Evaluating the Utility of the Surprise Question Among General Physicians for Appropriate Palliative Care Indication in Brazil.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the agreement between established tools, such as the Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) and Brazilian version of the Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool (SPICT-BR), and the subjective assessment of palliative care (PC) need using the Surprise Question (SQ) administered by resident physicians. This assessment was conducted among hospitalized patients, with and without cancer, to determine the efficacy of these tools in indicating the need for PC. Methods: A six-month cross-sectional study in 2019 of medical records of patients hospitalized in a single center in IAMSPE-Brazil. The SPICT-BR and PPS were applied to the medical record data, and the SQ was posed to each resident physician. Comparisons for categorical data were made using the chi-square test, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Of 203 patients evaluated, 57.6% were male and 81.2% were older adults (≥60 years). The mean age was 67.40 ± 9.72 years. Chronic disease was nonneoplastic in 78.32% of patients, and 56.65% had not been hospitalized in the preceding year. The PPS score was <70% in 69.4% of patients, and 51.2% met at least one SPICT-BR criterion. Among patients with cancer, 40.9% had over two positive SPICT-BR criteria; 97.5% of these patients received NO responses to SQ by residents (p < 0.0001). Similarly, 90.6% of patients with one SPICT-BR criterion received NO responses to SQ, with no significant difference between groups. Conclusion: The SQ proved to be a valuable tool for PC indication, particularly when administered by untrained professionals. Consistent with SPICT-BR findings, our study highlights the SQ's role in facilitating early identification of patients in need of PC.

The applicability of the "surprise question" as a prognostic tool in patients with severe chronic comorbidities in a university teaching outpatient setting.

BACKGROUND: Life expectancy in recent decades has increased the prevalence of chronic diseases in the population, requiring an approach to new health topics, such as discussions on quality of life and expectations about death and dying. The concept of advance directives (ADs) gives individuals the opportunity to make known their decisions about the treatments they would like to receive at the end of life. Despite the recognition of relevance in clinical practice, the applicability of the concept presents challenges, including establishing the appropriate prognosis for each patient and the ideal time to approach the patient. Some prognostic tools were developed, such as the surprise question (SQ): "Would you be surprised if your patient died in 12 months?", which is used in some clinical settings to predict patient deaths and to make decisions regarding ADs. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of second-year resident physicians (PGY-2) when the SQ was applied. METHOD: In our observational study, from July 1, 2016, to February 28, 2017, (PGY-2) in the Internal Medicine Residency Program (IMRP) applied SQ to all patients with multiple and varied chronic no communicable comorbidities, who were followed up at the general medicine outpatient clinic (GMOC) of a tertiary university hospital in São Paulo- Brazil. The frequency of the outcome (death or non-death within 12 months) was analyzed by correlating it with the clinical data (impact of the studied variables). RESULTS: Eight hundred forty patients entered the study. Fitfty-two of them (6.2%) died within one year. PGY-2 predicted that two hundred and fourteen patients (25.5% of total) would die within a year (answer No to SQ), of which, 32 (14.9%) did so. The correct residents' prognosis for the subgroup of 626 patients (answer "Yes" to SQ) was NPV = 96.8% (CI = 95.4%-98.2%) and PPV = 14.9% (CI 10.1%-19, 6%). Answering "Yes" to SQ correlated negatively to addressing AD while the outcomes death and the answer No to SQ were positively correlated, according to the number of comorbidities. CONCLUSION: The SQ, in addition to care, contributed to health education, communication and care planning shared by the doctor and patient.

Early warning systems and end-user decision-making: A risk formalism tool to aid communication and understanding.

In this work, we introduce a formalism to highlight the role of decision-making implicit in the setup of early warning systems (EWSs) and its consequences with respect to loss avoidance for end users. The formalism, a close relative of the cost/loss approach, combines EWS verification scores with traditional expressions of risk from the point of view of the user. This formalism articulates in mathematical format many well-known issues surrounding EWS usage, offering a conceptual anchor for concepts that otherwise may seem to wobble among the multidisciplinary perspectives participating in the EWS chain. This decision model is visually represented in a variation of the popular "performance diagram" used in forecast and warning verification. Our diagram adds to this the perspective of a generic user, in an effort to gain insight into how choices made regarding EWS settings may determine which users benefit from warnings and which do not. Although these results are based on a conceptual model, they are useful to better understand the actual benefits experienced by users and to highlight aspects that may temper unrealistic expectations on EWSs. The recent United Nations initiative to extend EWSs for natural hazards to all nations within 5 years will make EWSs more common and more public. The approach proposed here can be a tool to promote greater transparency and improve the necessary dialog between warning issuers and users in order to reduce loss.

