Toward a knowledge-synthesis heuristic for sport leaders: the strategic leader synthesis model.

Sport management leadership research has predominantly focused on leadership behaviours, particularly transformative leadership, without fully acknowledging the complex, multifaceted nature of leadership within the sports context. This perspective overlooks the reality that sports leaders operate within complex organizations and varied contexts that significantly influence their behaviours. Leadership in sports demands core capabilities in decision-making, communication, and strategic thinking, and a mindset that influences perception, decision-making, and behaviour. Consequently, a singular focus on transformative leadership may undervalue the importance of other attributes. This paper thus argues for a comprehensive leadership framework that integrates behaviours, roles, capabilities, and mindset, and draws insights from business management. By proposing this framework organized across four domains-Context, Roles, Capabilities, and Mindset-this paper aims to foster a deeper understanding of sports leadership dynamics, highlighting the necessity of a holistic approach that considers the interconnectedness of these elements.

The impact of acute and chronic aerobic and resistance exercise on stem cell mobilization: A review of effects in healthy and diseased individuals across different age groups.

Stem cells (SCs) play a crucial role in tissue repair, regeneration, and maintaining physiological homeostasis. Exercise mobilizes and enhances the function of SCs. This review examines the effects of acute and chronic aerobic and resistance exercise on the population of SCs in healthy and diseased individuals across different age groups. Both acute intense exercise and moderate regular training increase circulating precursor cells CD34+ and, in particular, the subset of angiogenic progenitor cells (APCs) CD34+/KDR+. Conversely, chronic exercise training has conflicting effects on circulating CD34+ cells and their function, which are likely influenced by exercise dosage, the health status of the participants, and the methodologies employed. While acute activity promotes transient mobilization, regular exercise often leads to an increased number of progenitors and more sustainable functionality. Short interventions lasting 10-21 days mobilize CD34+/KDR + APCs in sedentary elderly individuals, indicating the inherent capacity of the body to rapidly activate tissue-reparative SCs during activity. However, further investigation is needed to determine the optimal exercise regimens for enhancing SC mobilization, elucidating the underlying mechanisms, and establishing functional benefits for health and disease prevention. Current evidence supports the integration of intense exercise with chronic training in exercise protocols aimed at activating the inherent regenerative potential through SC mobilization. The physical activity promotes endogenous repair processes, and research on exercise protocols that effectively mobilize SCs can provide innovative guidelines designed for lifelong tissue regeneration. An artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to estimate the effects of modifying elderly individuals and implementing chronic resistance exercise on stem cell mobilization and its impact on individuals and exercise. The network's predictions were validated using linear regression and found to be acceptable compared to experimental results.

Rethinking the MBA through Hip Hop innovation and Hip Hop innovators: Fat Joe and DJ Khaled pair with two sport × entertainment faculty.

Theory without relevance for practice in a professional graduate degree has been critiqued by some scholars as a deficit approach when preparing MBA students for the workforce. Scholars and practitioners alike call for more pedagogy in the curriculum with a focus on innovation, creativity, and the involvement of industry practitioners. This paper serves as a case study of a moment in time on Monday, 14 June 2021, when the concept of "pracademics" was realized between two artists and two faculty. Following the transcription of the dialogue between two guest speakers from the Hip Hop world (i.e., Fat Joe and DJ Khaled) and two faculty from the sport management MBA program, the paper analyzes the deeper meaning of their intellectual presence with their expertise in the business of culture (i.e., Hip Hop). Findings reveal how the pairing of Hip Hop artists and faculty in an MBA program can address the innovation gap within global business curricula and models. The broader umbrella of pedagogy and application has implications for other academic disciplines to embrace this concept of pairing academics and industry practitioners.

The perceived role fit of women and men academics: evidence from the social sports sciences.

