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1.
Community Dent Health ; 41(2): 140-144, 2024 May 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38686783

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the association between tobacco advertising (TA) exposure and poor self-rated oral health (SROH) is mediated through secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in Brazilian adults who have never smoked. METHODS: Secondary cross-sectional analysis of The Brazilian National Health Survey 2019 data. The daily, weekly, or monthly exposure to SHS at home or at work was set as the mediator. Mediation analysis within a counterfactual approach used adjusted binary logistic regressions for both poor SROH and SHS exposure, to estimate the natural direct effect (NDE), natural indirect effect (NIE) through SHS exposure, and marginal total effect (MTE) of TA exposure on poor SROH. To assess the robustness of the results, we calculated the E-value for the MTE. RESULTS: The sample comprised 53,295 never smoker adults. The MTE of TA exposure on poor SROH was 1.09 (1.03, 1.16), with the indirect effect through SHS exposure responsible for only 16.6% of the total (NIE: 1.01 [1.01, 1.02] and NDE: 1.08 [1.02, 1.14]). An effect of 1.42 would be required for an unmeasured confounder to explain away the association between TA and SROH. CONCLUSION: More individuals exposed to TA have poor SROH than those unexposed, with secondhand smoke exposure explaining only a small portion of this effect. Upstream tobacco policies should consider oral health outcomes.


Subject(s)
Advertising , Oral Health , Tobacco Smoke Pollution , Humans , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Cross-Sectional Studies , Advertising/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Brazil , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Adolescent , Health Surveys
2.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; Arq. neuropsiquiatr;82(3): s00441779271, 2024. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1557132

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background Unlike cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has not been as well described as an environmental risk for Multiple sclerosis (MS) nor as a risk factor for disease progression. Objective We systematically reviewed the association between ETS and the risk of onset and/or progression of MS. Methods We systematically screened MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, LILACs, and SciELO searching for publications between January 1st, 2010, and July 5, 2021, with the following keywords: "multiple sclerosis and smoking"; "multiple sclerosis and passive smoking"; "multiple sclerosis and secondhand smoking". Results Fifteen articles were included in this review, which consisted of systematic reviews with meta-analysis (N = 2), systematic reviews (N = 2), and observational studies (N = 11). Both meta-analyses reported an impact of ETS on MS onset among secondhand smokers. One of the systematic reviews selected two observational studies showing the association between ETS and MS development, and one study that did not find a significant association between ETS and the risk of MS development. The other systematic review identified selected eight articles showing a relationship between ETS and MS. Seven observational studies reported higher odds of MS onset when associated with ETS. Four observational studies did not show a relationship between ETS and MS onset or progression. Conclusion Most articles showed a positive association between ETS exposure and the risk of developing MS. On the other hand, an association between ETS and a higher risk for MS progression could not be established.


Resumo Antecedentes Ao contrário do tabagismo ativo, o fumo passivo (FP) não é tão bem estabelecido como risco para o desenvolvimento de esclerose múltipla (EM) nem como um fator de risco para a progressão da doença. Objetivo Revisamos sistematicamente a associação entre FP e o risco de aparecimento e/ou progressão da EM. Métodos Fizemos uma triagem sistemática nas bases de dados MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, LILACs e SciELO em busca de publicações entre 1° de janeiro de 2010 e 5 de julho de 2021 com as seguintes palavras-chave: "multiple sclerosis and smoking"; "multiple sclerosis and passive smoking"; "multiple sclerosis and secondhand smoking". Resultados Quinze artigos foram incluídos nesta revisão, que consistiu em revisões sistemáticas com metanálise (N = 2), revisões sistemáticas (N = 2) e estudos observacionais (N = 11). As metanálises relataram um impacto do FP no surgimento da EM entre fumantes passivos. Um revisão sistemática selecionou dois estudos observacionais mostrando a associação entre FP e desenvolvimento de EM, e um estudo que não encontrou associação significativa entre FP e o risco de desenvolvimento de EM. Outra revisão sistemática identificou oito artigos selecionados mostrando uma relação entre FP e EM. Sete estudos observacionais relataram maiores chances de aparecimento de EM quando associados a FP. Quatro estudos observacionais não mostraram uma relação entre FP e o desenvolvimento ou progressão da EM. Conclusão A maioria dos artigos mostrou uma associação positiva entre a exposição ao FP e o risco de desenvolver EM. Por outro lado, não foi possível estabelecer uma associação entre FP e maior risco de progressão da EM.

