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1.
BMC Plant Biol ; 23(1): 497, 2023 Oct 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37845606

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) imbalances are a recurring issue in cultivated soils with pastures across diverse regions. In addition to P deficiency, the prevalence of excess P in soil has escalated, resulting in damage to pasture yield. In response to this reality, there is a need for well-considered strategies, such as the application of silicon (Si), a known element for alleviating plant stress. However, the influence of Si on the morphogenetic and chemical attributes of forage grasses grown in various soils remains uncertain. Consequently, this study aimed to assess the impact of P deficiency and excess on morphogenetic and chemical parameters, as well as digestibility, in Zuri guinea grass cultivated in Oxisol and Entisol soils. It also sought to determine whether fertigation with nanosilica could mitigate the detrimental effects of these nutritional stresses. Results revealed that P deficiency led to a reduction in tiller numbers and grass protein content, along with an increase in lignin content. Conversely, P excess resulted in higher proportions of dead material and lignin, a reduced mass leaf: stem ratio in plants, and a decrease in dry matter (DM) yield. Fertigation with Si improved tillering and protein content in deficient plants. In the case of P excess, Si reduced tiller mortality and lignin content, increased the mass leaf:stem ratio, and enhanced DM yield. This approach also increased yields in plants with sufficient P levels without affecting grass digestibility. Thus, Si utilization holds promise for enhancing the growth and chemical characteristics of forage grasses under P stress and optimizing yield in well-nourished, adapted plants, promoting more sustainable pasture yields.


Subject(s)
Panicum , Phosphorus , Soil , Lignin , Panicum/physiology , Plants
2.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 39: e39017, 2023. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1415905

ABSTRACT

Tillering onion is a herbaceous plant belonging to the Liliaceae family. We cloned the cDNAs of the actin gene (AcACT, GenBank: MF919598) of tillering onion using rapid amplification of the cDNA ends. The full-length cDNA of AcACT was 1,357 bp long with an open reading frame of 1,131 bp encoding 376 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of AcACT shared > 96% similarity with the amino acid sequences of other ACTs and was found (by means of phylogenetic tree analysis) to be closely related to those of Ananas comosus and Papaver somniferum. AcACT expressions showed no significant differences (p > 0.01) in two cultivars L-SH and L-SY over three growth periods and under suitable conditions, low temperature, and short-day conditions. In addition, AcACT was used as an internal reference gene to analyse the expression of the alliinase gene (AcALL). AcALL expression trends in the roots, stems and leaves were consistent with those of diallyl disulphide and diallyl trisulphide. Thus, AcACT is highly conserved and can be used as a suitable internal reference gene when analysing gene expression in tillering onion.


Subject(s)
Actins , Onions
3.
Front Plant Sci ; 13: 1032243, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36507370

ABSTRACT

Despite recognizing the importance of genetic improvement in the production of barley grains, little information is available on the contribution of phenological development to the genetic improvement of Brazilian barley. Field experiments were carried out between 2011 to 2013, in the absence of biotic and abiotic stresses and with preventive lodging control. Five two-rowed spring barley cultivars, released between 1968 and 2008, were evaluated. Although there was no significant association in the cycle length (Emergence - Anthesis) of the cultivars with the year of release, the genetic improvement increased the proportion of the Doble ridge - Maximum number of spikelet primordia/Maximum number of spikelet primordia - anthesis period to the total time to anthesis. The period between DR-MNP was increased in modern cultivars, to the detriment of the Doble ridge - Maximum number of spikelet primordia period. However, the duration of the period between emergences to the double ridge (vegetative phase) was not altered in the analyzed period. Barley breeding in Brazil did not change the total number of leaves on the main stem but caused an increase in the number of leaves earlier in the development, favoring the high level of tillering. The leaf architecture of modern barley was altered towards a more vertical inclination (erectophilic canopy), allowing the penetration of photosynthetically active radiation into the crop canopy.

4.
B. Indústr. Anim. ; 78: e1502, Dec. 10, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-33391

ABSTRACT

Sulfur and potassium are essential elements for the development of forages as part of protein synthesis, nutrient transport, activation of photosynthesis enzymes and stomatal activity. Thus, this study aimed was to evaluate the production and morphology of Xaraes grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraes) and Zuri grass (Megathyrsus maximuscv. Zuri) fertilized with combinations of sulfur (S) and potassium (K) (only S, only K, with S and K, and without both), and identify which of these nutrients should be prioritized in maintenance fertilization. Two experiments were conducted in the greenhouse, in a completely randomized design. The first experiment was utilized the Xaraes grass and the second experiment the Zuri grass. Each experimental plot consisted of 5 dm3 pots with five plants per pot. All treatments were fertilized 200 mg/dm3 per pot with nitrogen. On treatments fertilized with sulfur it were applied ammonium sulfate (21% N and 24% S) as nitrogen supply, thus, it was applied 228 mg/dm3of sulfur per plot. On treatments without sulfur, the nitrogen source was urea (46% N). The treatments with potassium were fertilized 100 mg/dm3 with potassium, utilizing potassium chloride (58% K2O). The harvest was performed when the plants reached the height of 35 and 75 cm, for xaraes and zuri respectively. For Xaraes grass, the fertilization with S and K in different combinations had a significant effect (P<0.05) on forage mass, leaves number and tillers per pot, individual tiller mass, leaf blade, stem + sheath, and dead material, as well as relative forage mass. For Zuri grass, the combinations of S and K showed statistical difference (P<0.05) just on leaf blade mass and dead material, and the number of leaves per pot, as well as on relative leaf blade mass. Based on the results obtained in the two experiments, the S and K combination in the maintenance fertilization of xaraes grass improves the forage development, however, S does not increase the productive indexes of zuri grass.(AU)