Palliative Care in Advanced Alzheimer's Disease Dementia: Evaluation of the Answers Given by Caregivers and Physicians to the Accuracy of Surprise Question, as a Prognostic Tool.

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. The surprise question (SQ) "Would you be surprised if this patient were to die within the next 12 months?" was used to identify death-risk patients, who could benefit from palliative care. Objective: To examine the prognostic accuracy of the SQ by physicians and caregivers in outpatients with AD dementia. Methods: This is a longitudinal and prospective study involving 101 patients along 1 year, applying the SAS 9.2 software and adopting a .05 P-value to assess the variables that influenced answers to the accuracy of SQ using the chi-square test. Results: 27 patients (26.7%) died during the follow-up. When caregivers answered the SQ, it presented a 51.8% sensitivity (CI 31.9 - 71.3), a 66.7% negative predictive value (20.7 - 63.6), a 56.2% specificity (CI 29.8 - 80.2), and a 40.9% positive predictive value of (CI 43.0 - 85.4) with a 53.4% accuracy (CI 38.5 - 68.4). When physicians answered, the SQ had an 88.8% sensitivity (CI 70.8 - 97.6), a 40% negative predictive value (CI 5.2 - 85.3), a 12.5% specificity (CI 1.5 - 38.3), a 63.1% positive predictive value (CI 45.9 - 78.1) with a 60.4% accuracy (CI 45.8 - 75). Conclusion: SQ remains a good tool with high sensitivity for the identification of patients with advanced AD dementia when presented to the attending physician for planning palliative advanced care with accuracy of 60.4% and caregivers' accuracy of 53.4%.

Mal posicionamiento de háptica como causa de sorpresa refractivaastigmática / Haptic Poor Positioning as a Cause of Astigmatic RefractiveSurprise

Un resultado refractivo no esperado luego de una cirugía de catarata puede tener múltiples causas, ya sean preoperatorias, operatorias y posoperatorias. Como las más importantes se han descrito los errores en el cálculo biométrico en el preoperatorio y también las menos probables o infrecuentes como: inadecuada selección del poder del LIO, ausencia de precisión en la manufactura de los LIOs, intervención quirúrgica en paciente equivocado o en el ojo equivocado y el uso de un lente de contacto blando al momento de la biometría. Presentamos el caso de un paciente operado de catarata por facoemulsificación con implante de lente intraocular (LIO) monofocal plegable en saco capsular, que a los 30 días posoperatorios presentó un astigmatismo total o refractivo de - 1.00 dioptrías (D) x 110° pero a los 90 días de la cirugía, regresó por disminución de la agudeza visual con un astigmatismo refractivo de -5.50 D x 165° que no se relacionaba con el astigmatismo corneal medido por queratometría y topografía (-0.94 D x 82°). El ojo tenía medios transparentes y sin reportes de complicaciones posoperatorias inmediatas y mediatas. En este caso encontramos un mecanismo de inclinación del LIO provocado por una háptica deficientemente desplegada al momento de la inserción del LIO que no se evidenció en el acto quirúrgico asociado a desplazamiento de este, ocasionado por la fibrosis y contracción pupilar manifestando un efecto astigmático de manera tardía. Esto fue corroborado por ecografía con ultrabiomicroscopía y reposición quirúrgica del LIO logrando solucionar el caso(AU)

