por paciente, y el costo individual promedio de cada procedimiento fue de ...

Local anesthesia for ovariectomy in cats / iectomia em gatas

We evaluates the safeness and efficacy of local anesthesia for ovariectomies in 15 female in cats. Surgery was performed by bilateral laparotomy in the flank in 15 female cats of different weight and age. Cats were tranquilized with 5 mg/kg of 0.2% acepromazine and surgery site was infiltrated locally with 2% lidocaine at a maximum doses of 7 mg/kg. Ovaries were found after location of the kidneys by external palpation. After the opening of the abdominal cavity, the ovaries were exteriorized, ligated by transfixation and removed. The abdominal wall and skin were sutured with interrupted simple suture. A week after the operation, the cutaneous suture were removed. The anesthetic technique employed was efficient and the surgical technique easy to perform. When the cutaneous sutures were removed, the cats were clinically normal and showed good recovery. It was concluded that the anesthetic technique can be successful used in cats for ovariectomies by flank.

Com o objetivo de se propor uma técnica eficiente, barata e segura para se anestesiar gatas, foram realizadas ovariectomias em 15 animais. As gatas foram tranqüilizadas com acepromazina 0,2% na dose de 5mg/kg. As cirurgias foram realizadas através de laparotomia bilateral pelo flanco com anestesia local infiltrativa, utilizando-se lidocaína a 2% na dose máxima de 7mg/kg. Para localização dos ovários tomou-se como referência anatômica os rins, os quais foram identificados por palpação externa. Após abertura da cavidade abdominal, os ovários foram exteriorizados, pinçados e ligados por transfixação, procedendo-se à sua extirpação. A parede abdominal foi fechada em massa com pontos separados simples e a pele foi suturada da mesma maneira. Uma semana após a cirurgia foi feita a retirada dos pontos cutâneos. A anestesia mostrou-se eficiente para a cirurgia em questão e esta revelou-se de fácil execução. Por ocasião da retirada dos pontos, as gatas foram examinadas clinicamente e não mostraram reações patológicas dignas de nota. Concluiu-se que a técnica anestésica pode ser utilizada para ovariectomia pelo flanco em gatas com sucesso.