O enxofre e o potássio são elementos essenciais para o desenvolvimento das forrageiras, pois participam da síntese de proteínas, transporte de nutrientes, ativação de enzimas da fotossíntese e atividade estomática. Dessa forma, o objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar a produção e a morfologia dos capins Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés e Megathyrsus maximuscv. Zuri adubados com combinações de enxofre (S) e potássio (K) (somente com S, somente com K, com S e K e sem ambos) e identificar qual destes nutrientes deve ser priorizado na adubação de manutenção. Foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. No primeiro experimento foi utilizado o capim Xaraés e no segundo experimento o capim Zuri. Cada parcela experimental consistiu em vasos de 5 dm3com cinco plantas em cada vaso. Todos os tratamentos foram adubados com nitrogênio na dose de 200 mg/dm3por vaso. Nos tratamentos que houve aplicação de enxofre, utilizou-se sulfato de amônio (21%N e 24% S) como fonte de nitrogênio, dessa forma, aplicou-se de 228 mg/dm3de enxofre por vaso. Nos tratamentos com ausência de enxofre a fonte de nitrogênio utilizada foi a ureia (46% N). Os tratamentos com presença de potássio foram adubados com a dose de 100 mg/dm3por vaso de potássio, na forma de cloreto de potássio (58% K2O). O corte foi realizado quando as plantas atingiram a altura de 35 e 75 cm, respectivamente, para o capim-xaraés e capim-zuri. No capim-xaraés, a adubação com S e K em combinações diferentes tiveram efeito significativo (P<0,05) na massa de forragem, número de folhas e de perfilhos por vaso, massa seca de cada perfilho, lâmina foliar, de colmo+bainha e de matéria morta; bem como na massa de forragem relativa. No capim-zuri, as combinações de S e K apresentaram diferença estatística (P<0,05) apenas para as variáveis massa seca de lâmina foliar, de matéria morta e número de folhas por vaso, bem como na massa relativa de lâminas foliares. Com base nos resultados obtidos nos dois experimentos a combinação de S e K na adubação de manutenção do capim-xaraés promove o desenvolvimento do capim, contudo, o S não incrementa os índices produtivos do capim-zuri.(AU)


Subject(s)
Poaceae/anatomy & histology , Poaceae/growth & development , Ammonium Sulfate/administration & dosage , Sulfur Compounds/administration & dosage , Panicum/anatomy & histology , Potassium Compounds/administration & dosage
5.
Bol. ind. anim. (Impr.) ; 78: e1502, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1467016

ABSTRACT

Sulfur and potassium are essential elements for the development of forages as part of protein synthesis, nutrient transport, activation of photosynthesis enzymes and stomatal activity. Thus, this study aimed was to evaluate the production and morphology of Xaraes grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraes) and Zuri grass (Megathyrsus maximuscv. Zuri) fertilized with combinations of sulfur (S) and potassium (K) (only S, only K, with S and K, and without both), and identify which of these nutrients should be prioritized in maintenance fertilization. Two experiments were conducted in the greenhouse, in a completely randomized design. The first experiment was utilized the Xaraes grass and the second experiment the Zuri grass. Each experimental plot consisted of 5 dm3 pots with five plants per pot. All treatments were fertilized 200 mg/dm3 per pot with nitrogen. On treatments fertilized with sulfur it were applied ammonium sulfate (21% N and 24% S) as nitrogen supply, thus, it was applied 228 mg/dm3of sulfur per plot. On treatments without sulfur, the nitrogen source was urea (46% N). The treatments with potassium were fertilized 100 mg/dm3 with potassium, utilizing potassium chloride (58% K2O). The harvest was performed when the plants reached the height of 35 and 75 cm, for xaraes and zuri respectively. For Xaraes grass, the fertilization with S and K in different combinations had a significant effect (P<0.05) on forage mass, leaves number and tillers per pot, individual tiller mass, leaf blade, stem + sheath, and dead material, as well as relative forage mass. For Zuri grass, the combinations of S and K showed statistical difference (P<0.05) just on leaf blade mass and dead material, and the number of leaves per pot, as well as on relative leaf blade mass. Based on the results obtained in the two experiments, the S and K combination in the maintenance fertilization of xaraes grass improves the forage development, however, S does not increase the productive indexes of zuri grass.


O enxofre e o potássio são elementos essenciais para o desenvolvimento das forrageiras, pois participam da síntese de proteínas, transporte de nutrientes, ativação de enzimas da fotossíntese e atividade estomática. Dessa forma, o objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar a produção e a morfologia dos capins Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés e Megathyrsus maximuscv. Zuri adubados com combinações de enxofre (S) e potássio (K) (somente com S, somente com K, com S e K e sem ambos) e identificar qual destes nutrientes deve ser priorizado na adubação de manutenção. Foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. No primeiro experimento foi utilizado o capim Xaraés e no segundo experimento o capim Zuri. Cada parcela experimental consistiu em vasos de 5 dm3com cinco plantas em cada vaso. Todos os tratamentos foram adubados com nitrogênio na dose de 200 mg/dm3por vaso. Nos tratamentos que houve aplicação de enxofre, utilizou-se sulfato de amônio (21%N e 24% S) como fonte de nitrogênio, dessa forma, aplicou-se de 228 mg/dm3de enxofre por vaso. Nos tratamentos com ausência de enxofre a fonte de nitrogênio utilizada foi a ureia (46% N). Os tratamentos com presença de potássio foram adubados com a dose de 100 mg/dm3por vaso de potássio, na forma de cloreto de potássio (58% K2O). O corte foi realizado quando as plantas atingiram a altura de 35 e 75 cm, respectivamente, para o capim-xaraés e capim-zuri. No capim-xaraés, a adubação com S e K em combinações diferentes tiveram efeito significativo (P<0,05) na massa de forragem, número de folhas e de perfilhos por vaso, massa seca de cada perfilho, lâmina foliar, de colmo+bainha e de matéria morta; bem como na massa de forragem relativa. No capim-zuri, as combinações de S e K apresentaram diferença estatística (P<0,05) apenas para as variáveis massa seca de lâmina foliar, de matéria morta e número de folhas por vaso, bem como na massa relativa de lâminas foliares. Com base nos resultados obtidos nos dois experimentos a combinação de S e K na adubação de manutenção do capim-xaraés promove o desenvolvimento do capim, contudo, o S não incrementa os índices produtivos do capim-zuri.