An unexpected refractive outcome after cataract surgery may have multiple causes, whether preoperative, operative or postoperative. The most important ones have been described as errors in the preoperative biometric calculation and also the less probable or infrequent ones such as: inadequate selection of IOL power, lack of precision in the manufacture of IOLs, surgical intervention in the wrong patient or in the wrong eye and the use of a soft contact lens at the time of the biometry test. We present the case of a patient who underwent cataract surgery by phacoemulsification with a monofocal foldable intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in the capsular bag, who 30 days after the operation presented a total or refractive astigmatism of - 1.00 diopters (D) x 110°. Sometime later, 90 days after surgery, he returned due to decreased visual acuity with a refractive astigmatism of -5.50 D x 165° which was not related to the corneal astigmatism measured by keratometry and topography (-0.94 D x 82°). The eye had clear mediums and showed no reports of immediate and gradual postoperative complications. In this case we found a mechanism of IOL tilt caused by a poorly deployed haptic at the time of IOL insertion that was not evident at the time of surgery associated with IOL displacement caused by fibrosis and pupillary contraction, which generated a late astigmatic effect. This was corroborated by ultrasound with ultrabiomicroscopy and surgical repositioning of the IOL, which allowed the case to be solved(AU)

Sorpresa refractiva tras la cirugía de catarata en paciente con lente fáquica / Refractive surprise after cataract surgery in a patient with a phakic lens implant

El implante de una lente intraocular fáquica puede resultar una opción lógica para los pacientes sumamente miopes que buscan liberarse de las gafas y de los lentes de contacto. Esta es una alternativa para corregir los grados de miopía extremos, y se diseñaron para permanecer dentro del ojo por muchos años. Con el cursar del tiempo, fisiológicamente comienza a opacarse el cristalino. Ante la necesidad de removerlo y de calcular una lente de potencia adecuada para el saco capsular y así conseguir la emetropía, surge un nuevo reto. El cálculo inexacto de la potencia dióptrica de la lente a implantar en la intervención quirúrgica es un problema y con él aparece la sorpresa refractiva; de ahí el objetivo de presentar con este caso la causa más frecuente de sorpresa refractiva tras la cirugía de catarata en un paciente miope con lente fáquica implantada. Se destaca la importancia de la longitud axil, sobre todo si esta se modifica después del implante de la lente fáquica para el correcto cálculo de la lente a implantar, así como el método ideal para su obtención: la interferometría óptica, sin olvidar la historia clínica previa al implante de la lente fáquica(AU)

Phakic intraocular lens implantation may be a logical option for extremely myopic patients who wish to get rid of their eyeglasses and contact lenses. This alternative was developed to correct extremely high degrees of myopia and remain inside the eye for many years. However, with the passing of time and due to physiological processes, the crystalline lens tends to become opaque. A new challenge is posed by the need to remove it and select a lens with an optical power appropriate to the capsular sac, thus achieving emmetropia. Inaccurate calculation of the dioptric power of the lens to be implanted in the surgical intervention is a problem leading to refractive surprise. Hence the interest in presenting a case illustrating the most common cause of refractive surprise after cataract surgery in a myopic patient with a phakic lens implant. The importance of axial length is highlighted, particularly whether it is modified after phakic lens implantation for accurate calculation of the lens to be implanted and the ideal method to obtain it: optical interferometry, without disregarding the medical record data preceding the phakic lens implantation(AU)

Coreografías, cartografías, trazos. El cuerpo en juego en la figuración / Choreographies, cartographies, strokes The body at stake in figuration

La situación clínica de un taller de expresión para niños nos permite aquí problematizar el estatuto de lo informe en psicoanálisis. La clínica infantil, en su manera de confrontarnos a la violencia del caos pulsional y los procesos de búsqueda de organización de la pulsionalidad en torno a un objeto, establece la base para la comprensión del trabajo efectuado en torno a la vectorización de la pulsión en la relación al otro (materno, transferencial). El lugar del fantasma, en el niño como en el analista que se deja jugar y sorprender, abre nuevas vías, ficcionales y compartidas, de representación de sí, del otro, del mundo. La función de la sorpresa y de lo desconocido parece, así, fundamental en este trabajo en el que el fantasma se organiza en la discontinuidad que se establece habitualmente entre lo real y nuestra construcción de una continuidad imaginaria de nosotros mismos. Esta experiencia con niños nos permite finalmente establecer algunos elementos necesarios en la cura de adultos en los que lo informe aparece al centro de la relación transferencial. El trabajo de una coreógrafa y de un músico minimalistas nos permite avanzar sobre la pista del rol del fantasma en el analista en la aproximación de las manifestaciones arcaicas de lo no puede manifestarse, sino a través de lo actuado/informe

