Proteinograma e inmunoglobulinas séricas en las infecciones cutáneas por Staphylococcus aureus / Proteinogram and serum immunoglobulins in skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus

RESUMEN Introducción: lesión típica ocasionada por el Staphylococcus aureus es el furúnculo o cualquier otro absceso localizado. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento del proteinograma y los niveles de inmunoglobulinas séricas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo con 70 pacientes portadores de forúnculos infectados por Staphylococcus aureus, que acudieron a las consultas de Inmunología en varias localidades de Villa Clara. Resultados: se determinaron las fracciones proteicas por método de elusión; se cuantificaron las inmunoglobulinas séricas por inmunodifusión radial simple, según edad, sexo y color de la piel de los pacientes. Se contrastaron las variables bajo la prueba de Ji cuadrado, con una significación de confianza del 95 %. Predominaron los pacientes con el color de la piel blanca sobre los no blancos. En la electroforesis de proteínas se obtuvieron resultados normales para las proteínas totales y la fracción gamma. Para la albúmina, fracción alfa 1, alfa 2 y beta globulina se obtuvieron valores bajos, por encima del 95 % válido. Conclusiones: todas las inmunoglobulinas resultaron normales o altas, según los intervalos de referencia para cada grupo de edad. Al correlacionar los valores de las inmunoglobulinas con las fracciones de la electroforesis, fue llamativo el resultado obtenido en la correlación entre la IgA y la fracción beta. De manera general, los anticuerpos no mostraron variaciones significativas en sus correlaciones, lo cual evidenció un pobre papel en la infección. Se concluyó que los valores de alfa 1, alfa 2 y beta globulina pueden tener importancia en la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the typical lesion caused by Staphylococcus aureus is the furuncle or any other localized abscess. Objective: to describe the manifestation of the proteinogram and serum immunoglobulin levels. Methods: a prospective longitudinal study was carried out in 70 patients with furuncles infected by Staphylococcus aureus, who came to the Immunology consultations from various locations of Villa Clara. Results: protein fractions were determined by elution method; serum immunoglobulins were quantified according to age, gender and skin color of the patients by simple radial immunodiffusion. Variables were contrasted under the Chi-square test, with 95% confidence significance. White patients predominated over non-white ones. Normal results were obtained for total proteins and gamma fraction in protein electrophoresis. Low values were obtained for albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta globulin fraction, above 95% valid. Conclusions: all immunoglobulins were normal or high, according to the reference intervals for each age group. The result obtained in the correlation between IgA and the beta fraction was striking when correlating the immunoglobulin values with the electrophoresis fractions. In general, the antibodies did not show significant variations in their correlations, which evidenced a poor role in infection. We concluded that alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta globulin values may be important in the disease.

Guía de Práctica Clínica para el Diagnóstico y Manejo de las Infecciones de Piel y Tejidos Blandos en Colombia / Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Colombia

Las infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos (IPTB) representan la tercera causa de consulta por enfermedad infecciosas a los servicios médicos, después de las infecciones respiratorias y urinarias. Se presenta una guía de práctica clínica (GPC) con 38 recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, graduadas bajo el sistema SIGN, para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes adultos con IPTB en el contexto colombiano, posterior a un proceso de adaptación de GPC publicadas y la búsqueda sistemática y síntesis de literatura para la actualización de la evidencia científica. Además, se realizó un consenso de expertos para la evaluación de las potenciales barreras para la implementación de las recomendaciones y la evaluación del grado de recomendación en el contexto local.

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) represent the third leading cause of infectious disease consultation for medical services after respiratory and urinary tract infections. This document generates a clinical practice guideline with 38 recommendations based on evidence, graduated under the SIGN system for the diagnosis and treatment for SSTI infections in adult patients in Colombia, following a process of adaptation of guidelines published, and the systematic search and synthesis of literature for the updating of scientific evidence. In addition, a consensus of experts was made for the evaluation of the potential barriers for the implementation of the recommendations and the evaluation of the degree of recommendation in the local context.