Subject(s)
Sulfur Compounds/administration & dosage , Potassium Compounds/administration & dosage , Panicum/anatomy & histology , Poaceae/anatomy & histology , Poaceae/growth & development , Ammonium Sulfate/administration & dosage
6.
Rev. Ciênc. Agrovet. (Online) ; 20(1): 19-31, 2021.
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1488441

ABSTRACT

The emission and survival of wheat tillers can be influenced by several factors. This study aimes to evaluate the influence of sowing density, tillering potential, and temporal order of emission on the survival, and performance of individual tillers by contrasting the tillering potential of wheat cultivars. The experiment design consisted of a randomized block design with four replications, in a 2×4 factorial scheme, consisting of two wheat cultivars (TBIO Toruk and TBIO Sossego) and four sowing densities (208, 312, 416, and 500viable seeds m−2). Tillers were identified weekly, according to the temporal order of emission, for four consecutive weeks. The study evaluated emission, survival, and productive performance of all tillers, in addition to plant height, peduncle length, stem diameter, fresh weight, and presence of grains. The overall mortality of emitted tillers was 24%. A decrease of 73% in emission and 92% in tiller survival was observed over a period of four weeks. The increased sowing density led to a decrease of 43% in emission and 44%in tiller survival. The cultivar Sossego presented less tillering potential, but with higher survival rate than Toruk. The first two emitted tillers represented 77% of the total emitted tillers. Surviving tillers emitted in the first week were responsible for 40% of the total presence of grains at the end of the wheat cycle.


A emissão e sobrevivência de perfilhos em trigo depende de diversos fatores. Neste estudo, objetivou-seavaliar a influência da densidade de semeadura, do potencial de perfilhamento e da ordem temporal de emissão de perfilhos, na emissão, na sobrevivência e no desempenho de perfilhos individuais em cultivares de trigo contrastantes quanto ao potencial de perfilhamento. O experimento foi realizado emdelineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x4; sendo duas cultivares de trigo (TBIO Toruk e TBIO Sossego) e quatro densidades de semeadura (208; 312; 416 e 500 sementes aptas m−2). Os perfilhos foram identificados semanalmente, conforme a ordem temporal de emissão durante quatro semanas consecutivas. Foram avaliadas a emissão, a sobrevivência e o desempenho produtivos de todos os perfilhos, além disso, foram avaliadas a altura de plantas, comprimento do pedúnculo, diâmetro de colmo, massa verde e presença de grãos. A mortalidade geral de perfilhos emitidos foi de 24%. Houve um decréscimo de 73% na emissão e 92% na sobrevivência de perfilhos ao longo de quatro semanas. O aumento da densidade de semeadura promoveu decréscimo de 43% na emissão e 44% na sobrevivência de perfilhos. A cultivar Sossego apresentou menor potencial de perfilhamento, mas com sobrevivência superior a Toruk. Os dois primeiros perfilhos emitidos representaram 77% do total de perfilhos emitidos. Perfilhos sobreviventes emitidos na primeira semana foram responsáveis por 40% do total da presença de grãos ao final do ciclo.


Subject(s)
24444 , Seeds/growth & development , Triticum/growth & development , Mortality
7.
R. Ci. agrovet. ; 20(1): 19-31, 2021.
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-26983

ABSTRACT

The emission and survival of wheat tillers can be influenced by several factors. This study aimes to evaluate the influence of sowing density, tillering potential, and temporal order of emission on the survival, and performance of individual tillers by contrasting the tillering potential of wheat cultivars. The experiment design consisted of a randomized block design with four replications, in a 2×4 factorial scheme, consisting of two wheat cultivars (TBIO Toruk and TBIO Sossego) and four sowing densities (208, 312, 416, and 500viable seeds m−2). Tillers were identified weekly, according to the temporal order of emission, for four consecutive weeks. The study evaluated emission, survival, and productive performance of all tillers, in addition to plant height, peduncle length, stem diameter, fresh weight, and presence of grains. The overall mortality of emitted tillers was 24%. A decrease of 73% in emission and 92% in tiller survival was observed over a period of four weeks. The increased sowing density led to a decrease of 43% in emission and 44%in tiller survival. The cultivar Sossego presented less tillering potential, but with higher survival rate than Toruk. The first two emitted tillers represented 77% of the total emitted tillers. Surviving tillers emitted in the first week were responsible for 40% of the total presence of grains at the end of the wheat cycle.(AU)


A emissão e sobrevivência de perfilhos em trigo depende de diversos fatores. Neste estudo, objetivou-seavaliar a influência da densidade de semeadura, do potencial de perfilhamento e da ordem temporal de emissão de perfilhos, na emissão, na sobrevivência e no desempenho de perfilhos individuais em cultivares de trigo contrastantes quanto ao potencial de perfilhamento. O experimento foi realizado emdelineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x4; sendo duas cultivares de trigo (TBIO Toruk e TBIO Sossego) e quatro densidades de semeadura (208; 312; 416 e 500 sementes aptas m−2). Os perfilhos foram identificados semanalmente, conforme a ordem temporal de emissão durante quatro semanas consecutivas. Foram avaliadas a emissão, a sobrevivência e o desempenho produtivos de todos os perfilhos, além disso, foram avaliadas a altura de plantas, comprimento do pedúnculo, diâmetro de colmo, massa verde e presença de grãos. A mortalidade geral de perfilhos emitidos foi de 24%. Houve um decréscimo de 73% na emissão e 92% na sobrevivência de perfilhos ao longo de quatro semanas. O aumento da densidade de semeadura promoveu decréscimo de 43% na emissão e 44% na sobrevivência de perfilhos. A cultivar Sossego apresentou menor potencial de perfilhamento, mas com sobrevivência superior a Toruk. Os dois primeiros perfilhos emitidos representaram 77% do total de perfilhos emitidos. Perfilhos sobreviventes emitidos na primeira semana foram responsáveis por 40% do total da presença de grãos ao final do ciclo.(AU)


