Association between obstructive sleep apnea and temporomandibular disorders: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a very common condition in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, there is little evidence of a connection between them. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the association between OSA and TMD in adult population. METHODS: Case-control, cross-sectional and cohort studies on the association between TMD and OSA were searched in the EMBASE, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Open Grey and Pro Quest databases. TMD should be assessed using Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC/TMD) or Diagnostic Criteria (DC/TMD) and OSA using polysomnography (PSG) and/or a validated questionnaire. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Assessment Checklists; and an association meta-analysis was performed. The effect measure included the odds ratio (OR) in dichotomous variables and a 95% confidence interval (CI). Certainty of evidence was determined by analysing groups using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). RESULTS: Out of the 1024 articles screened, 7 met the inclusion criteria for the qualitative synthesis, and 6 for quantitative analysis. All articles were classified at low risk of bias. A positive association with OSA was found in patients with TMD (OR = 2.61; 95% CI = 2.31, 2.95). A significant association was also found irrespective to the OSA diagnostic methods applied (for studies using PSG + validated questionnaires: OR = 2.74; 95% CI = 2.11, 3.57; for studies using validated questionnaires only: OR = 2.55; 95% CI = 2.22, 2.92). GRADE was moderate. CONCLUSION: Patients with TMD presented a significant association with OSA regardless of the OSA diagnostic method (PSG and/or validated questionnaires). OSA screening should be part of the TMD examination routine. Furthermore, due to the different OSA assessment methods used and the small number of studies included, there is a need to include a larger number of studies using PSG to better elucidate this association.

Temporomandibular disorders in patients with HIV: a cross-sectional study.

Untreated HIV infection leads to severe immunodeficiency and can be associated with an accelerated aging process and a higher prevalence of frailty. Systemic changes are known to cause greater oral manifestations and decreased orofacial function. However, there is no investigation on Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in this population. This study aims to assess the prevalence of TMD in individuals living with HIV/AIDS. This cross-sectional study included HIV patients, with undetectable plasma viral load, under follow-up in the infectious disease's outpatient clinic at the Federal University of Bahia hospital. We recorded socio-demographic data, Fried's frailty criteria, Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder, and Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) through the application of structured questionnaires and extra-oral examination findings. Data analysis was conducted on SPSS-v18. The sample consisted of 198 patients. The prevalence of TMD was (33.8 %), most affecting females (46.6 %). Difficulty in opening the mouth and parafunctional habits were the main symptoms of the disease, as well as functional limitations. The mean of the BDI score was higher in TMD group than in those without TMD (11.01 ± 8.61 vs. 7.60 ± 7.52 valor de p = 0.004). Logistic regression showed an association between sex (OR=2.305, 95 % CI 1.243‒4.275) and depression (OR = 1.045, 95 % CI 1.005‒1.087) and TMD in HIV patients. The present study observed the prevalence of symptoms associated with TMD as difficulty opening the mouth, muscle fatigue, and joint noises in patients with chronic HIV and associated with depression. Highlights the importance of a broader view of the health of individuals living with HIV.

Influence of psychometric and sleep quality features on painful mechanical sensitivity and pain modulation in patients with temporomandibular disorders.