The clinical situation experienced during a therapeutic workshop for children allows us here to problematize the approach to the manifestation of unshaped affects in the psychoanalytical setting. The child psychoanalysis, which confronts us to the violence and the chaos of the drives and to the processes through which they organize around an object, helps us understand the vectorization of the drives in the relationship to the other (maternal, transferential). The role of the phantasm, in the child as in the analyst who lets himself play and be surprised, opens up new forms of representation of ourselves, of the other, of the world. The function of surprise and of the unknown seems, thus, fundamental in this work in which the phantasm is organized in the discontinuity that is usually established between the real and our construction of an imaginary continuity of ourselves. This clinical experience with children allows us to finally establish some necessary elements in the psychoanalysis of adults in which the problem of shapelessness seem to organize the transferential relationship. The work of a choreographer and a minimalist musician allows us to further understand the role of the phantasm in the analyst, in his/her approach to the archaic manifestations of affects that cannot be manifested, except through an act, shapelessly

Catarata y queratocono: una sorpresa refractiva / Cataract and keratoconus: a refractive surprise

RESUMEN El queratocono es una ectasia corneal bilateral en la cual la córnea asume una forma cónica irregular teniendo en cuenta su afinamiento y protrusión. Su etiología es probablemente multifactorial. Está considerada una enfermedad rara por su baja incidencia; no obstante, se considera que esta incidencia sea mucho más variable y probablemente mayor tras la expansión en el uso de los topógrafos. Se presenta un paciente masculino, blanco, de 68 años de edad, quien acudió a la consulta de catarata en el Centro de Microcirugía Ocular del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer en mayo del año 2017, por disminución lenta y progresiva de la agudeza visual de ambos ojos, mayor del ojo derecho, con antecedente de uso prolongado de lentes de contacto. Se identificó la presencia de catarata en ambos ojos; se realizaron exámenes preoperatorios y se programó cirugía de facoemulsificación del ojo derecho. Se calculó el lente a implantar para una refracción esperada dentro del rango de la emetropía. Se obtuvo como resultado refractivo final una sorpresa refractiva posoperatoria hipermetrópica y se decidió realizar un piggy back secundario. El resultado refractivo final estuvo cercano a los valores de la emetropía. Como consecuencia de la gran inestabilidad de los valores queratométricos en pacientes con ectasias corneales, constituye un reto para el cirujano de catarata decidir cuál es el lente ideal a implantar para obtener un resultado refractivo adecuado(AU)

ABSTRACT Keratoconus is a bilateral corneal ectasia in which the cornea takes on an irregular conical shape due to its thinning and protrusion. The etiology of keratoconus is probably multifactorial. The disease has been classed as rare because of its low incidence. However, it is considered that such incidence will be much more variable and probably greater after expansion of the use of topographs. A male white 68-year-old patient who had attended cataract consultation at the Ocular Microsurgery Center of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology in May 2017, presents with slow progressive visual acuity reduction in both eyes, greater in the right eye, and an antecedent of prolonged use of contact lenses. Examination revealed the presence of cataracts in both eyes. Preoperative tests were performed and right eye phacoemulsification surgery was planned. Calculation was made of the lens to be implanted to achieve an expected refraction within the range of emmetropia. The final outcome obtained was a postoperative refractive hyperopic surprise, and it was decided to perform a secondary piggy back. The final refractive outcome was close to emmetropia. Because of the great instability of keratometric values in patients with corneal ectasias, the cataract surgeon is faced with the challenge of deciding which is the ideal lens to be implanted to obtain an adequate refractive outcome(AU)

Utilidad de las fórmulas Barrett Suite para el cálculo de lentes intraoculares / Usefulness of the Barrett Suite formulas for intraocular lens calculation