Introduction: The underrepresentation of women in academia is often explained by the presence of gender stereotypes and the perception that women fit the role of an academic to a lesser extent. Based on social role theory and role congruity theory, this study investigates and estimates the perceived role fit of women and men academics in the social sports sciences. Methods: Data were collected with a quantitative online survey. The sample (n = 792) includes individuals who study or work in sports economics, sport management, or sport sociology (referred to as social sports sciences). The questionnaire included items that reflect attributes of an ideal-typical academic as well as women and men academics in four dimensions, i.e., leadership, research methods, media visibility, and research topics. In the first step, these items were used to estimate a total role fit index for both women and men academics, as well as indices for all dimensions. In a second step, regression analyses were used to examine how respondents' individual characteristics (e.g., discipline, career stage, gender, presence of role models) are related to their perceived role fit indices and the differences in the perceived role fit. Results and discussion: The role fit index ranges from 0 to 1, and women have a higher total role fit than men (0.77 vs. 0.75). The results suggest that women in the social sports sciences are perceived as a better fit for the role of an academic. In contrast to role congruity theory, women's leadership fit is higher than men's fit in this dimension (0.79 vs. 0.72). Regarding the associations of individual characteristics, professors seem to perceive a lower role fit for both genders than students. Furthermore, the difference between the perceived role fit of men and women is smaller for women respondents. Having a woman role model leads to a higher fit of women academics in the leadership dimension.

Percepción de la calidad y fidelidad en servicios deportivos privados / Percepçã de qualidade e lealdade nos serviços desportivos privados / Perception of Quality and Loyalty in private sports services

Actualmente las instituciones deportivas se enfrentan a nuevos retos, que los impulsan a realizar cambios constantes con la finalidad de introducirse y posicionarse como instituciones competitivas del sector deportivo privado, al mismo tiempo que buscan nuevos enfoques para atraer la atención de antiguos y nuevos consumidores orientados en perspectivas como; la calidad y la fidelidad, por lo cual, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar la percepción de la calidad y fidelidad en instituciones deportivas privadas respecto a la edad, género y tiempo de permanencia de los usuarios. Para dicho análisis se recabó una muestra de 347 voluntarios, pertenecientes a tres clubes deportivos privados (108 mujeres y 239 hombres), a la cual se le realizaron análisis de fiabilidad descriptivos y comparativos. Los resultados en las variables de calidad y fidelidad muestran diferencias significativas con respecto a la edad y género de los consumidores, contrario a lo obtenido en el tiempo de permanencia, donde los resultados no muestran una diferencia importante. (AU)

Currently, sports institutions are facing new challenges, which drive them to make constant changes in order to introduce and position themselves as competitive institutions in the private sports sector, while seeking new approaches to attract the attention of old and new consumers oriented inperspectives such as; quality and loyalty, therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the perception of quality and loyalty in private sports institutions with respect to age, gender and time of permanence of the users. For this analysis, a sample of 347 volunteers belonging to three private sports clubs (108 women and 239 men) was collected and subjected to descriptive and comparative reliability analyses. The results for the quality and loyalty variables show significant differences with respecttothe age and gender of the consumers, in contrast to the results obtained for the time spent, where the results do not show a significant difference. (AU)

Atualmente, as instituições desportivas enfrentam novos desafios, que as impulsionam a realizar constantes mudanças para se apresentarem e se posicionarem como instituições competitivas no setor desportivo privado, ao mesmo tempo em que buscam novas abordagens para atrair a atençãode antigos e novos consumidores orientados em perspectivas como qualidade e fidelização, portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar a perceção de qualidade e fidelização em instituições desportivas privadas em relação à idade, sexo e tempo de permanência dos usuários. Para esta análise, foi recolhida uma amostra de 347 voluntários de três clubes desportivos privados (108 mulheres e 239 homens), que foi submetida a análises descritivas e de fiabilidade comparativa. Os resultados para as variáveis qualidade e lealdade mostram diferenças significativas em relação à idade e ao género dos consumidores, ao contrário dos resultados obtidos para o tempo de permanência, onde os resultados não mostram uma diferença significativa. (AU)

Influence of Sports Participation on the Behaviors of Customers of Sports Services: Linear and Qualitative Comparative Analysis Models.