Investigating the collective impact of psychometric properties and sleep quality on pain sensitivity in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients could improve clinical management strategies. OBJECTIVE: Assessing whether combined psychometric properties and sleep quality impact painful mechanical sensitivity and pain modulation in TMD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study using secondary data analysis of 77 TMD patients and 101 controls. All participants completed questionnaires characterizing their psychometric profile (anxiety, depression, stress and catastrophizing) and sleep quality, alongside psychophysical tests for painful mechanical sensory (mechanical pain threshold (MPT), pressure pain threshold (PPT), and wind-up ratio (WUR)) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Participants were grouped into "High distress" or "Low distress" categories based on psychometric properties and sleep quality using hierarchical cluster and k-means analyses. Multiple linear regression evaluated the influence of TMD, age, and the distress cluster on MPT, WUR, PPT, and CPM in masseter and thenar muscles. Differences were statistically significant when p < 0.05. RESULTS: The presence of TMD was the strongest predictor of mechanical painful sensitivity in the trigeminal region (MPT[F(3,174) = 51.902;p < .001;R2 = .463]; TMD presence (ß = -.682) / PPT[F(3,174) = 15.573;p < .001;R2 = .198] TMD presence (ß = -.452), and extra-trigeminal (MPT[F(3,174) = 35.897;p < .001;R2 = .382] TMD (ß = -.647) / CPM [F(3,174) = 4.106;p < .05;R2 = .050] TMD presence (ß = .197). Furthermore, neither the high distress group nor the low distress group were able to significantly influence the variation of the values of any of the psychophysical variables evaluated (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: There is not a significant influence of impairment clusters based on psychological variables and sleep quality on painful mechanical sensitivity and pain modulation, regardless of the presence of TMD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This outcome suggests that psychosocial factors and sleep quality may not play a decisive role in the sensory-discriminative aspect of pain, particularly concerning painful TMD.

Do steroid abusers have more temporomandibular joint symptoms? A study with 97 bodybuilders.

OBJECTIVES: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are derivatives of testosterone, used to treat gonadal disturbances, performance enhancement, and aesthetic purposes. AAS abuse can lead to side effects, including androgenic, cardiovascular, and liver disturbances, effects on libido, gynecomastia, and behavioral effects. There is a hypothesis that some joint tissues may be targets for sex hormones, and the use of AAS without medical follow-up may exacerbate temporomandibular joint problems in patients seeking performance and aesthetics. METHODS: In this study, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on AAS abusers who voluntarily presented themselves for clinical evaluation. Patients were subdivided by sex and age group, and the length of AAS use and symptoms such as headache, tinnitus, and temporomandibular joint pain were evaluated. RESULTS: It was observed that drug usage is related to symptoms. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that AAS use without medical follow-up may exacerbate temporomandibular joint problems, especially in patients with low estrogen levels.

Aspectos clinicoepidemiológicos de adultos con guía anterior de la oclusión dentaria disfuncional

Introducción: Los dientes anteriores tienen una función predominante en el sistema estomatognático, esencial para la estética, la fonación y la masticación. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los adultos con guía anterior de la oclusión dentaria disfuncional según variables clínicas y epidemiológicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, desde octubre de 2021 hasta abril de 2022, en la Clínica Estomatológica Docente 3 de Octubre de Las Tunas. El universo estuvo conformado por 825 historias clínicas que contenían el diagnóstico de pacientes con bruxismo, oclusión traumática y trastornos temporomandibulares, quienes presentaban disfunción de la guía anterior de la oclusión dentaria. Mediante el muestreo no probabilístico intencional, fue seleccionada una muestra de 615 con fórmula dentaria íntegra o desdentamiento parcial de clase III de Kennedy y atención estomatológica concluida o inactivación de los procesos de caries e inflamatorios agudos. Resultados: Primaron el sexo femenino (54,8 %) y las edades de 40-49 años (33,5 %). El bruxismo prevaleció como diagnóstico clínico (41,9 %) con predominio del correspondiente al sueño (39,1 %), el secundario (51,2 %), el probable (59,7 %) y el moderado (69,4 %); entre sus clasificaciones más relevantes se destacó el sistema estomatognático disfuncional (84,4 %). Las manifestaciones clínicas dentarias predominantes fueron las facetas de desgaste (87,5 %). Conclusiones: La caracterización de los pacientes con guía anterior de la oclusión dentaria disfuncional permite establecer una panorámica actualizada de esta problemática de salud para un mejor seguimiento y tratamiento a dichos pacientes.