RESUMEN El cálculo del poder de la lente intraocular es un tema discutido, en el cual no existe un consenso general acerca de la fórmula más exacta. Durante los últimos años ha mejorado de manera impresionante la precisión de la lente a implantar con el uso de los nuevos equipos biométricos. La evolución y el desarrollo de estas nuevas generaciones han abierto un diapasón de múltiples opciones para su uso. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de describir las aplicaciones de la Barrett Suite (que incluyen la Universal II, True-K y las tóricas), así como sus nuevos usos. Para efectuar la revisión fueron consultadas las bases de datos de infomed, específicamente la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud. Dentro de los beneficios descritos encontramos que proporcionan el menor riesgo de sorpresas refractivas en todas las longitudes axiales. Además, utiliza un factor de lente que considera tanto la posición física como la ubicación de los planos principales del lente intraocular y tiene el error de predicción absoluto medio más bajo que otras fórmulas similares, aunque las variables de esta fórmula aún se desconocen según lo describe la bibliografía consultada(AU)

ABSTRACT Intraocular lens power calculation is a much-debated topic. General consensus has not been achieved about which is the most accurate formula. Recent years have witnessed impressive improvement in the precision of the lens to be implanted with the use of novel biometric equipment. Evolution and development of these new generations of devices provide a wide range of options for their use. A bibliographic review was conducted with the purpose of describing the Barrett Suite applications (including Universal II, True-K and toric), as well as their new uses. The review was based on a search in Infomed databases, particularly the Virtual Health Library. The benefits described in the literature include a lower risk of refraction surprises at all axial longitudes. Additionally, the lens factor used considers both the physical position and the location of the main planes of the intraocular lens, and has the lowest mean absolute prediction error among similar formulas, though the variables of this one formula are still unknown, according to the bibliography consulted(AU)

Ensinamentos dos esquizofrênicos para o tratamento institucional das psicoses / Learnings from schizophrenics on the institutional treatment of psychosis / Las enseñanzas de los esquizofrénicos para el tratamiento institucional de las psicosis

Este artigo aborda alguns ensinamentos da clínica com esquizofrênicos para o tratamento institucional no que tange à importância da abertura à surpresa, da permeabilidade à diferença e à mudança em contraposição aos mecanismos de fobia institucional de medo do outro, de fechamento da significação e da lógica narcísica-paranoica. O texto se ancora no trabalho institucional desenvolvido por Jean Oury e suas elaborações a respeito da esquizofrenia para debater a importância da circulação discursiva na instituição.

This article adresses certain learnings from the clinical work with schizophrenia concerning the institutional treatment of psychosis, in regard to the importance of being open to surprise and permeable to difference and change in opposition to mechanisms of institutional phobia, fear of the other, narrowing of significance and narcisistic/paranoid logic. The text is anchored on the institutional work developed by Jean Oury and on his elaborations regarding schizophrenia in order to debate the importance of discourse dynamics in institutions.

En este texto se abordarán algunas enseñanzas de la clínica con esquizofrénicos para el tratamiento institucional de la psicosis, en lo que atañe a la importancia de la apertura a la sorpresa, de la permeabilidad a la diferencia y al cambio, en contraste con los mecanismos de fobia institucional del miedo al otro, de cierre a la significación y de la lógica narcisista paranoide. En base al trabajo institucional desarrollado por Jean Oury y en sus razonamientos en torno a la esquizofrenia, el texto discutirá la importancia de la circulación discursiva en la institución.

Pupil dilation signals uncertainty and surprise in a learning gambling task.

Pupil dilation under constant illumination is a physiological marker where modulation is related to several cognitive functions involved in daily decision making. There is evidence for a role of pupil dilation change during decision-making tasks associated with uncertainty, reward-prediction errors and surprise. However, while some work suggests that pupil dilation is mainly modulated by reward predictions, others point out that this marker is related to uncertainty signaling and surprise. Supporting the latter hypothesis, the neural substrate of this marker is related to noradrenaline (NA) activity which has been also related to uncertainty signaling. In this work we aimed to test whether pupil dilation is a marker for uncertainty and surprise in a learning task. We recorded pupil dilation responses in 10 participants performing the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a decision-making task that requires learning and constant monitoring of outcomes' feedback, which are important variables within the traditional study of human decision making. Results showed that pupil dilation changes were modulated by learned uncertainty and surprise regardless of feedback magnitudes. Interestingly, greater pupil dilation changes were found during positive feedback (PF) presentation when there was lower uncertainty about a future negative feedback (NF); and by surprise during NF presentation. These results support the hypothesis that pupil dilation is a marker of learned uncertainty, and may be used as a marker of NA activity facing unfamiliar situations in humans.