Sports services have become an important enclave for our society. Due to its complete sports offer, customers can perform physical activity that helps them to improve their health and well-being. In fitness centers, managers try to know what their customers are looking for in order to create more personalized experiences, as well as to improve their health. This study seeks to understand the influence that sports frequency has on the future behavior of users of a sports center, using two complementary methodologies. A sample of 383 users of a private sports center was used. The two complementary methodologies used were linear models and comparative qualitative analysis, based on the combination of sets. The results show how sports frequency influences the process of creating users' future behaviors. Considering that none of the variables are necessary, it is observed that perceived value has a significant influence on users' future behaviors. The use of two complementary methodologies provides a more complete understanding, which helps sports managers to plan and manage effectively to ensure user satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, facilities can incentivize customers through loyalty programs and promotions to maintain their engagement, as well as healthy styles to encourage service recommendations.

How do International Olympic Sport Federations innovate? The use of crowdfunding and the impact of COVID-19.

The purpose of this study was to contribute to the understanding of innovation and crowdfunding of International Olympic Sport Federations (IFs), which are the world governing bodies of their respective sports. Three research questions were addressed: the perceptions of the IFs on the implementation of their innovation programmes during the last four years (2016-2020), the impact of COVID-19 on the IFs capability to innovate, and the crowdfunding strategies of the IFs. A mixed method combining qualitative and quantitative approaches was used. An online semi-structured questionnaire which included an open answer section was completed by IFs executives (n = 22) and an analysis of the information provided by IFs through various content sources was conducted. Results showed that IFs with less funding had a significantly more innovative approach that their counterparts, that the perception of the impact of COVID-19 on the innovative capability was not unanimous, that they identified sport-specific programmes as the most innovative of all initiatives delivered during the pandemic, and that crowdfunding projects were implemented in their sport but mostly at individual and local levels. From a research perspective, since this is the first study that investigates the innovation and crowdfunding strategies of IFs, future directions include the need for further research with national and regional federations on these topics. Practical implications are suggested for IFs to deliver innovative programmes to satisfy their stakeholder needs and to consider new funding methods such as crowdfunding as part of their strategies.

Chinese equestrian policy development: a narrative review.

Introduction: This paper provides an overview of the Chinese equestrian policy documents and regulations from 1978 to 2022. While the horse business is shifting from traditional to leisure and sport pattern in China, through the analysis of the policies and regulations. Objectives: This paper aims to provide a concise overview of the government's policies which growth of equestrian sports in China over the past four decades (since 1978). Method: Under the guidance of Whitemore and Knafl's 5-step approach to policy analysis, a systematic analysis of policy content, context, and governance processes is conducted. As of 2022, 29 documents from official and semi-official sources had been extracted, classified, and examined for records. Results and conclusion: As of 2022, 29 documents from official and semi-official sources had been extracted, classified, and examined for records. The first is whether the policy is useful or not, its goals are vague and unclear. And there isn't much interaction between the areas it affects. Second, the policies are inconsistent and unstable. Third, there is a deficiency in terms of professional evaluation and relevancy. Fourth, pre-development preparation is not done due to the lack of an industry chain cycle. The complex causes of these issues include the sports management system, the government's policy ideals, and the competition of interests among policy stakeholders.

A qualidade do serviço avaliada pelos clientes que não frequentam o ginásio de acordo com as diferenças sociodemográficas / La calidad del servicio evaluada por los clientes que no asisten al gimnasio según diferencias sociodemográficas / The quality of service evaluated by customers who do not attend the gym according to sociodemographic differences

La calidad del servicio es una cuestión muy importante en la gestión de las organizaciones. Los clientes buscan calidad y su fidelidad depende de la importancia y el desempeño de cada dimensión de la calidad del servicio. Así, este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar el nivel de importancia y desempeño de los atributos de calidad del servicio, desde la perspectiva de los antiguos clientes de un club de salud y estudiar el comportamiento de las variables género, nivel de educación, edad, precio, duración de la estancia y frecuencia en relación con la importancia y el desempeño de los atributos de calidad del servicio, desde la perspectiva de los antiguos clientes de un club de salud. Los métodos se basaron en un cuestionario a una muestra de 101 antiguos clientes de un club de salud, utilizando el análisis desempeño-importancia y el ANCOVA para evaluar qué características de los antiguos clientes influyen en el diferencial entre desempeño e importancia, utilizando el género y la educación como factores y la edad, la cuota mensual, la duración de la estancia y la frecuencia mensual como covariables. Los resultados mostraron una influencia estadísticamente significativa de las variables género, educación, duración de la estancia y frecuencia en las dimensiones de importancia y desempeño. (AU)