Subject(s)
Triticum/growth & development , 24444 , Seeds/growth & development , Mortality
8.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 36(6): 2092-2107, 01-11-2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1148247

ABSTRACT

Effects of different soil tillage and sowing systems (Conventional Soil Tillage ­ CST: Moldboard plow + gobble disc + disk harrow + harrow + sowing machine; Reduced Soil Tillage ­ RST: rototiller-combined soil tillage machine + sowing machine; Ridge Sowing ­ RS: gobble disc + ridge-sowing machine; Direct Sowing ­ DS ­ no-till) on plant development and emergence traits of second-crop soybean were investigated in this study under Antalya provincial conditions. Experiments were conducted over the experimental fields of the Aksu Branch of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute for 3 years (2013, 2014, 2015) as a fixed experiment. The number of days to 50% emergence, number of days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of pods per plant, the first pod height, number of plants per m2, 1000-seed weight, and yield were considered as plant development parameters. Mean emergence time, germination rate index, emergence ratio, space ratio, tillering ratio, and acceptable plant spacing ratio were considered as plant emergence parameters. Different soil tillage and sowing systems generally had significant effects on investigated traits at p<0.01 and p<0.05 levels.


Efeitos de diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo e de semeadura (preparo convencional do solo - CST: arado de aiveca + disco de pastilha + grade de disco + grade + semeadora; preparo do solo reduzido - RST: máquina de preparo do solo combinada com rototiller + máquina de semeadura; semeadura em crista - RS: disco de gobble + semeadora em crista; semeadura direta - DS - plantio direto) sobre o desenvolvimento da planta e as características de emergência da soja de segunda safra foram investigadas neste estudo nas condições da província de Antalya. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos campos experimentais da filial de Aksu do Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute por 3 anos (2013, 2014, 2015) como um experimento fixo. O número de dias para 50% de emergência, número de dias para 50% de floração, altura da planta, número de vagens por planta, altura da primeira vagem, número de plantas por m2, peso de 1000 sementes e rendimento foram considerados como parâmetros de desenvolvimento da planta. Tempo médio de emergência, índice de taxa de germinação, razão de emergência, razão de espaço, razão de perfilhamento e razão de espaçamento de plantas aceitável foram considerados como parâmetros de emergência das plantas. Diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo e de semeadura geralmente tiveram efeitos significativos nas características investigadas nos níveis p <0,01 e p <0,05.


Subject(s)
Soil , Glycine max , Crop Production
9.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 36(1): 173-182, jan./feb. 2020. graf, tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1049232

ABSTRACT

The relative contribution of young, mature and old tillers in the canopy influences the production and structure of the pasture. The objective with this work was to evaluate the balance between tiller appearance and tiller death (BAL) during spring and early summer, the morphology and percentages of young, mature and old tillers in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (marandu palisadegrass) with three conditions in late winter: short (24.1 cm), tall (49.0 cm) and tall (50.0 cm)/mown (8 cm). Tall and tall/mown pastures presented higher BAL in September and October, respectively. In January, BAL was higher in short and tall/mown pastures than in tall pasture. The tiller number was higher in short pasture, intermediate in tall/mown pasture and lower in tall pasture. The percentage of old tillers was higher in short and tall pastures compared to tall/mown pasture. The percentage of live leaf lamina reduced, while the percentage of dead leaf lamina increased with tiller age. Mowing of the tall marandu palisadegrass pasture in late winter increases the renewal of tillers in the spring and decreases the percentage of old tillers in the summer. The old tillers present worse morphology than young tillers.


A contribuição relativa de perfilhos jovens, maduros e velhos no dossel influencia a produção e a estrutura do pasto. O objetivo com o trabalho foi avaliar durante a primavera e o início do verão o balanço entre aparecimento e mortalidade de perfilho (BAL), a morfologia e as percentagens de perfilhos jovens, maduros e velhos nos pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (capim-marandu) com três condições ao fim do inverno: baixo (24,1 cm), alto (49,0 cm) e alto (50,0 cm)/roçado (8 cm). Os pastos alto e alto/roçado apresentaram maior BAL em Setembro e Outubro, respectivamente. Em Janeiro, o BAL foi maior nos pastos baixo e alto/roçado do que no pasto alto. O número de perfilho foi maior no pasto baixo, intermediário no pasto alto/roçado e menor no pasto alto. As percentagens de perfilhos jovens e velhos foram maiores nos pastos baixo e alto, em comparação ao pasto alto/roçado. A percentagem de lâmina foliar viva reduziu, enquanto que a percentagem de lâmina foliar morta aumentou com a idade do perfilho. A roçada do pasto alto de capim-marandu no fim do inverno aumenta a renovação de perfilho na primavera e diminui a percentagem de perfilho velho no pasto no verão. O perfilho velho apresenta pior morfologia do que o perfilho jovem.


Subject(s)
Brachiaria
10.
J Exp Bot ; 70(19): 5157-5171, 2019 10 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31128071

ABSTRACT

In subtropical environments where sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) crops are frequently limited by the duration of the growth cycle, earliness in maturity is a key genotypic trait. Using the concept of source-sink relationships, we hypothesised that earliness is controlled by the dynamics of tillering (DT), which define sink strength early in the growth cycle. Five modern commercial sugarcane genotypes with similar sucrose yields and varying degrees of earliness in ripening were grown in the field over three years and their DT, dynamics of sucrose accumulation (DS), and source-sink relationships over time were characterised. Canonical correlations and principal components analysis revealed that DT explained 68% of the total variance in DS. Early ripening genotypes exhibited the shortest thermal time to the end of tiller mortality (θTilmort), the lowest tiller survival and millable tiller number, and greatest sugar content at θTilmort (Sconc,Tilmort). The rate and duration of the sucrose accumulation phase did not explain the genotypic variation either in final sugar content or in earliness when considered in isolation without taking into account the effect of Sconc,Tilmort. In the set of genotypes examined, the variation in final sucrose yield was most explained by the variation in stalk number. We conclude that the dynamics of tiller appearance and senescence modified the early source-sink relationships and thus determined the differential sucrose contents around θTilmort and the earliness of maximal sugar accumulation. θTilmort, which was closely associated with the 14-leaf phenological stage, emerged as a candidate trait to screen for genotypic variation in early ripening, crop cycle duration, and yield.


