Predictors of Patient Dissatisfaction after Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis Surgery: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

Introduction: Recently, patient satisfaction has gained prominence as a crucial measure for ensuring patient-centered care. Furthermore, patient satisfaction after lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LCS) surgery is an important metric for physician's decision of surgical indication and informed consent to patient. This study aimed to elucidate how patient satisfaction changed after LCS surgery to identify factors that predict patient dissatisfaction. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed time-course data of patients aged ≥40 years who underwent LCS surgery at multiple hospitals. The participants completed the Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ) and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ) before surgery and then 6 months and 1 year postsurgery. Patient satisfaction was categorized according to the postoperative score of the satisfaction domain of the ZCQ: satisfied, score ≤2.0; moderately satisfied, 2.0< score ≤2.5; and dissatisfied, score >2.5. Results: The study enrolled 241 patients. Our data indicated a satisfaction rate of around 70% at 6 months and then again 1 year after LCS surgery. Among those who were dissatisfied 6 months after LCS surgery, 47.6% were more satisfied 1 year postsurgery. Furthermore, 86.2% of those who were satisfied 6 months after LCS surgery remained satisfied at 1 year. Multivariable analysis revealed that age (relative risk, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.8) and preoperative score of psychological disorders on the JOABPEQ (relative risk, 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.08) were significantly associated with LCS surgery dissatisfaction. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the cutoff value for the preoperative score of psychological disorder of the JOABPEQ was estimated at 40 for LCS surgery dissatisfaction. Conclusions: Age and psychological disorders were identified as significant predictors of dissatisfaction, with a JOABPEQ cutoff value providing potential clinical applicability.

Effects of circulating inflammatory proteins on spinal degenerative diseases: Evidence from genetic correlations and Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Numerous investigations have suggested links between circulating inflammatory proteins (CIPs) and spinal degenerative diseases (SDDs), but causality has not been proven. This study used Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal associations between 91 CIPs and cervical spondylosis (CS), prolapsed disc/slipped disc (PD/SD), spinal canal stenosis (SCS), and spondylolisthesis/spondylolysis. Methods: Genetic variants data for CIPs and SDDs were obtained from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) database. We used inverse variance weighted (IVW) as the primary method, analyzing the validity and robustness of the results through pleiotropy and heterogeneity tests and performing reverse MR analysis to test for reverse causality. Results: The IVW results with Bonferroni correction indicated that beta-nerve growth factor (ß-NGF), C-X-C motif chemokine 6 (CXCL6), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) can increase the risk of CS. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1), and tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-ß) can increase PD/SD risk, whereas urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) can decrease the risk of PD/SD. FGF19 and TNF can increase SCS risk. STAM binding protein (STAMBP) and T-cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoform (CD6 isoform) can increase the risk of spondylolisthesis/spondylolysis, whereas monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 (MCP2) and latency-associated peptide transforming growth factor beta 1 (LAP-TGF-ß1) can decrease spondylolisthesis/spondylolysis risk. Conclusions: MR analysis indicated the causal associations between multiple genetically predicted CIPs and the risk of four SDDs (CS, PD/SD, SCS, and spondylolisthesis/spondylolysis). This study provides reliable genetic evidence for in-depth exploration of the involvement of CIPs in the pathogenic mechanism of SDDs and provides novel potential targets for SDDs.