Introduction: Anterior teeth have a predominant function in the stomatognatic system, essential for the aesthetics, phonation and mastication. Objective: To characterize adults with anterior guide of dysfunctional dental occlusion according to clinical and epidemiological variables. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study, was carried out from October, 2021 to April, 2022, in the 3 de Octubre Teaching Stomatological Clinic from Las Tunas. The universe was formed by 825 medical records that contained the diagnosis of patients with bruxism, traumatic occlusion and temporomandibular disorders who presented anterior guide of the dysfunctional dental occlusion. By means of the intentional non probabilistic sampling, a sample of 615 with entire dental formula or class III partial toothlessness of Kennedy and concluded stomatologic care or inactivation of the cavity and acute inflammatory processes was selected. Results: There was a prevalence of the female sex (54.8%) and the 40-49 age group (33.5%). Bruxism prevailed as clinical diagnosis (41.9%) with prevalence of the corresponding to sleep (39.1%), secondary (51.2%), probable (59.7%) and moderate (69.4%); among the most outstanding classifications was the dysfunctional stomatognatic system (84.4%). The predominant dental clinical manifestations were the wear facets (87.5%). Conclusions: The characterization of patients with anterior guide of the dysfunctional dental occlusion allows to establish an up-to-date panoramic of this health problem, for a better follow-up and treatment to these patients.

Laser acupuncture to reduce temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis.

The application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to acupuncture points may produce effects similar to that of needle stimulation in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). This systematic review was conducted according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and aimed to address clinical questions using the following strategy: Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO). A comprehensive literature search was performed upto April 26, 2023, across nine electronic databases (BVS, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and Google Scholar) supplemented with gray literature. The risk of bias in randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials was assessed using two tools: risk-of-bias (RoB) 2 and Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I). Meta-analysis involved the extraction of mean and standard deviation values for spontaneous pain and mouth opening levels. Seven studies were included in this review, all of which used LLLT. The applied wavelengths ranged from 690 to 810 nm without significant variations in light emission patterns. LLLT demonstrated a significant reduction in instantaneous pain levels (standard mean difference [SMD] = 3.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.09, 5.62; p < 0.003) and an improvement in instantaneous mouth opening ability (mean difference [SMD] = -7.15; 95% CI = -11.73, -2.58; p < 0.002), with low certainty of evidence. LLLT may alleviate symptoms in patients with TMD; however, caution should be exercised when interpreting the results because of protocol variations among studies and the limited number of studies included in the meta-analysis.

Survival of temporomandibular total joint replacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Prosthetic total joint replacement has been incorporated as a treatment for complex temporomandibular disorder; however, the survival of those devices is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess the survival rate of the total temporomandibular joint (TMJ) prothesis and their main causes of failure. METHODS: An electronic search was conducted in eight databases until March 2023. Prospective studies reporting the survival rate of total TMJ prothesis with a minimum follow-up of 12 months were included. Studies with partial TMJ prostheses or those no longer available on the market were excluded. Two reviewers assessed the individual risk of bias using the JBI Systematic Reviews for Quasi-experimental studies tool. Meta-analysis of proportions was conducted to summarise the survival rate, using 95% confidence intervals (CI). The GRADE approach assessed the certainty of the body of evidence. RESULTS: Data from 320 patients were collected from six prospective studies. The number of prothesis losses varied from none to four. All studies presented sources of bias related to follow-up description of the patients. The follow-up time varied from 12 months to 21 years. In most of the studies, prosthesis failure occurred within the first 6 months after surgery due to infection. The overall survival of total TMJ protheses was 97% (95% CI: 95%; 99%), with low heterogeneity (I2 = 29%) and a very low certainty of evidence. CONCLUSION: TMJ total prosthesis apparently is a safe procedure with a high survival rate and the evidence is very uncertain and presents important sources of bias.