Service quality is a very important issue in the management of organizations. Customers seek quality, and their loyalty depends on the importance and performance of each of the dimensions of service quality. Thus, this study aims to understand the level of importance and performance of service quality attributes, from the perspective of former customers of a health club and to study the behavior of the variables gender, level of education, age, price, length of stay and frequency as to the dimensions importance and performance given to service quality attributes, from the perspective of former customers of a health club.The methods were based on a questionnaire to a sample of 101 former clients of a health club, using the performance-importance analysis and ANCOVA to evaluate which characteristics of former clients influence the differential between performance and importance, using gender and education as factors and age, monthly fee, length of stay and monthly frequency as covariates.The results showed a statistically significant influence of gender, education qualification, length of stay and frequency on the importance and performance dimensions. (AU)

A qualidade de serviço é um tema muito importante na gestão das organizações, os clientes procuram qualidade, e a sua fidelização depende da importância e do desempenho de cada uma das dimensões da qualidade de serviços. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo conhecer o nível de importância e desempenho dos atributos da qualidade de serviço, na ótica dos ex-clientes de um health club e estudar o comportamento das variáveis o género, o nível de escolaridade, a idade, o preço, a permanência e a frequência quanto às dimensões importância e desempenho dado aos atributos da qualidade de serviço, na ótica dos ex-clientes de um health club. Os métodos tiveram por base um questionário a uma amostra de 101 ex-clientes de um health club, tendo sido utilizada a análise desempenho- importância e a ANCOVA, para avaliar quais as caraterísticas dos ex-clientes que influenciam o diferencial entre o desempenho e a importância, tendo como fatores o género e a escolaridade e como covariáveis a idade, a mensalidade, o período de permanência e a frequência mensal. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram uma influência estatisticamente significativa das variável género, habilitações literárias, permanência e frequência nas dimensões importância e desempenho. (AU)

Perspective: National Football League Teams Need Chief Diversity Officers.

The National Football League (NFL) and its teams, some of the world's most profitable sporting properties, face challenges with diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). With a history of discriminatory work environments, including a recent high-profile lawsuit, the NFL and its teams have a poor reputation on these issues. This perspective piece investigated NFL teams' utilization of organization employees dedicated to DEI. Utilizing a content analysis of publicly available data, this piece investigated DEI employees at NFL team organizations. The study analyzed the position's characteristics including the name of the role, the department in which it was housed, and the reporting structure. The study also examined the demographics and professional background of the employees in the roles. The findings conclude that NFL teams lag behind other American businesses in their adoption of Chief Diversity Officer (CDO) roles. As of 2022, only 31.25% of NFL teams had a dedicated DEI staff person. Three additional teams host diversity councils utilizing employees with other job responsibilities. The employees filling the CDO roles were majority women and majority Black. Though not the only answer to a complex problem, in order to address these challenges and move forward, the NFL teams should create Chief Diversity Officer (CDO) roles. These positions should have appropriate reporting relationships, well-crafted position responsibilities, generous resources, and qualified and experienced employees.

Impacto de la Covid19 en las barreras percibidas para practicar actividad física en las personas usuarias de centros fitness en España / Impacto da Covid19 nas barreiras percebidas para a prática de atividade física em pessoas em centros de fitness na Espanha / Impact of Covid19 on perceived barriers to practice physical activity in users of fitness centers in Spain

Esta investigación pretende conocer las barreras percibidas, así como posibles variables predictoras, en personas que practican actividad física en centros fitness que se encontraban confinadas en el hogar porla pandemia de COVID-19. La muestra estuvo conformada por 8.087 practicantes de actividad física. Se administró un cuestionario en línea por correo electrónico. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las barreras percibidas y un análisis de regresión logística para determinar posibles variables predictoras. Las barreras percibidas más importantes fueron el precio y la suerte de la seguridad. La edad, el sexo, la frecuencia de práctica física vigorosa y la observación de las recomendaciones de la OMS serían las variables predictoras en mayor medida de las barreras percibidas. Los resultados son relevantes para que las organizaciones deportivas planifiquen su oferta de servicios después del confinamiento. (AU)