Deep learning-based detection of lumbar spinal canal stenosis using convolutional neural networks.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS) is the most common spinal degenerative disorder in elderly people and usually first seen by primary care physicians or orthopedic surgeons who are not spine surgery specialists. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful in the diagnosis of LSCS, but the equipment is often not available or difficult to read. LSCS patients with progressive neurologic deficits have difficulty with recovery if surgical treatment is delayed. So, early diagnosis and determination of appropriate surgical indications are crucial in the treatment of LSCS. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a type of deep learning, offers significant advantages for image recognition and classification, and work well with radiographs, which can be easily taken at any facility. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to develop an algorithm to diagnose the presence or absence of LSCS requiring surgery from plain radiographs using CNNs. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of consecutive, nonrandomized series of patients at a single institution. PATIENT SAMPLE: Data of 150 patients who underwent surgery for LSCS, including degenerative spondylolisthesis, at a single institution from January 2022 to August 2022, were collected. Additionally, 25 patients who underwent surgery at 2 other hospitals were included for extra external validation. OUTCOME MEASURES: In annotation 1, the area under the curve (AUC) computed from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were calculated. In annotation 2, correlation coefficients were used. METHODS: Four intervertebral levels from L1/2 to L4/5 were extracted as region of interest from lateral plain lumbar spine radiographs totaling 600 images were obtained. Based on the date of surgery, 500 images derived from the first 125 cases were used for internal validation, and 100 images from the subsequent 25 cases used for external validation. Additionally, 100 images from other hospitals were used for extra external validation. In annotation 1, binary classification of operative and nonoperative levels was used, and in annotation 2, the spinal canal area measured on axial MRI was labeled as the output layer. For internal validation, the 500 images were divided into each 5 dataset on per-patient basis and 5-fold cross-validation was performed. Five trained models were registered in the external validation prediction performance. Grad-CAM was used to visualize area with the high features extracted by CNNs. RESULTS: In internal validation, the AUC and accuracy for annotation 1 ranged between 0.85-0.89 and 79-83%, respectively, and the correlation coefficients for annotation 2 ranged between 0.53 and 0.64 (all p<.01). In external validation, the AUC and accuracy for annotation 1 were 0.90 and 82%, respectively, and the correlation coefficient for annotation 2 was 0.69, using 5 trained CNN models. In the extra external validation, the AUC and accuracy for annotation 1 were 0.89 and 84%, respectively, and the correlation coefficient for annotation 2 was 0.56. Grad-CAM showed high feature density in the intervertebral joints and posterior intervertebral discs. CONCLUSIONS: This technology automatically detects LSCS from plain lumbar spine radiographs, making it possible for medical facilities without MRI or nonspecialists to diagnose LSCS, suggesting the possibility of eliminating delays in the diagnosis and treatment of LSCS that require early treatment.

Comparing the Efficacy of Transforaminal and Caudal Epidural Injections of Calcitonin in Treating Degenerative Spinal Canal Stenosis: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is the most common indication for lumbar surgery in elderly patients. Epidural injections of calcitonin are effective in managing LSS. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of transforaminal and caudal injections of calcitonin in patients with LSS. Methods: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, LSS patients were divided into two equal groups (N = 20). The first group received 50 IU (international units) of calcitonin via caudal epidural injection (CEI), and the second group received 50 IU of calcitonin via transforaminal epidural injection (TEI). The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (ODI) were used to assess the patient's pain and ability to stand, respectively. Visual Analogue Scale and ODI scores were recorded and analyzed. Results: The results showed that caudal and TEIs of calcitonin significantly improved pain and ability to stand during follow-up compared to before intervention (P < 0.05). Additionally, CEI of calcitonin after 6 months significantly reduced pain in LSS patients compared to TEI of calcitonin (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the two epidural injection techniques in improving the patient's ability to stand (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that epidural injection of calcitonin in long-term follow-up (6 months) had a significant effect on improving pain intensity and mobility in patients with LSS, and its effect on pain in the TEI method was significantly greater than that in the CEI method.

Evidence-based commentary on the diagnosis, management, and further research of degenerative cervical spinal cord compression in the absence of clinical symptoms of myelopathy.

Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) represents the final consequence of a series of degenerative changes in the cervical spine, resulting in cervical spinal canal stenosis and mechanical stress on the cervical spinal cord. This process leads to subsequent pathophysiological processes in the spinal cord tissues. The primary mechanism of injury is degenerative compression of the cervical spinal cord, detectable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), serving as a hallmark for diagnosing DCM. However, the relative resilience of the cervical spinal cord to mechanical compression leads to clinical-radiological discordance, i.e., some individuals may exhibit MRI findings of DCC without the clinical signs and symptoms of myelopathy. This degenerative compression of the cervical spinal cord without clinical signs of myelopathy, potentially serving as a precursor to the development of DCM, remains a somewhat controversial topic. In this review article, we elaborate on and provide commentary on the terminology, epidemiology, natural course, diagnosis, predictive value, risks, and practical management of this condition-all of which are subjects of ongoing debate.