Subject(s)
Genotype , Saccharum/metabolism , Sucrose/metabolism , Saccharum/genetics , Saccharum/growth & development , Time Factors
11.
Ci. Anim. bras. ; 20: e-46662, Apr. 29, 2019. graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-21200

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to determine the growth, the solar radiation use efficiency, and the gross protein of sorghum forage under different cutting management. A unifactorial design in random blocks (cutting management) was used, varying from no-cut treatment to four cuts. The first cut occurred 44 days after sowing, the second one after 23 days of regrowth, the third one after 25 days of regrowth, and the last one after 40 days of regrowth. The efficiency of the sorghum forage's solar radiation use reduces as the number of cuts increases. The sorghum forage's gross protein increases with cutting management. Therefore, for a sorghum forage crop, it is recommended to restrain the cutting management up to three times during the crop cycle, since it has the biomass potential production, and the cuts should be made at every 25 days, depending on the increase of dry mass. After that, the cutting management should not be done, mainly due to the low radiation use efficiency, reduced dry mass accumulation, and low material quality.(AU)


O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o crescimento, a eficiência do uso da radiação solar e a proteína bruta do sorgo forrageiro submetido a diferentes manejos de cortes. Foi utilizado um esquema unifatorial em delineamento de blocos casualizados (manejo de cortes), que variou do tratamento sem corte até quatro cortes. O primeiro corte ocorreu 44 dias após a semeadura, o segundo 23 dias após o rebrote, o terceiro 25 dias após o rebrote e o último após 40 dias do rebrote. A eficiência do uso da radiação solar do sorgo forrageiro reduziu com o aumento do número de cortes. A proteína bruta das plantas de sorgo aumentou com o manejo de cortes. Portanto, para a cultura do sorgo forrageiro, recomenda-se restringir o manejo de cortes para até três vezes durante o ciclo, desde que exista potencial produtivo de biomassa, e esses cortes devem ocorrer a cada 25 dias, dependendo do acréscimo de matéria seca. Não se recomenda a realização de mais do que três cortes, devido à baixa eficiência na utilização da radiação solar, à reduzida acumulação de matéria seca e à baixa qualidade desse material.(AU)


Subject(s)
Solar Radiation , Sorghum/chemistry , Sorghum/growth & development , Pasture
12.
Ciênc. anim. bras. (Impr.) ; 20: e, 2019. graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1473659

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to determine the growth, the solar radiation use efficiency, and the gross protein of sorghum forage under different cutting management. A unifactorial design in random blocks (cutting management) was used, varying from no-cut treatment to four cuts. The first cut occurred 44 days after sowing, the second one after 23 days of regrowth, the third one after 25 days of regrowth, and the last one after 40 days of regrowth. The efficiency of the sorghum forage's solar radiation use reduces as the number of cuts increases. The sorghum forage's gross protein increases with cutting management. Therefore, for a sorghum forage crop, it is recommended to restrain the cutting management up to three times during the crop cycle, since it has the biomass potential production, and the cuts should be made at every 25 days, depending on the increase of dry mass. After that, the cutting management should not be done, mainly due to the low radiation use efficiency, reduced dry mass accumulation, and low material quality.


O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o crescimento, a eficiência do uso da radiação solar e a proteína bruta do sorgo forrageiro submetido a diferentes manejos de cortes. Foi utilizado um esquema unifatorial em delineamento de blocos casualizados (manejo de cortes), que variou do tratamento sem corte até quatro cortes. O primeiro corte ocorreu 44 dias após a semeadura, o segundo 23 dias após o rebrote, o terceiro 25 dias após o rebrote e o último após 40 dias do rebrote. A eficiência do uso da radiação solar do sorgo forrageiro reduziu com o aumento do número de cortes. A proteína bruta das plantas de sorgo aumentou com o manejo de cortes. Portanto, para a cultura do sorgo forrageiro, recomenda-se restringir o manejo de cortes para até três vezes durante o ciclo, desde que exista potencial produtivo de biomassa, e esses cortes devem ocorrer a cada 25 dias, dependendo do acréscimo de matéria seca. Não se recomenda a realização de mais do que três cortes, devido à baixa eficiência na utilização da radiação solar, à reduzida acumulação de matéria seca e à baixa qualidade desse material.


Subject(s)
Solar Radiation , Sorghum/growth & development , Sorghum/chemistry , Pasture
13.
R. Ci. agrovet. ; 18(1): 24-32, 2019. tab
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-28962

ABSTRACT

Um fator limitante para a expansão tritícola no Cerrado brasileiro ou para o cultivo em safrinha é a ocorrência de altas temperaturas no decorrer do ciclo da cultura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da temperatura durante o estádio de diferenciação de espiguetas sobre parâmetros biométricos e componentes produtivos de cultivares de trigo. O experimento foi conduzido em cultivo protegido com delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Dois regimes de temperatura diurna e noturna (16/9 ˚C e 25/16 ˚C) foram utilizados em quatro cultivares de trigo (BRS 394, BRS 331, BRS Parrudo e BRS Guamirim) durante o período de diferenciação das espiguetas. Os componentes de produção foram avaliados em perfilhos individuais e na planta inteira. Os regimes de temperatura testados não afetam os componentes de rendimento da cultura, tampouco a uniformidade morfológica e produtiva dos perfilhos, parâmetros que apresentaram grande variação entre as cultivares testadas.(AU)