3.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; Rev. chil. enferm. respir;39(4): 290-294, dic. 2023. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1559657

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), como el cáncer, enfermedades cardiovasculares y respiratorias, son la epidemia del siglo XXI, siendo el tabaquismo un factor de riesgo común. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes tabáquicos de la Unidad de Tratamientos Intermedios (UTI) del Instituto Nacional del Tórax. Material y Método: Estudio observacional, analítico y descriptivo. Se evaluaron 150 ingresos consecutivos a la UTI desde el 01 de septiembre al 01 de diciembre de 2022. Resultados: La prevalencia de tabaquismo fue de un 56%, incluyendo exfumadores. La media de edad fue de 64 años. La exposición a humo de segunda mano resultó significativa con un 41,7% en fumadores activos. Las asociaciones con hipertensión arterial, EPOC y cáncer pulmonar resultaron significativas. Un 20,2% de los pacientes con cáncer pulmonar tenían tabaquismo activo. No fueron significativos los días de estadía en la unidad, hospitalaria general ni fallecimientos. Conclusiones: En nuestra cohorte la prevalencia de tabaquismo fue más alta que la nacional y se confirmó su vínculo con las ECNT. Identificamos que la exposición de segunda mano fue significativa, por lo que los esfuerzos para el cese del tabaquismo deben ir enfocados tanto al paciente como su entorno cercano. A pesar que algunos pacientes tenían el diagnóstico de cáncer pulmonar, un porcentaje no menor seguía fumando, por lo que es relevante incorporar a este grupo de pacientes a programas especializados para reducir morbilidad. Con nuestro estudio reafirmamos la importancia de continuar con los esfuerzos nacionales por reducir el tabaquismo como acción preventiva de las ECNT y sus complicaciones.


Introduction: Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, are the epidemic of the 21st century, smoking being a common risk factor. Objective: To characterize smoking patients in the Intermediate Treatment Unit (ICU) of the Chilean National Thorax Institute. Material and Method: Observational, analytical and descriptive study. 150 consecutive admissions to the ICU were evaluated from September 1 to December 1, 2022. Results: The prevalence of smoking was 56%, including former smokers. The average age was 64 years-old. Exposure to secondhand smoke was significant with 41.7% in active smokers. The associations with high blood pressure, COPD and lung cancer were significant. 20.2% of patients with lung cancer were active smokers. The days of stay in the unit, general hospital stay, or deaths were not significant. Conclusions: In our cohort the prevalence of smoking was higher than the national average and its link with NCDs is confirmed. We identified that secondhand exposure was significant, so efforts to stop smoking must be focused on both the patient and their immediate environment. Although some patients had a diagnosis of lung cancer, a significant percentage continued to smoke, making it important to incorporate this group of patients into specialized programs to reduce morbidity. With our study we reaffirm the importance of continuing national efforts to reduce smoking as a preventive action for NCDs and their complications.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Intensive Care Units
4.
BMC Res Notes ; 16(1): 232, 2023 Sep 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37752592

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Parental Perceptions of Children's Exposure to Tobacco Smoke (PPE) instrument to the Brazilian context. RESULTS: The cross-cultural adaptation process was performed in 10 stages. Four translators, eight specialists, and 35 primary care users participated in the study. Both translations were similar. The synthesis version that was back-translated was equivalent to the original. The committee of experts scored all items in the content validity index as 3 or 4, suggesting only small changes such as changing "photo" to "image" and "service balcony" to "service area". After the completion of the first sequence of pretests, some adjustments were required by the committee of experts for the second round. The form of application of the self-administered questionnaire for the interview was changed, the Likert scale was reduced from 7 to 5 points, and the option "I don't know" was added to questions 18, 19, and 20. After these adjustments, the instrument was well accepted by the study population and presented good internal consistency (Cronbach's α score = 0.82). The PPE instrument, which assesses the perception of parents about their children's exposure to cigarette smoke, was satisfactorily translated and adapted to the Brazilian context.