Radiation Exposure During Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery Can Be Reduced by Using a Three-Dimensional Patient-Specific Template Guide.

BACKGROUND: The use of posterior lumber interbody fusion (PLIF) using cortical bone trajectory (CBT) with a patient-specific 3D template guide is increasingly widespread. To our knowledge, no studies have extensively evaluated the reduction of radiation exposure when using patient-specific drill template guides. The purpose of this study is to compare the intra-operative radiation dose and surgeon's exposure to radiation in CBT-PLIF when using a patient-specific drill guide with that in traditional minimally invasive (MIS)-PLIF. METHODS: In this observational study, we retrospectively compared data from five patients who were treated with single-level CBT-PLIF using a patient-specific drill guide (G group) and five patients who were treated with single-level traditional MIS-PLIF (M group). We compared the surgical time, surgeon's exposure to radiation, and intra-operative radiation time and dose between the two groups of patients. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 67.0 years in the M group and 74.2 years in the G group. The average surgical time was 242.8 min in the M group and 189.6 min in the G group (p = 0.020). The surgeon's exposure to radiation was 373.7 µSv in the M group and 81.75 µSv in the G group at chest level outside the protector (p = 0.00092); 42.0 µSv (M group) and 3.6 µSv (G group) at chest level inside the protector (p = 0.0000062); and 4.33 µSv (M group) and 1.20 µSv (G group) at the buttocks of the surgeon (p = 0.0013). Radiation time was 269.8 s (M group) and 56.6 s (G group) (p = 0.0097), and radiation dose was 153.7 mGy (M group) and 30.42 mGy (G group) (p = 0.00057). CONCLUSION: The patient-specific drill template guide is an invaluable tool that facilitates the safe insertion of CBT screws with a low radiation dose from the outset.

The Impact of Frailty on Surgical Outcome of Patients with Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis.

Introduction: Frailty is an important factor in surgical outcomes. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of preoperative frailty on postoperative outcomes in older patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS). Methods: We retrospectively examined 209 patients aged ≥65 years who underwent surgery for LSCS. Health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) tools, including the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ), Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ), and Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ), were used in the assessment conducted before surgery and at 6 months and 1 year after surgery. Frailty was categorized based on the 11-item modified frailty index (mFI-11). Patients with mFI-11 of 0, <0.21, and >0.21 were classified under the robust (R), pre-frailty (P), and frailty (F) groups, respectively. Results: According to the mFI-11, 24, 138, and 47 patients were included in the R, P, and F groups, respectively. Regarding preoperative radiographic parameters, there was a remarkable increase in the sagittal vertical axis and a significant decrease in the development of lumbar lordosis with frailty progression. The preoperative scores of RDQ and ZCQ, and lumbar function, walking ability, social life, and psychological disorder domain scores of JOABPEQ differed significantly among these groups. The frequency of revision surgery was not higher in the F group than in the other groups. After adjustment for factors have shown different distributions among the three groups, the frequency of effective surgical cases did not show a clear trend among the three groups in all domains of the JOABPEQ. Conclusions: The preoperative HRQOL scores and the radiographic parameters of patients with LSCS worsened with frailty severity. However, frailty did not affect the rate of revision surgery and surgical efficacy in patients with LSCS. Although this study has limitations, our findings indicated that even LSCS patients with frailty can be considered for surgery if they have an indication for LSCS surgery.

Acquired Simple Bone Cyst Associated With Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis Progression: A Case Report.

A simple bone cyst (SBC) in the posterior lumbar bone structure is very rare. Here, we report a case of SBC at the L5 lumbar lamina with venous obstruction associated with ligamentum flavum thickening. A 59-year-old woman presented with intermittent claudication due to low back pain and bilateral sciatica. A lumbar MRI showed L4-5 lumbar spinal canal stenosis and a T2-weighted image hyperintense lesion in the L5 lamina. Imaging four years earlier showed no lesions in the L5 lamina. Her symptoms improved after lumbar decompression surgery. The L5 lamina lesion was SBC, leading to a diagnosis of venous infarction. The involvement of neovascularization in the mechanism of degenerative hypertrophy in the ligamentum flavum was suggested. In this case, increased venous perfusion and venous obstruction were involved in the formation of the bone cyst.