This research intends to know the perceived barriers, as well as their predictor variables, in people who practice Physical Activity in fitness centers and were home confined due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample was conformed of 8,087 physical activity practitioners. An online questionnaire was administered by email. A descriptive analysis of the perceived barriers was done, and logistic regression analysis to determine possible predictor variables. The most important perceived barriers were price and a lack of safety. Age, gender, the vigorous physical practice frequency and the observation of the WHO recommendations would be the predictor variables to a larger extend for the perceived barriers. The results arerelevant for sport organizations to plan their services offer post lockdown. (AU)

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo conhecer as barreiras percebidas, bem como possíveis variáveis preditivas, em pessoas que praticam atividade física em academias de ginástica que ficaram confinadas em casa pela pandemia do COVID-19. A amostra foi composta por 8.087 praticantes de atividade física. Um questionário online foi administrado pore-mail. Uma análise descritiva das barreiras percebidas e uma análise de regressão logística foram realizadas para determinar possíveis variáveis preditoras. As barreiras percebidas mais importantes foram o preço e a sorte na segurança. Idade, sexo, frequência de prática física vigorosa e observância das recomendações da OMS seriam as variáveis preditoras em maior extensão das barreiras percebidas. Os resultados são relevantes para que as organizações esportivas planejem sua oferta de serviços após o confinamento. (AU)

The Future Is Now: Preparing Sport Management Graduates in Times of Disruption and Change.

COVID-19 disrupted the world, and the impacts have been experienced in many areas, including sport and higher education. Sport management academicians need to reflect on the past two years' experience, determine what worked and what did not work, and avoid the temptation of automatically returning to past practices. The authors of this manuscript applied the disruption literature and propose transformative changes in what sport management academicians teach (e.g., greater emphasis on innovation, entrepreneurship, automation, critical thinking skills to facilitate working in flexible environments and across areas), how colleagues teach (e.g., heightened integration of technology, blended learning models) and where colleagues teach (on-campus and distal delivery modes, asynchronous and synchronous delivery to students on campus and across regions/countries). Examples of start-up companies and entrepreneurial ventures are offered to help illustrate the changing sports landscape and the emerging opportunities for current and future students, graduates, and professors. Sport management professors are offered some suggestions to assist them in seizing this opportunity.

Glocalização como área emergente da gestão do esporte: revisão de literatura de artigos publicados sobre a relação entre o conceito de glocalização e a gestão do esporte / Glocalization as an emerging area of sport management: literature review of published articles on the relationship between the concept of glocalization and sport management / La glocalización como área emergente de la gestión deportiva: revisión bibliográfica de artículos publicados sobre la relación entre el concepto de glocalización y la gestión deportiva

A glocalização no esporte foi introduzida como conceito em 2004 em um artigo publicado pelo The British Journal of Sociology, que tinha como autores os professores Richard Giulianotti e Roland Robertson. Atualmente há um notável crescimento do interesse pelo conceito de glocalização em diversas áreas do conhecimento e, portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi fazer uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre como a glocalização está sendo estudada em pesquisas no campo da gestão do esporte. Nesta pesquisa foram encontrados 62 artigos em inglês, no qual o conceito de glocalização foi utilizado em estudos de gestão do esporte, publicados entre 2004 e 2021. Um resultado importante foi que 22 países de 5 continentes foram estudados nesses 62 artigos, além de 13 esportes de diferentes modalidades, o que demonstra que essa conexão entre glocalização e gestão do esporte está crescendo, não sendo estudada isoladamente em poucos países ou em poucas modalidades esportivas

Glocalization in sport was introduced as a concept in 2004 in an article published by The British Journal of Sociology, by the authors Richard Giulianotti and Roland Robertson. With a notable growth in the interest on the concept of glocalization in several areas of knowledge, the aim of this study was to make a systematic literature review on how glocalization is being used in research in the field of sport management. In this research 62 articles in English were found in which the concept of glocalization was used in sports management research, published between 2004 to 2021. One important result was that 22 countries from 5 continents were studied in these 62 articles, in addition to 13 different sports modalities, which demonstrates that this link between glocalization and sport management is growing, and not being studied in isolation in a few countries or few sports modalities.