Temporomandibular disorders in patients with HIV: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Untreated HIV infection leads to severe immunodeficiency and can be associated with an accelerated aging process and a higher prevalence of frailty. Systemic changes are known to cause greater oral manifestations and decreased orofacial function. However, there is no investigation on Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in this population. This study aims to assess the prevalence of TMD in individuals living with HIV/AIDS. This cross-sectional study included HIV patients, with undetectable plasma viral load, under follow-up in the infectious disease's outpatient clinic at the Federal University of Bahia hospital. We recorded socio-demographic data, Fried's frailty criteria, Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder, and Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) through the application of structured questionnaires and extra-oral examination findings. Data analysis was conducted on SPSS-v18. The sample consisted of 198 patients. The prevalence of TMD was (33.8 %), most affecting females (46.6 %). Difficulty in opening the mouth and parafunctional habits were the main symptoms of the disease, as well as functional limitations. The mean of the BDI score was higher in TMD group than in those without TMD (11.01 ± 8.61 vs. 7.60 ± 7.52 valor de p = 0.004). Logistic regression showed an association between sex (OR=2.305, 95 % CI 1.243‒4.275) and depression (OR = 1.045, 95 % CI 1.005‒1.087) and TMD in HIV patients. The present study observed the prevalence of symptoms associated with TMD as difficulty opening the mouth, muscle fatigue, and joint noises in patients with chronic HIV and associated with depression. Highlights the importance of a broader view of the health of individuals living with HIV.

Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Palliative Care of Temporomandibular Disorder and Orofacial/Cervical Skull Pain: Preliminary Results from a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

The main symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are pain from musculoskeletal and/or joint-in the head and neck region-and complaints of difficulty in mandibular movements. The photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been reported as a promising treatment in the management of these symptoms. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of PBMT immediately after irradiation on TMDs symptoms under a prospective clinical trial, randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, and with two parallel arms. According to the RDC/TMD, maximum mouth opening (MMO) and pain in the orofacial/cervical muscles and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) were recorded. One hundred forty-five participants (71 placebo and 74 PBMT experimental) were analyzed after irradiation protocols (sham-PBMT or PBMT) at the orofacial/cervical skull musculature and at the TMJ. The results showed a reduction in the total pain score (p = 0.026), a reduction in the number of painful points (p = 0.013), and an increase in the MMO (p = 0.016) in the PBMT protocol group when compared to the placebo protocol (sham-PBMT). The PBMT was shown to be effective in reducing orofacial/cervical skull pain immediately after the irradiation. It is clinically relevant and should be taken into consideration by professionals who are dedicated to treating this pathology because, in addition to bringing comfort to patients who need dental treatment, it also consists of a low-cost and low technical complexity clinical approach.

Short-term heart rate variability at rest in individuals with temporomandibular disorder: a comparative analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Compare heart rate variability (HRV) indices in participants with and without myogenic temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Secondarily, we correlated HRV indices with pain and quality of life variables. METHODS: This is a comparative observational cross-sectional study. Individuals of both genders with and without a history of TMD were included. Short-term heart rate variability was assessed using a Polar V800. Central sensitization was assessed using the Central Sensitization Inventory. Pain through the numeric pain scale and the impact of oral health on quality of life using the OHIP-14 questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 80 participants were enrolled in the study: most individuals included in both groups were young adults, women and slightly overweight. We observed a decrease in HRV in the TMD group (p < 0.01) when compared to the control group. In addition, we observed a greater impact of oral health on quality of life, central sensitization in addition to high resting pain scores (p < 0.01). We observed significant correlation between the LF index of HRV and the FAI score (r = 0.311; p = 0.05). The NPS, CSI and OHIP-14 scores did not correlate with any of the HRV indices (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The short-term HRV in individuals with TMD is significantly lower when compared to a control group. Furthermore, there seems to be a relationship between the severity of the dysfunction and the HRV variables. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Using portable and low-cost devices, the HRV can be easily collected and analyzed, without the need for an arsenal of equipment such as the conventional electrocardiogram. This measure can contribute to the therapy adopted and identify individuals prone to unfavorable outcomes involving ANS modulation.