Long-term oral meclozine administration improves survival rate and spinal canal stenosis during postnatal growth in a mouse model of achondroplasia in both sexes.

Achondroplasia (ACH) is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by short-limbed short stature caused by the gain-of-function mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene. Activated FGFR3, which is a negative regulator of bone elongation, impairs the growth of long bones and the spinal arch by inhibiting chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Most patients with ACH have spinal canal stenosis in addition to short stature. Meclozine has been found to inhibit FGFR3 via drug repurposing. A 10-d treatment with meclozine promoted long-bone growth in a mouse model of ACH (Fgfr3ach mice). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term meclozine administration on promoting bone growth and the spinal canal in Fgfr3ach mice. Meclozine (2 mg/kg/d) was orally administered to Fgfr3ach mice for 5 d per wk from the age of 7 d to 56 d. Meclozine (2 mg/kg/d) significantly reduced the rate of death or paralysis and improved the length of the body, cranium, and long bones in male and female Fgfr3ach mice. Micro-computed tomography analysis revealed that meclozine ameliorated kyphotic deformities and trabecular parameters, including BMD, bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number at distal femur of Fgfr3ach mice in both sexes. Histological analyses revealed that the hypertrophic zone in the growth plate was restored in Fgfr3ach mice following meclozine treatment, suggesting upregulation of endochondral ossification. Skeletal preparations demonstrated that meclozine restored the spinal canal diameter in Fgfr3ach mice in addition to improving the length of each bone. The 2 mg/kg/d dose of meclozine reduced the rate of spinal paralysis caused by spinal canal stenosis, maintained the growth plate structure, and recovered the bone quality and growth of axial and appendicular skeletons of Fgfr3ach mice in both sexes. Long-term meclozine administration has the potential to ameliorate spinal paralysis and bone growth in patients with ACH.

Carpal tunnel syndrome, spinal canal stenosis, cardiomyopathy, renal insufficiency, enteropathy, and diffuse myopathy as an expression of systemic ATTR amyloidosis - diagnostics and therapy.

Systemic amyloidosis is an incurable multisystem disease, caused by fibrillar protein deposits with resulting dysfunction of affected organ systems. It mostly affects patients > 60 years. Diagnosis is often delayed because the symptoms are nonspecific and highly variable. We report on an elderly patient with multi-organ involvement with proven wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis. The initial manifestation involved bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome and lumbar spinal canal stenosis. The occurrence of ligament and tendon disorders, unexplained muscle pain and polyneuropathy in elderly patients should be considered as a possible first manifestation of systemic amyloidosis.

Large-Scale Comparative Study Between Microendoscopic Laminectomy and Full-Endoscopic Laminectomy for the Treatment of Single-Level Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis.

BACKGROUND: We previously compared the operative outcomes of microendoscopic laminectomy (MEL) and full-endoscopic laminectomy (FEL) for single-level lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS). In this initial report, the operative outcomes of FEL were not inferior to those of MEL. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes of MEL and FEL for single-level LSCS on a large scale using widely used multiple evaluation methods. METHODS: MEL was performed using a 16 mm tubular retractor and an endoscope, while FEL was performed using a 6.4 mm working channel endoscope. A retrospective study was performed on patients with LSCS treated with MEL (n = 355) or FEL (n = 154). Patient background and operative data were also collected. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), and 36-item Short Form Survey (SF-36) scores were recorded preoperatively and 1-year postoperatively. RESULTS: Background data of the two groups and the mean operation time (MEL, 72.1 m; FEL, 74.2 m) were not significant (p>0.2). The mean volumes of intraoperative bleeding (MEL, 25.2 ml; FEL, 10.3 ml) were significantly different (p<0.001). The mean postoperative hospital stays (MEL, 3.9 days; FEL, 2.1 days) were significantly different (p<0.001). Fifteen dural tears (MEL, 11; FEL, 4) and 1 surgical site infection (MEL, 1; FEL, 0) were observed but not significant (p>0.5). Reoperation was required for postoperative hematoma in five patients (MEL, 3; FEL, 2). Although the ODI, EQ-5D, and SF-36 scores improved significantly at one year postoperatively in the MEL and FEL groups (p<0.001), there were no significant differences between the two groups (p>0.1). CONCLUSION: The operative outcomes and minimal invasiveness were no statistical difference between the MEL and FEL groups. Further development of the operative techniques and the instruments of FEL are required to shorten the operation time.