A limiting factor for wheat crop expansion or off-season crop in the Brazilian Cerrado is the occurrence of elevated temperatures during cropping cycle. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of temperature during the spikelet differentiation stage on biometric and productive parameters of wheat cultivars. A greenhouse experiment was carried out under a randomized blocks design, organized in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates. Two day/night thermo periods (16/9 ˚C and 25/16 ˚C) were applied in four wheat cultivars (BRS 394, BRS 331, BRS Parrudo and BRS Guamirim) during the spikelet differentiation stage. Yield components were determined for individual tillers and for the whole plant. Both thermo periods do not affect yield components of wheat, either morphological and productive uniformity of tillers, which show large variation among wheat cultivars.(AU)


Subject(s)
Triticum , Climate Effects , 24444
14.
Rev. Ciênc. Agrovet. (Online) ; 18(1): 24-32, 2019. tab
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1488310

ABSTRACT

Um fator limitante para a expansão tritícola no Cerrado brasileiro ou para o cultivo em safrinha é a ocorrência de altas temperaturas no decorrer do ciclo da cultura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da temperatura durante o estádio de diferenciação de espiguetas sobre parâmetros biométricos e componentes produtivos de cultivares de trigo. O experimento foi conduzido em cultivo protegido com delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Dois regimes de temperatura diurna e noturna (16/9 ˚C e 25/16 ˚C) foram utilizados em quatro cultivares de trigo (BRS 394, BRS 331, BRS Parrudo e BRS Guamirim) durante o período de diferenciação das espiguetas. Os componentes de produção foram avaliados em perfilhos individuais e na planta inteira. Os regimes de temperatura testados não afetam os componentes de rendimento da cultura, tampouco a uniformidade morfológica e produtiva dos perfilhos, parâmetros que apresentaram grande variação entre as cultivares testadas.


A limiting factor for wheat crop expansion or off-season crop in the Brazilian Cerrado is the occurrence of elevated temperatures during cropping cycle. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of temperature during the spikelet differentiation stage on biometric and productive parameters of wheat cultivars. A greenhouse experiment was carried out under a randomized blocks design, organized in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates. Two day/night thermo periods (16/9 ˚C and 25/16 ˚C) were applied in four wheat cultivars (BRS 394, BRS 331, BRS Parrudo and BRS Guamirim) during the spikelet differentiation stage. Yield components were determined for individual tillers and for the whole plant. Both thermo periods do not affect yield components of wheat, either morphological and productive uniformity of tillers, which show large variation among wheat cultivars.


Subject(s)
Climate Effects , Triticum , 24444
15.
Semina Ci. agr. ; 39(4): 1617-1626, jul.-ago. 2018. graf, tab
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-22816

ABSTRACT

Pasture mowing at the beginning of deferment stimulates tillering and can be used in different ways. The aim of this study was to understand how the mowing of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu Syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (marandu palisade grass) prior to the deferment period modifies tillering activity and the characteristics of young, mature, and old tillers. Three mowing strategies were evaluated: canopies kept at a height of 15 cm for five months before deferment (15/15 cm); canopies kept at 30 cm (30/15 cm) or 45 cm (45/15 cm) for five months before deferment and posteriorly cut to 15 cm at the start of the deferment period. The structural characteristics of young, mature, and old tillers of marandu palisade grass were compared only at the end of the deferment period. The tiller appearance rate was greater before (16.0%) than during (6.4%) the deferment period, but a contrasting response pattern was observed for the tiller mortality rate. The defoliation strategies that resulted in greater numbers of tillers in the canopies were 30/15 cm (2,098 tillers m-²) and 45/15 cm (2,160 tillers m-2). The defoliation strategy that generated the greatest percentage of young tillers in the canopy was 45/15 cm (26.1%), while the percentage of old tillers was greater in the canopies submitted to the 15/15 cm (64.1%) and 30/15 cm (61.5%) strategies. Weight and percentage of live stems of mature and old tillers were greater in relation to young tillers. The percentage of live leaves was grater in young tillers (52.6%), intermediate in mature tillers (41.4%), and lower in old tillers (21.3%). Regarding the percentage of dead leaves, the opposite trend was observed, where the percentage was greater in the old than in young tillers. Leaf area was greater in mature tillers (55.3 cm²) than in old tillers (29.2 cm²)...(AU)


O rebaixamento do pasto no início do diferimento estimula o perfilhamento e pode ser realizado de distintas maneiras. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender como as formas de rebaixamento da Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (capim-marandu) no início do diferimento modificam o perfilhamento e as características de perfilhos jovens, maduros e velhos. Três estratégias de rebaixamento foram avaliadas: dossel com 15 cm cinco meses antes do diferimento (15/15 cm);e dosséis com 30 cm (30/15 cm) ou 45 cm (45/15 cm) durante cinco meses e rebaixado para 15 cm no início do diferimento. Também foram avaliadas as características estruturais de perfilhos jovens, maduros e velhos do capim-marandu ao fim do período de diferimento. A taxa de aparecimento de perfilho foi maior antes (16,0 %) do que durante (6,4 %) o período de diferimento, mas um padrão de resposta contrário ocorreu para a taxa de mortalidade de perfilho. As estratégias de desfolhação que resultaram em maior número de perfilho nos dosséis foram as de 30/15 cm (2.098 perfilho m-2) e 45/15 cm (2.160 perfilho m-2). A estratégia de desfolhação que gerou maior porcentagem de perfilho jovem no dossel foi a de 45/15 cm (26,1 %), enquanto que a porcentagem de perfilho velho foi maior nos dosséis submetidos às estratégias de 15/15 cm (64,1 %) e 30/15 cm (61,5 %). O peso e a percentagem de colmo vivo dos perfilhos maduros e velhos foram maiores em relação ao do perfilho jovem. A porcentagem de folha viva foi maior nos perfilhos jovens (52,6 %), intermediária no perfilho maduro (41,4 %) e menor no perfilho velho (21,3 %). A porcentagem de folha morta apresentou padrão de resposta contrário ao observado para a percentagem de folha viva. A área foliar foi maior no perfilho maduro (55,3 cm²) e menor no perfilho velho (29,2 cm²)...(AU)