A criança e o psicanalista. Acontecimentos iniciais / ­The child and the psychoanalyst. Initial events / El niño y el psicoanalista. Eventos iniciales

Se análise é a prática diária de um psicanalista, as primeiras entrevistas são o prólogo inevitável desse trabalho. Elas podem ser também um prólogo maior do que a própria análise e até constituir-se no único contato, sem continuidade. Para além de abordar, neste artigo, o método psicanalítico operando desde os primeiros encontros com o paciente - atenção utuante a todo e qualquer material surgido, busca por um tipo de interação que propicie a construção de algum significado analítico, comunicação ao paciente de algo desconhecido de si -, procurei desenvolver as especificidades no atendimento da criança, ilustrando minhas considerações com vinhetas clínicas.

If analysis is the daily practice of the psychoanalyst, the first interviews are the inevitable prologue to this work. They can be a prologue bigger than analysis itself and even be the only contact, in the case of non-continuity Further than approaching, in this article, the psychoanalytic method in operation since the first encounters with the patient - fluctuating attention to any and every bit of material which shows up, the search for a kind of interaction which will provide the construction of some analytic meaning, communicating to the patient something unknown to himself -1 attempted to develop the specificities when treating children, illustrating my considerations with clinical vignettes.

Si el análisis es la práctica diaria de un psicoanalista, las primeras entrevistas son el prólogo inevitable de este trabajo. Ellas pueden ser también un prólogo mayor que el propio análisis e incluso constituir un único contacto, sin continuidad. Para además de abordar en este artículo el método psicoanalítico operando desde los primeros encuentros con el paciente - la atención fluctuante a todo y cualquier material surgido, busca un tipo de interacción que propicie la construcción de algún significado analítico, comunicación al paciente de algo desconocido de sí mismo - intenté desarrollar las especificidades en la atención a los niños, ilustrando mis consideraciones con casos clínicos.

Baluarte, surpresa e comunicação no campo analítico / Bastion, surprise and communication in the analytic filed / Baluarte, sorpresa y comunicación en el campo analítico

Os autores refletem acerca do conceito de campo analítico e do exame do valor comunicativo de um de seus elementos, a surpresa, a partir de uma vinheta clínica.

The authors reflect on the concept of the analytic field and exam the communicative value of one of its elements - surprise - based on a clinical vignette.

Los autores reflexionan sobre el concepto de campo analítico y el examen del valor comunicativo de uno de sus elementos, la sorpresa, a partir de una viñeta clínica.

Piggy back en el tratamiento de la sorpresa refractiva hipermetrópica / Piggy Back in the treatment of the hypermetropic refractive surprise

La técnica de piggy back o el implante de dos lentes intraoculares se plantea principalmente cuando se precisa la corrección de más de 30 dioptrías en la cirugía del cristalino. Lentes por encima de 34 dioptrías no están disponibles comercialmente, a la vez que lentes de más de 30 dioptrías no se recomiendan por la aberración esférica que produce una superficie óptica con un radio de curvatura demasiado pequeño. Se presenta un paciente de 47 años de edad con antecedentes de cirugía refractiva corneal previa en ambos ojos, pero portador de una hipermetropía elevada en su ojo derecho y, por tanto, una anisometropía hipermetrópica para lo cual se decide, como opción terapéutica, realizar la extracción del cristalino del ojo derecho y el implante de dos lentes: uno en saco capsular y otro en sulcus ciliar. Se obtuvo corrección del defecto refractivo del paciente sin complicaciones(AU)

The Piggy Back technique or the implant of two lens is proposed mainly when it is necessary the correction of more than 30 diopters in crystalline lens surgery. The lens above 34 diopters are not available in the market at the same time that the lens of more than 30 diopters are not recommendable due to the spherical aberration producing an optical surface with a very small curvature.radius. This is the case of a patient aged 47 with backgrounds of previous corneal refractive surgery in both eyes, but carrier of a high hypermetropia in his right eye and thus, a hypermetropic anisometropia leading to as therapeutical option, to carried out the crystalline extraction of right eye and the implant of both lens: one in capsular sac and other in ciliary sulcus. The correction of the refractive defect of this patient was achieved without complications(AU)