Subject(s)
Tobacco Smoke Pollution , Humans , Child , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Brazil , Translations , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results
5.
Lancet Reg Health Am ; 20: 100478, 2023 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36970492

ABSTRACT

Background: Second-hand smoke exposure is prevalent amongst adolescents, despite of being a preventable risk factor associated with unfavourable outcomes. The distribution of this risk factor varies by underlying determinants and public health officers need contemporary evidence to update policies. Using the most recent data available from adolescents in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), we described the prevalence of second-hand smoking. Methods: Pooled analysis of Global School-based Student Health (GSHS) surveys conducted from 2010 to 2018 was conducted. Two indicators were analysed based on information from the 7 days prior to the survey: a) any exposure to second-hand smoking (0 vs ≥1 days of exposure); and b) daily exposure (<7 vs 7 days). Prevalence estimates were carried out accounting for the complex survey design, and reported overall, by country, by sex, and by subregion. Findings: GSHS surveys were administered in 18 countries, yielding a total of 95,805 subjects. Pooled age-standardised prevalence of second-hand smoking was 60.9% (95% CI: 59.9%-62.0%) with no substantial differences between boys and girls. The age-standardised prevalence of any second-hand smoking varied from 40.2% in Anguilla to 68.2% in Jamaica, and the highest prevalence was in the Southern Latin America subregion (65.9%). Pooled age-standardised prevalence of daily second-hand smoking was 15.1% (95% CI: 14.2%-16.1%), and was higher in girls than boys (16.5% vs 13.7%; p < 0.001). The age-standardised prevalence of daily second-hand smoking ranged between 4.8% in Peru to 28.7% in Jamaica, and the highest age-standardised prevalence was in Southern Latin America (19.7%). Interpretation: The prevalence of any second-hand smoking is high among adolescents in LAC, though estimates changed substantially by country. While policies and interventions to reduce/stop smoking are implemented, attention should also be paid to avoid second-hand smoke exposure. Funding: Wellcome Trust International Training Fellowship (214185/Z/18/Z).

6.
Physis (Rio J.) ; 33: e33SP103, 2023. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1521329

ABSTRACT

Resumo Introdução: Os produtos de tabaco aquecido (HTP) têm ganhado popularidade nos últimos anos. No entanto, tem-se questionado sobre os danos que provocam na saúde, em especial aos impactos decorrentes da exposição a suas emissões. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o impacto do uso de HTPs em ambientes internos/fechados na qualidade do ar e/ou na saúde das pessoas expostas passivamente, por meio de uma revisão sistemática de estudos originais. Métodos: Realizou-se busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Sistem (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e SCOPUS. As etapas de seleção, extração dos dados e avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos foi realizada em dupla, de forma independente, e as divergências foram resolvidas por consenso. Resultados: Foram selecionados 21 estudos, incluídos nesta revisão. Os resultados indicam que os produtos de tabaco aquecido são fonte de poluição ambiental decorrente da emissão de material particulado. Conclusão: Os produtos de tabaco aquecido produzem emissões que podem expor as pessoas às substâncias tóxicas emitidas no ambiente fechado, assim como outros produtos de tabaco.


Abstract Introduction: Heated tobacco products (HTP) have gained popularity in recent years. However, questions have been raised about the damage they cause to health, especially the impacts resulting from exposure to their emissions. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the use of HTPs indoors on air quality and/or the health of passively exposed people, through a systematic review of original studies. Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS) and SCOPUS databases. Results: 21 studies were selected and included in this review. The results indicate that heated tobacco products are a source of environmental pollution due to the emission of particulate matter. The stages of selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment of the studies were performed in pairs, independently, and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Conclusion: Heated tobacco products produce emissions that can expose people to toxic substances emitted indoors, just like other tobacco products.