La glocalización en deporte fue introducida como concepto en 2004 en un artículo publicado por The British Journal of Sociology, pelos autores Richard Giulianotti y Roland Robertson. Actualmente existe un notable crecimiento del interés por el concepto de glocalización en varias áreas del conocimiento y, por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre cómo se está estudiando la glocalización en la investigación en el ámbito de la gestión deportiva. En esta investigación se encontraron 62 artículos en ingles en los que se utilizó el concepto de glocalización en la investigación de gestión deportiva, publicada entre 2004 y 2021. Un resultado importante fue que en estos 62 artículos se estudiaron 22 países de 5 continentes, además de 13 deportes de diferentes modalidades, lo que demuestra que esta conexión entre glocalización y gestión deportiva está creciendo, no siendo estudiada de forma aislada en unos pocos países o modalidades deportivas.

Management of child camps: a structured literature review and new directions / Gestão de campos de férias para crianças: uma revisão estruturada da literatura e novas direções / Gestión de campamentos infantiles: una revisión estructurada de la literatura y nuevas direcciones

The study of child camps has grown over the last years. Still, the common use of different terminology and the dispersion of the information in literature regarding camps management, makes it difficult to clarify research and hinder the improvement of managerial practices. This study aims to synthetise existent knowledge in child camps' management, identify inconsistencies and gaps in the literature, and set directions for future research and practice on child camps. A structured review of peer-reviewed articles published between 1950-2021 was conducted. Results indicate that half of the studies used the term "summer camp"; but other ten different terms were also used. Five different management areas were identified: safety, consumer behaviour, human resources, event planning and camp research. Gaps were also identified in the literature. These findings are important to set new research avenues and to improve practice. (AU)

O estudo dos campos de férias para crianças aumentou nos últimos anos. Todavia, a utilização de diferentes termos e a dispersão da informação na literatura acerca da gestão destes eventos dificulta o esclarecimento das diretrizes de pesquisa, por um lado, e dificulta a melhoria das práticas de gestão, por outro. Este estudo visa sintetizar o conhecimento existente na gestão destes eventos, identificar inconsistências e lacunas na literatura, e definir direções para futuras pesquisas e práticas. Foi realizada uma revisão estruturada de estudos publicados entre 1950-2021. Metade dos estudos utilizou o termo "campos de verão"; mas também foram utilizados outros dez termos diferentes. Foram identificadas cinco áreas de gestão: segurança, comportamento do consumidor, recursos humanos, organização de eventos e pesquisa em campos de férias. Foram ainda identificadas lacunas na literatura. Estes resultados são importantes para definir novos caminhos de pesquisa e melhorar a gestão destes eventos. (AU)

El estudio de los campamentos de verano para niños se ha incrementado en los últimos años. Pero, el uso de términos diferentes, y la dispersión de información en la literatura, sobre la gestión de estos eventos, dificulta la clarificación de las directrices de investigación, e impide que los gestores mejoren sus prácticas. Este estudio buscó sintetizar el conocimiento existente en la gestión de estos eventos, identificar inconsistencias y lagunas en la literatura y definir direcciones para futuras investigaciones y prácticas. Se realizó una revisión estructurada de estudios publicados entre 1950-2021. La mitad de los estudios utilizaron "campamento de verano"; pero también se utilizaron otros diez términos diferentes. Se identificaron cinco áreas de gestión: seguridad, comportamiento del consumidor, recursos humanos, organización de eventos y investigación en campamentos de verano. También se identificaron lagunas en la literatura. Estos resultados son importantes para definir nuevos caminos de investigación y mejorar la gestión de estos eventos. (AU)

Are there opportunities for women as head coaches in Brazil's national teams? The case of handball