Piggy back en el tratamiento de la sorpresa refractiva hipermetrópica / Piggy Back in the treatment of the hypermetropic refractive surprise

La técnica de piggy back o el implante de dos lentes intraoculares se plantea principalmente cuando se precisa la corrección de más de 30 dioptrías en la cirugía del cristalino. Lentes por encima de 34 dioptrías no están disponibles comercialmente, a la vez que lentes de más de 30 dioptrías no se recomiendan por la aberración esférica que produce una superficie óptica con un radio de curvatura demasiado pequeño. Se presenta un paciente de 47 años de edad con antecedentes de cirugía refractiva corneal previa en ambos ojos, pero portador de una hipermetropía elevada en su ojo derecho y, por tanto, una anisometropía hipermetrópica para lo cual se decide, como opción terapéutica, realizar la extracción del cristalino del ojo derecho y el implante de dos lentes: uno en saco capsular y otro en sulcus ciliar. Se obtuvo corrección del defecto refractivo del paciente sin complicaciones

The Piggy Back technique or the implant of two lens is proposed mainly when it is necessary the correction of more than 30 diopters in crystalline lens surgery. The lens above 34 diopters are not available in the market at the same time that the lens of more than 30 diopters are not recommendable due to the spherical aberration producing an optical surface with a very small curvature.radius. This is the case of a patient aged 47 with backgrounds of previous corneal refractive surgery in both eyes, but carrier of a high hypermetropia in his right eye and thus, a hypermetropic anisometropia leading to as therapeutical option, to carried out the crystalline extraction of right eye and the implant of both lens: one in capsular sac and other in ciliary sulcus. The correction of the refractive defect of this patient was achieved without complications

Resultados del implante múltiple de lentes intraoculares en la cirugía de catarata en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer / Results of the multiple intraocular lenses implantation in the cataract surgery performed at Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology

OBJETIVO: Valorar los resultados visuales de los pacientes operados con la técnica de piggy back o implantes múltiples de lentes intraoculares. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal en el que se tomaron 32 ojos de 30 pacientes del universo operado de catarata, con la técnica antes descrita, en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, en el período comprendido entre enero de 2000 hasta diciembre de 2006. Fueron evaluadas algunas variables demográficas, como edad y sexo, así como agudeza visual y refracción preoperatorio y posoperatoria con cristales y sin ellos. Reportamos las complicaciones transquirúrgicas y posquirúrgicas asociadas a las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas para la extracción del cristalino. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio obtenida fue mayor de 50 años, y predominó el sexo femenino. Parte de los pacientes tuvieron una agudeza visual corregida superior a 20/40. La complicación más frecuente fue la opacidad de la cápsula posterior y solo en la tercera parte de los pacientes se obtuvo una buena corrección refractiva. CONCLUSIONES: La técnica de piggy back permitió la recuperación de cuatro líneas en la cartilla de Snellen en la agudeza visual corregida, mientras que en la agudeza visual sin corrección solo aumentó en dos líneas. Se encontró igual número de pacientes hipocorregidos y bien corregidos

OBJECTIVE: To asses the visual results of patients operated on by piggy back technique or multiple implantation of intraocular lenses METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 32 eyes from 30 patients operated on from cataract, using the above-mentioned technique, at Ramon Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology in the period January 2000 through December 2006. Some demographic variables as age and sex as well as visual acuity and preoperative and postoperative refraction with/without lenses were evaluated. Trans-surgical and post-surgical complications associated with the various surgical techniques for the crystalline extraction were reported. RESULTS: Average age was 50 years, being the females predominant. One part of the patients had corrected visual acuity over 20/40. The most frequent complication was posterior capsule opacity and only one third of patients showed good refractive correction. CONCLUSIONS: Piggy back technique allowed recovering four lines in corrected visual acuity in Snellen´s chart whereas uncorrected visual acuity increased two lines only. The number of hypocorrected and well-corrected patients was the same

Sorpresa refractiva por rotulación inadecuada / Refractive surprise due to incorrect labelling