Subject(s)
Pasture/analysis , Poaceae/growth & development , Poaceae/physiology
16.
Braz. j. microbiol ; Braz. j. microbiol;49(1): 67-78, Jan.-Mar. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-889191

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The use of dark septate fungi (DSE) to promote plant growth can be beneficial to agriculture, and these organisms are important allies in the search for sustainable agriculture practices. This study investigates the contribution of dark septate fungi to the absorption of nutrients by rice plants and their ensuing growth. Four dark septate fungi isolates that were identified by Internal transcribed spacer phylogeny were inoculated in rice seeds (Cv. Piauí). The resulting root colonization was estimated and the kinetic parameters Vmax and Km were calculated from the nitrate contents of the nutrient solution. The macronutrient levels in the shoots, and the NO3--N, NH4+-N, free amino-N and soluble sugars in the roots, sheathes and leaves were measured. The rice roots were significantly colonized by all of the fungi, but in particular, isolate A103 increased the fresh and dry biomass of the shoots and the number of tillers per plant, amino-N, and soluble sugars as well as the N, P, K, Mg and S contents in comparison with the control treatment. When inoculated with isolates A103 and A101, the plants presented lower Km values, indicating affinity increases for NO3--N absorption. Therefore, the A103 Pleosporales fungus presented the highest potential for the promotion of rice plant growth, increasing the tillering and nutrients uptake, especially N (due to an enhanced affinity for N uptake) and P.


Subject(s)
Fungi/physiology , Oryza/growth & development , Oryza/microbiology , Ascomycota/classification , Ascomycota/genetics , Ascomycota/isolation & purification , Ascomycota/physiology , Biomass , Fungi/classification , Fungi/genetics , Fungi/isolation & purification , Nitrogen/metabolism , Oryza/metabolism , Phosphates/metabolism , Phylogeny , Plant Roots/growth & development , Plant Roots/metabolism , Plant Roots/microbiology , Potassium/metabolism
17.
Braz. J. Microbiol. ; 49(1): 67-78, jan.-mar. 2018. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-17904

ABSTRACT

The use of dark septate fungi (DSE) to promote plant growth can be beneficial to agriculture, and these organisms are important allies in the search for sustainable agriculture practices. This study investigates the contribution of dark septate fungi to the absorption of nutrients by rice plants and their ensuing growth. Four dark septate fungi isolates that were identified by Internal transcribed spacer phylogeny were inoculated in rice seeds (Cv. Piauí). The resulting root colonization was estimated and the kinetic parameters Vmax and Km were calculated from the nitrate contents of the nutrient solution. The macronutrient levels in the shoots, and the NO3--N, NH4+-N, free amino-N and soluble sugars in the roots, sheathes and leaves were measured. The rice roots were significantly colonized by all of the fungi, but in particular, isolate A103 increased the fresh and dry biomass of the shoots and the number of tillers per plant, amino-N, and soluble sugars as well as the N, P, K, Mg and S contents in comparison with the control treatment. When inoculated with isolates A103 and A101, the plants presented lower Km values, indicating affinity increases for NO3--N absorption. Therefore, the A103 Pleosporales fungus presented the highest potential for the promotion of rice plant growth, increasing the tillering and nutrients uptake, especially N (due to an enhanced affinity for N uptake) and P.(AU)


Subject(s)
Oryza/growth & development , Oryza/microbiology , Fungi , Nitrates , Solid Waste Grinding
18.
Braz J Microbiol ; 49(1): 67-78, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28888828

ABSTRACT

The use of dark septate fungi (DSE) to promote plant growth can be beneficial to agriculture, and these organisms are important allies in the search for sustainable agriculture practices. This study investigates the contribution of dark septate fungi to the absorption of nutrients by rice plants and their ensuing growth. Four dark septate fungi isolates that were identified by Internal transcribed spacer phylogeny were inoculated in rice seeds (Cv. Piauí). The resulting root colonization was estimated and the kinetic parameters Vmax and Km were calculated from the nitrate contents of the nutrient solution. The macronutrient levels in the shoots, and the NO3--N, NH4+-N, free amino-N and soluble sugars in the roots, sheathes and leaves were measured. The rice roots were significantly colonized by all of the fungi, but in particular, isolate A103 increased the fresh and dry biomass of the shoots and the number of tillers per plant, amino-N, and soluble sugars as well as the N, P, K, Mg and S contents in comparison with the control treatment. When inoculated with isolates A103 and A101, the plants presented lower Km values, indicating affinity increases for NO3--N absorption. Therefore, the A103 Pleosporales fungus presented the highest potential for the promotion of rice plant growth, increasing the tillering and nutrients uptake, especially N (due to an enhanced affinity for N uptake) and P.


Subject(s)
Fungi/physiology , Oryza/growth & development , Oryza/microbiology , Ascomycota/classification , Ascomycota/genetics , Ascomycota/isolation & purification , Ascomycota/physiology , Biomass , Fungi/classification , Fungi/genetics , Fungi/isolation & purification , Nitrogen/metabolism , Oryza/metabolism , Phosphates/metabolism , Phylogeny , Plant Roots/growth & development , Plant Roots/metabolism , Plant Roots/microbiology , Potassium/metabolism
19.
Semina ciênc. agrar ; 39(4): 1617-1626, 2018. graf, tab
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1501192

ABSTRACT

Pasture mowing at the beginning of deferment stimulates tillering and can be used in different ways. The aim of this study was to understand how the mowing of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu Syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (marandu palisade grass) prior to the deferment period modifies tillering activity and the characteristics of young, mature, and old tillers. Three mowing strategies were evaluated: canopies kept at a height of 15 cm for five months before deferment (15/15 cm); canopies kept at 30 cm (30/15 cm) or 45 cm (45/15 cm) for five months before deferment and posteriorly cut to 15 cm at the start of the deferment period. The structural characteristics of young, mature, and old tillers of marandu palisade grass were compared only at the end of the deferment period. The tiller appearance rate was greater before (16.0%) than during (6.4%) the deferment period, but a contrasting response pattern was observed for the tiller mortality rate. The defoliation strategies that resulted in greater numbers of tillers in the canopies were 30/15 cm (2,098 tillers m-²) and 45/15 cm (2,160 tillers m-2). The defoliation strategy that generated the greatest percentage of young tillers in the canopy was 45/15 cm (26.1%), while the percentage of old tillers was greater in the canopies submitted to the 15/15 cm (64.1%) and 30/15 cm (61.5%) strategies. Weight and percentage of live stems of mature and old tillers were greater in relation to young tillers. The percentage of live leaves was grater in young tillers (52.6%), intermediate in mature tillers (41.4%), and lower in old tillers (21.3%). Regarding the percentage of dead leaves, the opposite trend was observed, where the percentage was greater in the old than in young tillers. Leaf area was greater in mature tillers (55.3 cm²) than in old tillers (29.2 cm²)...