Manejo das disfunções temporomandibulares. Parte I: tratamento conservador / Management of temporomandibular joint disorders. Part I: conservative treatment

Objetivo: Apresentar as modalidades de tratamentos conservadoras e minimamente invasivas mais usadas disponíveis no arsenal terapêutico das desordens temporomandibulares (DTM). Revisão da literatura: Os objetivos do tratamento invariavelmente incluem redução da dor, diminuição das atividades parafuncionais e restauração da função. Dentre as alternativas conservadoras e minimamente invasivas, podemos citar os dispositivos interoclusais, exercícios terapêuticos, eletrofototermoterapia, agulhamento seco e infiltração de anestésicos locais em pontos gatilho, injeção de sangue autógeno para controle da luxação mandibular, terapia cognitivo comportamental, toxina botulínica, viscossuplementação, controle farmacológico da dor aguda e crônica. As DTMs afetam uma proporção significativa da população. Somente após o fracasso das opções não invasivas é que devem ser iniciados tratamentos mais invasivos e irreversíveis. No entanto, algumas condições, como a anquilose e neoplasias, por exemplo, são essencialmente tratadas cirurgicamente e tentativas de tratamentos conservadores podem trazer piora na qualidade de vida ou risco de morte. Considerações finais: Uma abordagem de equipe multidisciplinar para o manejo é essencial no cuidado fundamental de todos os pacientes com DTM, para que o tratamento possa ser especificamente adaptado às necessidades individuais do paciente.

Aim: To present the most widely used conservative and minimally invasive treatment modalities available in the therapeutic arsenal for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Literature review: Treatment goals invariably include pain reduction, reduction of parafunctional activities and restoration of function. Among the conservative and minimally invasive alternatives, we can mention interocclusal devices, therapeutic exercises, electrophototherapy, dry needling and infiltration of local anesthetics in trigger points, autogenous blood injection to control mandibular dislocation, cognitive behavioral therapy, botulinum toxin, viscosupplementation, pharmacological control of acute and chronic pain. TMD affects a considerable proportion of the population. Only after non-invasive options have failed should more invasive and irreversible treatments be initiated. However, some conditions, such as ankylosis and neoplasms, for example, are treated surgically and attempts at conservative treatments can lead to worsening quality of life or risk of death. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary team approach to management is essential in the fundamental care of all TMD patients, so that treatment can be specifically tailored to the patient's individual needs.

Manejo das disfunções temporomandibulares. Parte II: tratamento cirúrgico / Management of temporomandibular joint disorders. Part II: surgical treatment

Objetivo: Apresentar as modalidades de tratamentos cirúrgicas mais usadas disponíveis no arsenal terapêutico das desordens temporomandibulares (DTMs). Revisão da literatura: As DTMs são muito frequentes e são responsáveis ​​por dor e desconforto em um número importante de pacientes. A avaliação e o diagnóstico são as chaves para determinar um plano de manejo adequado dessas doenças. Embora o tratamento conservador seja bem-sucedido na maioria dos pacientes, os tratamentos cirúrgicos podem ser a única opção para aqueles que não respondem ao tratamento conservador ou para casos com indicação cirúrgica inicial como, por exemplo, algumas neoplasias articulares. Dentre as alternativas cirúrgicas, podemos citar a artrocentese, artroscopia, reposicionamento do disco articular por cirurgia aberta, discectomia e tratamentos cirúrgicos para hipermobilidade e anquilose da articulação temporomandibular. Considerações finais: A seleção adequada dos casos é requisito obrigatório para uma intervenção cirúrgica bem-sucedida, a fim de alcançar o resultado desejado do tratamento, como alívio dos sintomas e melhora da função.

Aim: To present the most commonly used surgical treatment modalities available in the therapeutic arsenal for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Literature review: TMD is very common and is responsible for pain and dysfunction in a significant number of patients. Assessment and diagnosis are key to determining a management plan for these diseases. Although conservative treatment is successful in most patients, surgical treatments may be the only option for those who do not respond to conservative treatment or for some cases with an initial surgical indication, such as some joint neoplasms. Surgical alternatives include arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, repositioning of the articular disc by open surgery, discectomy and surgical treatments for temporomandibular joint hypermobility and ankylosis. Conclusions: Proper case selection is the mandatory requirement for successful surgical intervention in order to achieve the desired treatment outcome, such as symptom relief and improved function.