T1 mapping in patients with cervical spinal canal stenosis with and without decompressive surgery: A longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cervical spinal canal stenosis (cSCS) is a common cause of spinal impairment in the elderly. With conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suffering from various limitations, high-resolution single-shot T1 mapping has been proposed as a novel MRI technique in cSCS diagnosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of conservative and surgical treatment on spinal cord T1 relaxation times in cSCS. METHODS: T1-mapping was performed in 54 patients with cSCS at 3 Tesla MRI at the maximum-, above and below the stenosis. Subsequently, intraindividual T1-differences (ΔT1) intrastenosis were calculated. Twenty-four patients received follow-up scans after 6 months. RESULTS: Surgically treated patients showed higher ΔT1 at baseline (154.9 ± 81.6 vs. 95.3 ± 60.7), while absolute T1-values within the stenosis were comparable between groups (863.7 ± 89.3 milliseconds vs. 855.1 ± 62.2 milliseconds). In surgically treated patients, ΔT1 decreased inverse to stenosis severity. After 6 months, ΔT1 significantly decreased in the surgical group (154.9 ± 81.6 milliseconds to 85.7 ± 108.9 milliseconds, p = .021) and remained unchanged in conservatively treated patients. Both groups showed clinical improvement at the 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline difference of T1 relaxation time (ΔT1) might serve as a supporting marker for treatment decision and change of T1 relaxation time might reflect relief of spinal cord narrowing indicating regenerative processes. Quantitative T1-mapping represents a promising additional imaging method to indicate a surgical treatment plan and to validate treatment success.

Radiological Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics at the Craniovertebral Junction Using Time-Spatial Labeling Inversion Pulse Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Cervical Spinal Canal Stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: Spondylotic changes in the cervical spine cause degeneration, leading to cervical spinal canal stenosis. This stenotic change can affect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics by compressing the dural sac and reducing space in the subarachnoid space. We examined CSF dynamics at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) using time-spatial labeling inversion pulse magnetic resonance imaging (Time-SLIP MRI) in patients with cervical spinal canal stenosis. METHODS: The maximum longitudinal movement of the CSF at the CVJ was measured as length of motion (LOM) in the Time-SLIP MRI of 56 patients. The sum of ventral and dorsal LOM was defined as the total LOM. Patients were classified into 3 groups depending on their spinal sagittal magnetic resonance imaging findings: control (n = 27, Kang classification grades 0 and 1), stenosis (n = 14, Kang classification grade 2), and severe stenosis (n = 15, Kang classification grade 3). RESULTS: Time-SLIP MRI revealed pulsatile movement of the CSF at the CVJ. The mean total, ventral, and dorsal LOM was 14.2 ± 9, 8.1 ± 5.7, and 3.8 ± 2.9 mm, respectively. The ventral LOM was significantly larger than the dorsal LOM. The total LOM was significantly smaller in the severe stenosis group (6.1 ± 3.4 mm) than in the control (16.0 ± 8.4 mm) or stenosis (11 ± 5.4 mm) groups (P < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis H-test). In 5 patients, postoperative total LOM was improved after adequate decompression surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that CSF dynamics at the CVJ are influenced by cervical spinal canal stenosis. Time-SLIP MRI is useful for evaluating CSF dynamics at the CVJ in patients with spinal canal stenosis.

Comparative Gene-Expression Analysis of the Ligamentum Flavum of Patients with Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis: Comparison between the Dural and Dorsal Sides of the Thickened Ligamentum Flavum.