Risk factors associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections in hospitalized patients in Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) represent a major clinical problem in Colombia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with MRSA SSTI in Colombia. METHODS: A multicenter cohort study with nested case-control design was performed. Patients with an SSTI with at least 48h of inpatient care were included. Patients with an MRSA SSTI were considered the case group and patients with either a non-MRSA SSTI or with an Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) SSTI were the control groups. A multivariate logistic regression approach was used to evaluate risk factors associated with MRSA SSTI with two different statistical models. RESULTS: A total 1134 patients were included. Cultures were positive for 498 patients, of which 52% (n=259) were Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA was confirmed in 68.3% of the S. aureus cultures. In the first model, independent risk factors for MRSA SSTI were identified as the presence of abscess (P<0.0001), cellulitis (P=0.0007), age 18-44 years (P=0.001), and previous outpatient treatment in the previous index visit (P=0.003); surgical site infection was a protective factor (P=0.008). In the second model, the main risk factor found was previous outpatient treatment in the previous index visit (P=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Community-acquired SSTIs in Colombia are commonly caused by MRSA. Therefore, clinicians should consider MRSA when designing the initial empirical treatment for purulent SSTI in Colombia, although there seems to be low awareness of this fact.

Botriomicose cutânea - relato de caso em Minas Gerais, Brasil / Skin botryomycosis - case report in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Botriomicose é doença infecciosa crônica granulomatosa e supurativa causada por bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas que formam grãos pseudomicóticos. As lesões cutâneas sãoplacas e tumores multinodulares com ulceração e formação de fístulas que podem eliminar grãos. A infecção acomete a pele, com possível disseminação para vísceras. É doença relativamente rara e seu diagnóstico pode ser alcançado por meio de biópsia das lesões e culturados grânulos nas secreções positivas para cocos Gram-positivos ou Gram-negativos. Esta descrição apresenta a botriomicose cutânea em brasileiro causada por Staphylococcus aureus.

Botryomycosis is a chronic infectious suppurative and granulomatous disease caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that form pseudo mycotic grains. The skin lesions are plaques and multinodular tumors with ulceration and formation of fistulae thatcan eliminate grains. The infection affects the skin, with possible dissemination to viscerae. It is relatively rare, and its diagnosis can be achieved through the biopsy of lesions and culture of granules from positive Gram-positive and Gram-negative cocci secretions. This description shows a case of skin botryomycosis in Brazil caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Candidiasis cutánea generalizada en recién nacido a término / Generalized cutaneous candidiasis in newborn at term

Introducción. La candidiasis cutánea es una enfermedad que afecta tanto a población infantil como adulta. Las forma de presentación puede ser localizada o sistémica y el agente etiológico múltiple, siendo las especies infecciosas de Candida albicans más prevalentes en niños. Objetivo. Presentar un caso de candidiasis cutánea congénita cuya causa aparente fue la transmisión vertical durante el parto. Material y metodología. Se describe el caso de un recién nacido a término expuesto a una candidiasis vaginal subclínica, que desarrolló una candidiasis cutánea congénita por C. albicans asociada a sepsis y dificultad respiratoria en las primeras 24 horas de vida. Se practicaron hemocultivos, biopsia cutánea de las lesiones pápulopústulo-vesiculosas, análisis de sangre y punción lumbar. Resultados. En la bioquímica y el hemograma se encontró una proteína C reactiva de 5,7 mg/dl, leucocitosis con desviación a la izquierda y anemia leve. A las 24 horas, en el control se encontró una proteína C reactiva (7,82 mg/dl) que fue en aumento progresivo durante tres días, por lo que se practicó punción lumbar. El hemocultivo fue positivo para Staphylococcus aureus. La biopsia cutánea dio como resultado histológico la candidiasis cutánea. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico precoz es fundamental para prevenir complicaciones derivadas del cuadro producido por C. albicans en neonatos.

Introduction. Cutaneous candidiasis is a disease that affects children as well as adults. The presentation may be localized or systemic, and with multiple etiological agents. The most prevalent infecting species in children differs from that of the adult. Objective. A case is presented where a congenital cutaneous candidiasis was transmitted to the child during birth. Materials and methods. A full term newborn was exposed to a subclinical vaginal candidiasis infection, and 24 hr after birth, developed congenital cutaneous candidiasis. The etiological agent was Candida albicans, and was associated with sepsis and respiratory distress. Blood cultures, cutaneous biopsy of vesicular lesions, blood tests and lumbar puncture were performed. Results. Biochemistry and blood count showed a CRP of 5.7 mg/dl, leukocytosis with left shift and mild anemia. After 24 hr, the blood analyses showed an increase in a CRP (7.8 mg/dl) and increased progressively for three days; consequently, a lumbar puncture was performed. Blood culture was positive for Staphylococcus aureus. Cutaneous biopsy confirmed the cutaneous candidiasis. Conclusions. The early diagnosis is essential to prevent complications derived by the Candida albicans in newborns.