Influence of TRPV1 on Thermal Nociception in Rats with Temporomandibular Joint Persistent Inflammation Evaluated by the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD).

Background: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)-associated inflammation contributes to the pain reported by patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). It is common for patients diagnosed with TMD to report pain in the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints, headache, and jaw movement disturbances. Although TMD can have different origins, including trauma and malocclusion disorder, anxiety/depression substantially impacts the development and maintenance of TMD. In general, rodent studies on orofacial pain mechanisms involve the use of tests originally developed for other body regions, which were adapted to the orofacial area. To overcome limitations and expand knowledge in orofacial pain, our group validated and characterized an operant assessment paradigm in rats with both hot and cold stimuli as well mechanical stimuli. Nevertheless, persistent inflammation of the TMJ has not been evaluated with this operant orofacial pain assessment device (OPAD). Methods: We characterized the thermal orofacial sensitivity for cold, neutral, and hot stimuli during the development of TMD using the OPAD behavior test. In addition, we evaluated the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) expressing nociceptors in rats with persistent TMJ inflammation. The experiments were performed in male and female rats with TMJ inflammation induced by carrageenan (CARR). Additionally, resiniferatoxin (RTX) was administered into the TMJs prior CARR to lesion TRPV1-expressing neurons to evaluate the role of TRPV1-expressing neurons. Results: We evidenced an increase in the number of facial contacts and changes in the number of reward licks per stimulus on neutral (37°C) and cold (21°C) temperatures. However, at the hot temperature (42°C), the inflammation did not induce changes in the OPAD test. The prior administration of RTX in the TMJ prevented the allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia induced by CARR. Conclusion: We showed that TRPV-expressing neurons are involved in the sensitivity to carrageenan-induced pain in male and female rats evaluated in the OPAD.

Trastornos temporomandibulares en adolescentes con hábitos parafuncionales / Temporomandibular disorders in adolescents with parafunctional habits i: en

Introducción: Los trastornos temporomandibulares en adolescentes pueden ser ocasionados por hábitos parafuncionales, que probablemente dan lugar a diferentes manifestaciones en los componentes del sistema estomatognático. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los adolescentes con trastornos temporomandibulares y hábitos parafuncionales según variables epidemiológicas y clínicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 74 adolescentes (15-18 años de edad) del Instituto Preuniversitario Antonio Alomá Serrano, perteneciente al área de salud del Policlínico Docente José Martí en Santiago de Cuba, desde noviembre del 2021 hasta marzo del 2022. Resultados: Se halló que 88,1 % de los integrantes de la serie presentaron alteraciones leves, 11,9 %, moderadas y 20,3 % no tuvo ninguna. De los 59 pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares, 74,6 % eran del sexo femenino, con prevalencia de las alteraciones leves (76,9 %). El hábito referido con más frecuencia fue la onicofagia (50,8 %), seguida de la queilofagia (47,5 %). De los adolescentes que presentaban bruxismo, 71,4 % mostró una disfunción moderada; sin embargo, en aquellos con disfunción leve predominó la práctica de la onicofagia (53,8 %). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los adolescentes con más de un hábito parafuncional presentaron trastornos temporomandibulares.

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders in adolescents can be caused by parafunctional habits that probably lead to different manifestations in the stomatognathic system՚s components. Objective: To characterize the adolescents with temporomandibular disorders and parafunctional habits according to epidemiologic and clinical variables. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 74 adolescents (15-18 years) from Antonio Alomá Serrano Senior High School, belonging to the health area of José Martí University Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from November, 2021 to March, 2022. Results: It was found that 88.1% of the members in the series presented light alterations, 11.9% presented moderate changes and 20.3% didn't have any changes. Of the 59 patients with temporomandibular disorders, 74.6% were women, with prevalence of the light alterations (76.9%). The habit referred with more frequency was nail biting (50.8%), followed by cheilophagia (47.5%). Of the adolescents that presented bruxism, 71.4% showed a moderate dysfunction; however, in those with light dysfunction the practice of nail biting prevailed (53.8%). Conclusions: Most of the adolescents with more than one parafunctional habit presented temporomandibular disorders.