Abstract Aim: This study aims to analyze the perceptions of women who hold leadership positions in sports on female participation as the head coach of the Brazilian women's handball national team. Method: We offer a qualitative case study. The collected data was through in-depth elite interviews. The interviewees' responses were analyzed and interpreted using the construction of categories. Results: The finds show perceptions of the categorization process. Three main categories emerged: 1) Prejudice. The interviewees affirm that the prejudice within the sport has been decreasing over the years. But it remains latent and continues to make difficult the continuity and rise of women in sports. 2) Professional and personal life. The interviewees affirm that Brazil is still a macho country, and even at a lower level, prejudice still exists in the universe of sports. The sport is known as a territory where men produce and demonstrate their masculinity; this favors the perception that coaches are usually men, having specific questions about the women's competence in that position, and that only men would be able to run teams. 3) Competence. The conciliation between family and professional life is a delicate situation, promotes conflicts, and does not favor the rise of women in positions of command. Nevertheless, the difficulty of reconciling personal and professional life, especially in high-performance sports, is necessary to leave home for extended periods for training or competition. Conclusion: The prejudice still is present despite its reduction over the years. The men domain the sports career, and for women, it is necessary to face the glass ceiling and prove their capacity constantly. Women's access to head coach teams, such as the Brazilian adult women's handball national team, is still a significant challenge.

Management of Loyalty and Its Main Antecedents in Sport Organizations: A Systematic Analysis Review.

Sports management is booming, thanks to society's growing interest in sports in general. This work provides an exhaustive review of the scientific literature of one of the variables most coveted by managers: loyalty. Antecedents positively related to loyalty are also conceptualized in this paper. The scientific literature search was limited to the last 15years to achieve a better fit with today's context. The Web of Science database was the main search method used, along with other, secondary resources, for a total of 328 scientific articles obtained as a base for this review. The results of this study bring together the most representative data in a systematic review of the loyalty variable in the field of sports management: the antecedents of loyalty, the terms with the greatest presence in the theory, the most representative authors and sources of this topic, and so on. One of the most significant results obtained from the review of these 300 bibliographical references is that the factors to be borne in mind for marketing strategies in sports organizations are satisfaction, commitment, trust, and service quality. The literature reflects that these variables, present in studies on loyalty in general, can also be found in the literature on sports management - in particular, satisfaction and service quality. However, few papers include all these antecedents at once, making this an interesting field for future research.

Theorizing Community for Sport Management Research and Practice.

Community is a context for much research in sport, sport management, and sport policy, yet relatively few authors explicitly articulate the theoretical frameworks with which they interrogate the concept. In this paper, we draw from communitarian theory and politics in order to contribute to a robust discussion and conceptualization of community in and for sport management research and practice. We provide a synthesis of current sport management and related research in order to highlight contemporary theoretical and methodological approaches to studying community. We distinguish between community as a context, as an outcome, as a site for struggle or resistance, as well as a form of regulation or social control. We then advance a critical communitarian agenda and consider the practical implications and considerations for research and practice. This paper synthesizes current research and establishes a foundation upon which sport management scholars and practitioners might critically reflect on community and deliberatively articulate its implications in both future research and practice.

Diversification of Physical Activities: An Exploration of Provision Characteristics of Holistic Movement Practices in a Large Australian City.

Holistic movement practices (HMPs) are an emerging category of physical activity, contributing to the diversification of physical activity opportunities. Purposefully incorporating not only physical but also mental, social, and/or spiritual elements, HMPs have received limited research attention with respect to participation parameters. The purpose of this study was to begin to map HMPs' participation potential by exploring the provision features of HMPs in Melbourne. Data were collected via internet searches, with a focus on events offered. Event features, including type, cost, duration, venue address, and target groups, were recorded. Associated neighbourhood characteristics were also explored by linking venue locations to selected census information. Provision was documented for Yoga and Pilates in central Melbourne (1011 events), for Tai Chi and Qigong (323 events), and for a range of smaller HMPs (149 events) across Greater Melbourne. Results indicated a wide range in provision features. Affinities with the holistic nature of HMPs were noticeable in venue choices and neighbourhood socio-demographics. Mention of specific target groups was infrequent. Results are discussed in light of implications for uptake. HMPs exemplify the increasing diversity of physical activity opportunities in modern-day societies. Further research to elucidate their place in the landscape of physical activities is warranted.