Thickening of the ligamentum flavum is the main factor in the development of lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS). Although previous studies have reported factors related to ligamentum flavum thickening, its etiology has not been clarified. Furthermore, it is often difficult to set proper controls to investigate the pathologies of thickening due to differences in patient characteristics, such as age, sex, obesity, and comorbidities. This study aimed to elucidate the pathologies of ligamentum flavum thickening by comparing the dural and dorsal sides of the thickened ligamentum flavum in patients with LSCS. Ligamentum flavum samples were collected from 19 patients with LSCS. The samples were divided into the dural and dorsal sides. The dural side was used as a control to assess the pathologies occurring on the dorsal side. Elastic Masson staining was used to assess the elastic fibres. Gene expression levels were comprehensively assessed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and DNA microarray analyses. Gene ontology analysis was used to identify biological processes associated with differentially expressed genes. The elastic fibres were significantly decreased on the dorsal side of the thickened ligamentum flavum. Genes related to fibrosis, inflammation, tissue repair, remodeling, and chondrometaplasia, such as COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A1, TGFB1, VEGFA, TNFA, MMP2, COL10A1, and ADAMTS4, were highly expressed on the dorsal side of the thickened ligamentum flavum. The biological processes occurring on the dorsal side of the thickened ligamentum flavum were extracellular matrix organization, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix disassembly, and proteolysis.These are considered important pathologies of ligamentum flavum thickening.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Lysophosphatidylcholine Species for Distinguishing Narrowing of the Lumbar Spine.

BACKGROUND: Reoperation, sometimes multiple, is common with progressively worse outcomes in patients with degenerative lumbar spine diseases. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a precursor of lysophosphatidic acid, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a possible biomarker for neuropathic pain and discriminating neuropathic pain caused by lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS) from other etiologies. This study aimed to explore this possible use of LPC species in the CSF. METHODS: Patients with LSCS (n = 137) and persistent spinal pain syndrome (n = 22) were subjected in this multi-site observational study. The CSF was collected by lumbar puncture. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we measured 6 LPC species, (16:0), (18:0), (18:1), (18:2), (20:4), and (22:6), in the CSF. We compared the LPC values between the groups and determined the cutoff levels that could efficiently discriminate the groups with high accuracy. RESULTS: The levels of all measured LPC species were significantly higher in the LSCS group than the persistent spinal pain syndrome group. Four LPC species demonstrated more than 0.80 area under the curve obtained from the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Although the specificity of cutoff levels for the 6 LPC species was low to moderate, their sensitivity was consistently high. CONCLUSIONS: The existing diagnostic protocols combining physical examinations and morphological imaging studies for lumbar spinal pain have limited sensitivity. Measuring LPC species in the CSF is a promising objective laboratory test and could be suitable for detecting the presence of lumbar spinal stenosis and can help indications for surgery.

Influence of radiological factors, psychosocial factors, and central sensitization-related symptoms on clinical symptoms in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis.

BACKGROUND: No study to date has concurrently evaluated the impact of radiological factors, psychosocial factors, and central sensitization (CS) related symptoms in a single lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSS) patient cohort. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations between these factors and clinical symptoms in LSS patients. METHODS: We recruited 154 patients with LSS scheduled for surgery. Patient-reported outcome measures and imaging evaluation including clinical symptoms, psychosocial factors, CS-related symptoms, and radiological classifications. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses were employed. RESULTS: Spearman's correlation revealed CS-related symptoms positively correlated with low back pain (r= 0.25, p< 0.01), leg pain (r= 0.26, p< 0.01), and disability (r= 0.32, p< 0.01). Pain catastrophizing positively correlated with leg pain (r= 0.23, p< 0.01) and disability (r= 0.36, p< 0.01). Regression analysis showed that pain catastrophizing was associated with disability (ß= 0.24, 95%CI = 0.03-0.18), and CS-related symptoms with low back pain (ß= 0.28, 95%CI = 0.01-0.09). Radiological classifications were not associated with clinical symptoms. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that psychosocial factors and CS-related symptoms, rather than radiological factors, seem to contribute to clinical symptoms in patients with LSS.

Association between frailty and locomotive syndrome in elderly patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A retrospective longitudinal analysis.