Relación entre el grado de ansiedad (autoevaluación de ansiedad estado/rasgo [STAI]) y el grado de trastorno temporomandibular (índice anamnésico de Fonseca) en una población mexicana / Relationship between the degree of anxiety (state/trait anxiety self-assessment [STAI]) and the degree of temporomandibular disorder (Fonseca anamnestic index) in a Mexican population

Introducción: en la actualidad la ansiedad es uno de los síndromes clínicos más frecuentes y la relación directa con el trastorno temporomandibular (TTM) ha sido el punto de partida para diversos estudios, además del motivo de consulta más común para el clínico. Objetivos: evidenciar la relación existente entre el grado de ansiedad y el TTM. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y observacional con una muestra de 220 individuos. Utilizando el cuestionario de autoevaluación de ansiedad estado/rasgo (STAI) para medir el grado de ansiedad y el cuestionario índice anamnésico de Fonseca (IAF) para medir el grado de TTM. Resultados: de las personas que participaron en el estudio, 36.8% presentan ansiedad leve, 27.7% ansiedad moderada, 21.8% ansiedad mínima y 13.6% ansiedad severa, siendo los hombres con mayor porcentaje de ansiedad moderada (33.7%) y las mujeres mayor tendencia a la ansiedad severa (16.4%). de los pacientes, 42.3% refieren no presentar ningún grado de disfunción; 30% disfunción leve, 18.6% disfunción moderada, y solo 8.6% disfunción grave. Conclusión: se encontró una relación directa, correlacionándose gradualmente a mayor nivel de ansiedad, mayor grado de TTM

Introduction: anxiety is currently one of the most frequent clinical syndromes and the direct relationship with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) has been the starting point for various studies as well as the most common reason for consultation for the clinician. Objectives: to demonstrate the relationship between the degree of anxiety and TMD. Material and methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study was carried out with a sample of 220 individuals. Using the state/trait anxiety self-assessment questionnaire (STAI) to measure the degree of anxiety and the Fonseca anamnestic index questionnaire (IAF) to measure the degree of TMD. Results: 36.8% of the people who participated in the study present mild anxiety, 27.7% moderate anxiety, 21.8% minimal anxiety and 13.6% severe anxiety, the men having a higher percentage of moderate anxiety (33.7%) and women greater tendency to severe anxiety (16.4%). 42.3% of patients report not presenting any degree of dysfunction; 30% mild dysfunction, 18.6% moderate dysfunction, and only 8.6% severe dysfunction. Conclusion: a direct relationship was found, gradually correlating to a higher level of anxiety, a higher degree of TMD (AU)

Association between depression and temporomandibular dysfunction in adults - a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To critically evaluate the literature and answer the question: "Is there an association between depression and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in adults?" METHODS: The personalized search strategy was applied to PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Articles were selected in two stages according to the eligibility criteria. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool was used to analyze the risk of bias according to the type of study. RESULTS: The included articles presented a moderate risk of bias. Based on the studies, individuals with TMD have higher levels of depression compared to the control group. There is also a direct association in that individuals with depression are more susceptible to developing TMD. CONCLUSION: There is a probable association between depression and TMD in adults. However, more studies with high methodological quality are needed to confirm this finding.

Do dental implant therapies arouse signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders? A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To delineate and discuss the literature about TMD in the context of dental implantology. METHODS: The PRISMA-ScR and Joanna Briggs guidelines for scoping reviews were used as methodological parameters. In vivo studies published in the English language showing interplay between dental implant therapy and TMD were included. A systematic screen strategy was applied in two platforms to obtain a broad range of relevant literature published in English. RESULTS: The literature review indicated that prolonged surgical procedure may be a risk for TMD. Conversely, implant-supported prostheses were found to contribute to the mitigation of some TMD aspects. Empirical principles for the best practice in implant dentistry concerning the TMD were discussed in the present study. CONCLUSION: The included clinical studies suggest that factors associated with the implant placement, such as long duration of surgical procedures, may represent risk factors for TMD. They also indicate long-term benefits of implant-supported restorations.