En los últimos años la cirugía de catarata ha evolucionado el desarrollo de las fórmulas avanzadas para el cálculo del lente intraocular y las herramientas de medición cada día más exactas, en el contexto mundial actual, permiten alcanzar los resultados refractivos posoperatorios óptimos para el paciente, que de manera general es la emetropía. Sin embargo, aún con las mejores técnicas de medición y el mejor entrenamiento del cirujano, no estamos exentos de un resultado refractivo posquirúrgico no esperado por el paciente y por el cirujano, es decir, de una sorpresa refractiva. Se presenta un caso, de una paciente operada de catarata por facoemulsificación con implante de lente intraocular con una sorpresa refractiva, donde todas las causas de la misma son descartada y se demuestra un error en la rotulación del lente, lo cual no es frecuente, pero puede pasar(AU)

The cataract surgery has evolved in the last few years. The development of advanced formulas for the calculation of the intraocular lens and the ever increasingly accurate measuring tools worldwide allow reaching good postoperative refractive results for the patient that, as a rule, is emetropia. However, even with the best measuring techniques and the best trained surgeons, we are not exempted from unwanted postsurgical result for the patient and the surgeon as well, which is known as refractive surprise. This paper presented the case of a patient operated on from cataract using phacoemulsification with implantation and the occurrence of refractive surprise the causes of which were ruled out. Finally, wrong lens labeling was shown, which is an infrequent event that might occur(AU)

Sorpresa refractiva por rotulación inadecuada / Refractive surprise due to incorrect labelling

En los últimos años la cirugía de catarata ha evolucionado el desarrollo de las fórmulas avanzadas para el cálculo del lente intraocular y las herramientas de medición cada día más exactas, en el contexto mundial actual, permiten alcanzar los resultados refractivos posoperatorios óptimos para el paciente, que de manera general es la emetropía. Sin embargo, aún con las mejores técnicas de medición y el mejor entrenamiento del cirujano, no estamos exentos de un resultado refractivo posquirúrgico no esperado por el paciente y por el cirujano, es decir, de una sorpresa refractiva. Se presenta un caso, de una paciente operada de catarata por facoemulsificación con implante de lente intraocular con una sorpresa refractiva, donde todas las causas de la misma son descartada y se demuestra un error en la rotulación del lente, lo cual no es frecuente, pero puede pasar

The cataract surgery has evolved in the last few years. The development of advanced formulas for the calculation of the intraocular lens and the ever increasingly accurate measuring tools worldwide allow reaching good postoperative refractive results for the patient that, as a rule, is emetropia. However, even with the best measuring techniques and the best trained surgeons, we are not exempted from unwanted postsurgical result for the patient and the surgeon as well, which is known as refractive surprise. This paper presented the case of a patient operated on from cataract using phacoemulsification with implantation and the occurrence of refractive surprise the causes of which were ruled out. Finally, wrong lens labeling was shown, which is an infrequent event that might occur

The influence of feeding enrichment on the behavior of small felids (Carnivora: Felidae) in captivity

Animals in captivity are frequently exposed to environmental deprivation resulting in abnormal behaviors that indicate distress. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the "surprise pack" environmental enrichment technique in improving the welfare of small neotropical felids in captivity. In order to accomplish this, we used five individuals from the Rio de Janeiro Zoo. The experiment was divided into three steps corresponding to: I) period prior to the enrichment, II) period in which the animals were being submitted to enrichment stimuli, and III) period after the enrichment. In phase II, we observed a significant reduction in abnormal behavior compared to phases I and III. Only in phase II did the animals demonstrate the following behaviors: predation, social interaction and territory demarcation. However, in this same phase, the mean time spent interacting with the enrichment throughout the day showed a decrease.

The influence of feeding enrichment on the behavior of small felids (Carnivora: Felidae) in captivity

Animals in captivity are frequently exposed to environmental deprivation resulting in abnormal behaviors that indicate distress. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the "surprise pack" environmental enrichment technique in improving the welfare of small neotropical felids in captivity. In order to accomplish this, we used five individuals from the Rio de Janeiro Zoo. The experiment was divided into three steps corresponding to: I) period prior to the enrichment, II) period in which the animals were being submitted to enrichment stimuli, and III) period after the enrichment. In phase II, we observed a significant reduction in abnormal behavior compared to phases I and III. Only in phase II did the animals demonstrate the following behaviors: predation, social interaction and territory demarcation. However, in this same phase, the mean time spent interacting with the enrichment throughout the day showed a decrease.