AIMS: With the aging society worldwide, lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) has become common, and its incidence has been increasing worldwide. Frailty and locomotive syndrome significantly overlap as disorders in older people. The current study aimed to validate the association between frailty and locomotive syndrome in patients with LSS. In particular, the involvement of frailty in locomotive syndrome following surgery was examined. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the time-course data of consecutive patients aged ≥65 years who underwent lumbar spinal surgery for LSS. The locomotive syndrome stages were determined using the 25-Question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale: stage 0, score ≤6; stage 1, score ≥7; stage 2, score ≥16; and Stage 3, score ≥24. Robust, pre-frailty, and frailty were defined as a modified frailty index-11 score of 0, <0.21, and >0.21, respectively. RESULTS: This study included 234 patients. All patients except one were diagnosed with locomotive syndrome preoperatively. Approximately 24.8% of participants were diagnosed with frailty. LSS surgery improved locomotive syndrome regardless of frailty severity. Meanwhile, multivariable analysis indicated that frailty could significantly inhibit improvement in locomotive syndrome after surgery in old patients with LSS (estimated relative risk: 0.6; 95% confidence interval: 0.4-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: This study first assessed the association between locomotive syndrome and frailty in patients with LSS. Locomotive syndrome could be managed effectively with surgery regardless of frailty severity in old patients with LSS. However, our findings emphasize the need to screen for frailty preoperatively in this patient group. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 116-122.

Designing a minimum data set for the information management system (registry) of spinal canal stenosis: An applied-descriptive study.

Background and Aims: Spinal canal stenosis is one of the most common vertebral column diseases, which can lead to disability. Developing a registry system can help in research on the prevention and effective treatment of it. This study designs a minimum data set (MDS) as the first step in creating a registry system for spinal canal stenosis. Method: The present research is of applied-descriptive type, performed in 2022. First, the applicable data elements about the disease were selected from a vast range of English and Farsi references, including peer reviewed articles, academic books, credible websites, and medical records of hospitalized patients. Through the extracted data, the primary MDS plan was designed as a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was conducted via asking the opinion of experts (neurosurgeons, physiotherapists, epidemiologists, and health information management specialists). Also, its reliability was calculated via Cronbach ⍺ coefficient, which was 86%. Finally, the MDS of the spinal canal stenosis national registry system (for Iran) was confirmed through a two stage Delphi technique. Data analysis was applied through descriptive statistics via SPSS21 software. Results: The proposed MDS is offered in two general sets of data: administrative and clinical. For the administrative data set, 40 data elements had been proposed, as five classes. Twenty-six of them were confirmed. In the clinical section, 95 data elements had been proposed in 14 classes; 94 of which were finally confirmed. Conclusion: Since there is no spinal canal stenosis MDS available, this study can be a turning point in the standardization of the data on this disease. Moreover, these precise, coherent, and standard data elements can be contributed to improving disease management and enhancing the public healthcare quality. Also, the MDS proposed in this study can help researchers and experts, design a spinal canal stenosis registry system in other countries.

Impact of spinal surgery on locomotive syndrome in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis in clinical decision limit stage 3: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Locomotive syndrome (LS) is characterized by reduced mobility. Clinical decision limit (CDL) stage 3 in LS indicates physical frailty. Lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSS) is one of the causes of LS, for which lumbar surgery is considered to improve the CDL stage. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of lumbar surgery and independent factors for improving the CDL stage in patients with LSS. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at our University Hospital. A total of 157 patients aged ≥ 65 years with LSS underwent lumbar surgery. The 25-Question Geriatric Locomotive Function scale (GLFS-25) was used to test for LS, and the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) was used to evaluate functional ability. Lower limb pain was evaluated using a visual analog scale. Patients with at least one improvement in the CDL stage following lumbar surgery were included in the improvement group. Differences in lower limb pain intensity between the groups were evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to determine correlations between Δ lower limb pain and Δ GLFS-25. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with improvement in LS. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with improved CDL stage was 45.1% (improvement/non-improvement: 32/39). Δ Lower limb pain was significantly reduced in the improvement group compared with that in the non-improvement group (51.0 [36.3-71.0] vs 40.0 [4.0-53.5]; p = 0.0107). Δ GLFS-25 was significantly correlated with Δ lower limb pain (r = 0.3774, p = 0.0031). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that TUG and age were significantly associated with improvement in LS (odds ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval: 1.07-1.47). CONCLUSIONS: Lumbar surgery effectively improved the CDL stage in patients with LSS. In addition, TUG was an independent factor associated with improvement in the CDL.