7.
Med. UIS ; 35(2): e401, mayo-ago. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1422046

ABSTRACT

Resumen Los cigarrillos electrónicos sustituyeron el tabaco del cigarrillo convencional por un e-liquid compuesto por varios compuestos orgánicos; estos entraron al mercado sin mayores pruebas toxicológicas preclínicas o ensayos de seguridad a nivel mundial, generando un gran número de personas expuestas al aerosol de segunda mano, en quienes los posibles riesgos aún no han sido dilucidados. El objetivo de esta revisión es identificar los riesgos para la salud de personas expuestas al aerosol de segunda mano de cigarrillos electrónicos. La búsqueda bibliográfica realizó una revisión en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo y EBSCO, incluyendo estudios realizados en humanos, animales e in vitro. Los principales hallazgos fueron exacerbaciones de asma, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, efectos proinflamatorios, estrés oxidativo y ansiedad. La evidencia encontró efectos adversos en personas expuestas al aerosol de segunda mano del cigarrillo electrónico; se destacan exacerbaciones de asma, neumonitis por hipersensibilidad, inflamación y estrés oxidativo.


Abstract Electronic cigarettes replaced the tobacco leaf in conventional cigarettes with an e-liquid composed of multiple organic compounds; these entered the market without major preclinical toxicological tests or safety trials worldwide. Generating a large number of people exposed to second-hand aerosol, to whom the possible risks have not yet been elucidated. The objective of this review was to identify the health risks of people exposed to second-hand aerosol from electronic cigarettes. The review was carried out using PubMed, Scielo and EBSCO databases, including studies carried out in humans, animals and invitro. The main findings were exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pro-inflammatory effects, oxidative stress and anxiety. Evidence found adverse effects in people exposed to second-hand aerosol from electronic cigarettes; highlighting exacerbations of asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, inflammation and oxidative stress.

8.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; Arq. neuropsiquiatr;80(6): 557-562, June 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1393969

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background Smoking has been considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cancer, depression and other diseases in previous reports, and active smoking is considered to be a risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke. In addition, a retrospective study showed that male smokers were at increased risk of bleeding from arteriovenous malformation (AVM), compared with non-smokers. However, the effect of passive smoking on rupturing of cerebral AVM in non-smoking women has not been addressed. Objective This study aimed to assess the impact of tobacco exposure on AVM bleeding risk in non-smoking women. Methods A total of 393 non-smoking women diagnosed with AVM were included. They were divided into a bleeding group (205 women) and a non-bleeding group (188 women). We conducted univariate and multivariate analysis on these two groups. In univariate analysis, risk factors that might be related to AVM bleeding were analyzed. In multivariate analysis, the relationship between passive smoking and AVM rupture was analyzed by correcting confounding factors. Results Multivariate analysis showed that the proportion of passive smoking was statistically different between the bleeding group and the non-bleeding group (OR = 1.609; CI = 1.031-2.509; p = 0.036). Conclusion Passive smoking may increase the risk of AVM bleeding in non-smoking women. This increased risk may be related to the inflammatory response, vascular wall damage, hemodynamic disorders, changes in atherosclerosis and changes in gene expression caused by passive smoking.


RESUMO Antecedentes O tabagismo tem sido considerado fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares, câncer, depressão e outras doenças em relatos anteriores, e o tabagismo ativo é considerado fator de risco para acidente vascular cerebral hemorrágico. Além disso, um estudo retrospectivo mostrou que os fumantes do sexo masculino apresentavam risco aumentado de sangramento por malformação arteriovenosa (MAV), em comparação com os não fumantes. No entanto, o efeito do tabagismo passivo na ruptura da MAV cerebral em mulheres não fumantes não foi abordado. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto da exposição ao tabaco no risco de sangramento de MAV em mulheres não fumantes. Métodos Foram incluídas 393 mulheres não fumantes diagnosticadas com MAV. Elas foram divididas em um grupo com sangramento (205 mulheres) e um grupo sem sangramento (188 mulheres). Realizamos análise univariada e multivariada nesses dois grupos. Na análise univariada, foram analisados ​​os fatores de risco que podem estar relacionados ao sangramento de MAV. Na análise multivariada, a relação entre tabagismo passivo e ruptura de MAV foi analisada por meio da correção de fatores de confusão. Resultados A análise multivariada mostrou que a proporção de tabagismo passivo foi estatisticamente diferente entre o grupo com sangramento e o grupo sem sangramento (OR = 1,609; IC = 1,031-2,509; p = 0,036). Conclusão O tabagismo passivo pode aumentar o risco de sangramento de MAV em mulheres não fumantes. Esse risco aumentado pode estar relacionado à resposta inflamatória, danos na parede vascular, distúrbios hemodinâmicos, alterações na aterosclerose e alterações na expressão gênica causadas pelo tabagismo passivo.