Comparison of the pattern of activation of the masticatory muscles among individuals with and without TMD: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the characteristics of the electromyographic signal of masticatory muscles in individuals with TMD and asymptomatic individuals. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out, selecting cross-sectional studies with at least one electromyographic parameter (FM; iEMG; RMS) of the masticatory muscles (anterior temporal, bilateral masseter, and suprahyoid muscles) of individuals with TMD compared to asymptomatic individuals. RESULTS: This review identified 1656 titles, of which 30 articles were included in the final analysis. It was observed that the data referring to the pattern of activation of masticatory muscles in the rest, isometry, and isotonic conditions of individuals with TMD are heterogeneous. This fact may be related to variability in the methods and analyses applied in the studies. CONCLUSION: Data referring to the pattern of activation of masticatory muscles in the rest and isometry conditions and in the mastication cycle of individuals with TMD and asymptomatic individuals are diverse.

Influence of genetic polymorphisms on mechanical pain sensitivity and endogenous pain modulation of trigeminal and spinal areas.

BACKGROUND: Previous evidence indicates significant association between genetic polymorphisms and phenotypes related to pain sensitivity in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Despite the important advances in cataloguing diverse factors such as sleep disorders, anxiety and depression, the interrelated mechanisms of painful TMD aetiopathogenesis still need investigation. OBJECTIVES: This case-control study aimed to evaluate the influence of genetic polymorphisms (rs6296, rs6295, rs1799971, rs4680, rs4633, rs4818) and psychosocial factors on the mechanical pain sensitivity and endogenous pain modulation in women with painful TMD and asymptomatic controls. METHODS: We evaluated six independent variables: anxiety levels, depression, stress, sleep quality, pain catastrophising and genetic polymorphisms, and four dependent variables: mechanical pain threshold (MPT), pressure pain threshold (PPT), wind-up ratio (WUR) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) collected at masseter (trigeminal) and hand (spinal) areas in a sample of 95 painful TMD patients and 85 controls. A regression model was used to test the possible effect of the independent variables on dependent variables. RESULTS: The regression model was significant for MPT (F11,168  = 9.772; R2  = .390). Painful TMD diagnoses and sleep quality were associated with trigeminal MPT (B coefficient = -.499; and B coefficient = -.211, respectively). WUR was associated with rs6295 and rs6746030, respectively, for the spinal and the trigeminal area. CONCLUSION: Genetic polymorphisms had a slight contribution to endogenous pain modulation as indicated by the significant association with WUR but did not contribute to mechanical pain sensitivity. On the other hand, the presence of painful TMD and the sleep quality contributed significantly to mechanical pain sensitivity.

Test-retest reliability of the isometric contraction test (IC test) of the masticatory muscles in subjects with and without temporomandibular muscle disorders

Abstract Recently, the DC/TMD has become an essential tool for the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, as they fail to include functional activities, new assessment proposals have emerged, such as the isometric contraction test (IC test) of the masticatory muscles, which uses muscle contractions to identify muscular TMD. Objective This study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability of the IC test. Methods A total of 64 participants (40 women and 24 men) completed the IC test administered by two different physical therapists on two non-consecutive days. Cohen's kappa (k), PABAK, and percent agreement (PA) between days were estimated. Results The IC test showed good to excellent test-retest reliability values (k>0.77; PABAK>0.90), both globally and individually for the muscles evaluated, and PA>90%, therefore above the thresholds for clinical applicability. However, the global assessment of myofascial pain and the evaluation of the medial pterygoid muscle showed slightly lower reliability values. Conclusion The IC test is reliable for the assessment of subjects with muscular TMD, both in terms of the global assessment and the evaluation of each muscle, which supports its clinical applicability. Care should be taken when assessing myofascial pain globally and when evaluating the medial pterygoid in all types of pain.