O rebaixamento do pasto no início do diferimento estimula o perfilhamento e pode ser realizado de distintas maneiras. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender como as formas de rebaixamento da Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (capim-marandu) no início do diferimento modificam o perfilhamento e as características de perfilhos jovens, maduros e velhos. Três estratégias de rebaixamento foram avaliadas: dossel com 15 cm cinco meses antes do diferimento (15/15 cm);e dosséis com 30 cm (30/15 cm) ou 45 cm (45/15 cm) durante cinco meses e rebaixado para 15 cm no início do diferimento. Também foram avaliadas as características estruturais de perfilhos jovens, maduros e velhos do capim-marandu ao fim do período de diferimento. A taxa de aparecimento de perfilho foi maior antes (16,0 %) do que durante (6,4 %) o período de diferimento, mas um padrão de resposta contrário ocorreu para a taxa de mortalidade de perfilho. As estratégias de desfolhação que resultaram em maior número de perfilho nos dosséis foram as de 30/15 cm (2.098 perfilho m-2) e 45/15 cm (2.160 perfilho m-2). A estratégia de desfolhação que gerou maior porcentagem de perfilho jovem no dossel foi a de 45/15 cm (26,1 %), enquanto que a porcentagem de perfilho velho foi maior nos dosséis submetidos às estratégias de 15/15 cm (64,1 %) e 30/15 cm (61,5 %). O peso e a percentagem de colmo vivo dos perfilhos maduros e velhos foram maiores em relação ao do perfilho jovem. A porcentagem de folha viva foi maior nos perfilhos jovens (52,6 %), intermediária no perfilho maduro (41,4 %) e menor no perfilho velho (21,3 %). A porcentagem de folha morta apresentou padrão de resposta contrário ao observado para a percentagem de folha viva. A área foliar foi maior no perfilho maduro (55,3 cm²) e menor no perfilho velho (29,2 cm²)...


Subject(s)
Pasture/analysis , Poaceae/growth & development , Poaceae/physiology
20.
Semina Ci. agr. ; 38(6): 3725-3738, Nov.-Dec.2017. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-738875

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to assess the contribution of basal and aerial tillers to structural and productive characteristics of Tifton 85 bermudagrass, irrigated with fish tank wastewaters and fertilized with NPK. The experiment was conducted in the city of Petrolina-PE, Northeastern Brazil. The evaluated area had 960 m2 subdivided into five treatments and ten replicates, in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of different fertilization rates of NPK (0, 33, 67, 100, and 150%) as recommended by the Handbook of Fertilization Recommendations for the State of Pernambuco, and based on a prior soil analysis. Irrigation water came from fishponds with Nile Tilapia fingerlings. The experiment was divided into four intervals of 27, 29, 18, and 21 days respective to the first, second, third, and fourth cuts. Both tiller types were analyzed for number of individuals, culm length and diameter, fully- and partially-expanded leaves, leaf length and width (fully or partially expanded), dry mass of leaves (fully and partially expanded and total), culm, dead tissue, and total tiller, and the ratio of leaf and culm. Both structural and productive characteristics showed a linear growth trend for both types, with emphasis on the basal tillers. Thus, a suitable supply of nutrients is crucial for grasses, mainly NPK, as these are macronutrients of vital importance in physiological processes.(AU)


Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a contribuição dos perfilhos basais e aéreos do capim-tifton 85, nas suas características estruturais e produtivas, quando irrigado com efluentes de tanque de piscicultura e recebendo adubação com NPK. O trabalho foi conduzido no município de Petrolina-PE, e a área útil utilizada foi de 960 m2 dividida em cinco tratamentos e dez repetições, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram compostos por diferentes níveis de adubação com NPK (0, 33, 67, 100 e 150%) conforme recomendado pelo manual de análise de solo do estado de Pernambuco-PE, sendo que antes das adubações foram realizadas as análises do solo. A água para irrigação foi oriunda de tanques de piscicultura povoados com alevinos de Tilápia do Nilo. O experimento foi dividido em quatro intervalos com 27, 29, 18 e 21 dias para o primeiro, segundo, terceiro e quarto corte, respectivamente. As variáveis analisadas foram: número de perfilhos basais e aéreos, comprimento e diâmetro do colmo, número de lâmina foliar expandida e em expansão, comprimento e largura de lâmina foliar expandida e em expansão das duas categorias de perfilhos, além da massa seca da lâmina foliar expandida, em expansão e total, do colmo, tecido morto e por unidade de perfilho, assim como a relação lâmina foliar/colmo dos dois tipos de perfilhos, basal e aéreo. Verificou-se crescimento linear das características estruturais e produtivas de ambos os perfilhos com destaque para o basal, mostrando assim a necessidade do fornecimento adequado dos nutrientes para as gramíneas, em especial de NPK, macronutrientes de vital importância nos processos fisiológicos e de desenvolvimento. A adubação com 150% do recomendado de NPK, aliada aos nutrientes fornecidos pela água de piscicultura promoveu o maior desenvolvimento estrutural dos perfilhos e a maior produtividade dos mesmos.(AU)


Subject(s)
Cynodon , Fisheries/analysis , /analysis
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