9.
Eur Arch Paediatr Dent ; 23(4): 513-525, 2022 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35429295

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: We aimed to systematically evaluate whether SHS exposure is associated with poor periodontal status in individuals up to 15 years. METHODS: Seven databases were searched by two independent reviewers according to pre-specified eligibility criteria up to November 2021. The methodological quality of included studies was appraised using The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and GRADE was used for assessing the certainty of evidence. Random-effects pairwise meta-analyses compared the periodontal status of those exposed and unexposed to SHS through standardized mean differences (SMDs) and associated confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: Eight cross-sectional studies were eligible for inclusion and two present high methodological quality. All studies contributed to the meta-analysis for gingival index scores (GI) and four for probing pocket depth (PPD). Those exposed exhibited significantly higher levels of GI compared to unexposed (SMD = 1.03, 95% CI 0.17-1.89), but no difference was observed for PPD (SMD = 0.34, 95% CI - 0.14-0.82), with overall very low certainty on evidence. CONCLUSION: Therefore, very low certainty evidence supports that children and adolescents exposed to SHS possibly present poorer periodontal status due to higher levels of GI.


Subject(s)
Tobacco Smoke Pollution , Adolescent , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Periodontal Index , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects
10.
Einstein (São Paulo, Online) ; 20: eAO0011, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1384790

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To determine whether passive smoking causes morphological and structural changes in the arcuate arteries of rats exposed for 7 to 28 days. Methods Wistar rats aged eight weeks and weighing 260g on average were allocated to a Control or a Smoker Group. Groups were further divided into 4 groups containing 5 animals each. Morphological-functional analysis of the right kidneys was carried out after 7 and 28 days of exposure to the smoke of 40 cigarettes per day. Cigarettes were burned at set times using automated cigarette-burning equipment ("Smoking Machine" - SM-MC-01). At the end of each exposure period, the kidneys were dissected and submitted to histological processing for morphological and quantitative analysis. Results Exposure to cigarette smoke for 7 days led to a decrease in inner vascular diameter. Decreased thickness of the vascular tunica media was observed after exposure for 28 days. Increased thickness of the tunica adventitia, increased total vascular wall thickness, increased total vascular diameter and qualitative increase in collagen deposition were observed. Vascular volume increased after 28 days of exposure. Conclusion Passive smoking has a negative impact on renal vasculature.

11.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 46: e103, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1450263

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Almost 20 years after the launching by the Pan American Health Organization of its "Smoke-Free Americas" initiative in 2001, in December 2020, South America became the first subregion in the Americas to accomplish 100% smoke-free environments in line with Article 8 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Some of these countries adopted legal measures that are more robust than others, including in their laws specific outdoor places in the smoking ban (like Argentina and Uruguay) and/or novel nicotine and tobacco products under their scope (like Ecuador and Paraguay). The 10 countries took different paths to adopt this public health measure, either through executive or legislative measures or a combination of both. A few countries, like Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela, started at the subnational level and then moved on to the national level, similar to the rest of the countries. For achieving this milestone, an adequate context was crucial: the broad ratification of the FCTC and the relevance given to the human right to health, civil society efforts, commitments made by intergovernmental bodies, media and communication strategies, and the development of scientific evidence. Countries faced obstacles, including the well-known interference of the tobacco industry, which among other strategies used litigation; however, courts and judges upheld comprehensive legal measures on smoke-free environments. The process by which South America achieved this milestone represents a role model for other subregions of the Americas and the world.


RESUMEN Casi 20 años después del lanzamiento de la iniciativa "América libre de humo" de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud en el año 2001, en diciembre del 2020, América del Sur se convirtió en la primera subregión de la Región de las Américas en lograr que 100% de los entornos sean libres de humo, en consonancia con el Artículo 8 del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (CMCT). Algunos de países de la subregión adoptaron medidas legales más sólidas e incluyeron en su legislación la prohibición de fumar en lugares al aire libre concretos (como Argentina y Uruguay) o de introducir nuevos productos de nicotina y tabaco en su alcance jurídico (como Ecuador y Paraguay). Los diez países tomaron diferentes caminos para adoptar esta medida de salud pública, ya fuera mediante disposiciones ejecutivas, legislativas o una combinación de ambas. Algunos países, como Argentina, Brasil y Venezuela, empezaron a nivel subnacional y luego, de un modo similar al del resto de países, pasaron al nivel nacional. Para lograr este hito fue crucial un contexto adecuado: una amplia ratificación del CMCT y la relevancia dada al derecho humano a la salud, los esfuerzos de la sociedad civil, los compromisos asumidos por los órganos intergubernamentales, los medios y las estrategias de comunicación, y el progreso de la evidencia científica. Los países se enfrentaron a obstáculos, entre ellos la conocida interferencia de la industria tabacalera, que entre otras estrategias empleó el uso de litigios; sin embargo, distintos tribunales y jueces respaldaron medidas legales integrales de ambientes libres de humo de tabaco. El proceso mediante el cual América del Sur ha logrado este objetivo representa un modelo a seguir para otras subregiones de las Región de las Américas y el mundo.


RESUMO Em dezembro de 2020, quase 20 anos depois do lançamento da iniciativa "Américas sem Fumo" pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, em 2001, a América do Sul tornou-se a primeira sub-região das Américas a alcançar ambientes 100% livres de fumaça de tabaco, em conformidade com o Artigo 8 da Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde (CQCT). Alguns desses países adotaram medidas legais mais robustas que outros, com a inclusão da proibição de fumar em determinados locais ao ar livre (como Argentina e Uruguai) e/ou de novos produtos de nicotina e tabaco no escopo de suas leis (como Equador e Paraguai). Os dez países seguiram caminhos diferentes ao adotarem essa medida de saúde pública, por meio de medidas executivas ou legislativas ou ainda por uma combinação de ambas. Alguns países, como Argentina, Brasil e Venezuela, começaram no âmbito subnacional e depois passaram ao âmbito nacional, de maneira semelhante aos demais países. Para alcançar esse marco, foi crucial ter um contexto adequado: a ampla ratificação da CQCT, bem como a importância dada ao direito humano à saúde, os esforços da sociedade civil, os compromissos assumidos por organismos intergovernamentais, as estratégias de mídia e comunicação e o desenvolvimento de evidências científicas. Os países enfrentaram obstáculos, incluindo a conhecida interferência da indústria do tabaco, que, entre outras estratégias, recorreu ao litígio; entretanto, os tribunais e juízes mantiveram medidas legais abrangentes sobre ambientes livres de fumo. O processo pelo qual a América do Sul alcançou esse marco constitui um exemplo para outras sub-regiões das Américas e para o mundo.

12.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 38(supl.1): e00107421, 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1374864

ABSTRACT

Estimates suggest that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is related to 1.2 million deaths per year worldwide. Synergy between various anti-smoking legislative and educational measures is essential to stimulate cessation and prevent initiation. This article aimed to explore how legislative protection from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in enclosed workplaces in Brazil, whose strengthening occurred in a phased manner between 1996 and 2014, possibly contributed to the protection from passive smoking at home. We evaluated, via generalized linear models, the absolute and relative differences in the proportion of individuals living in smoke-free homes between those exposed and not exposed to passive smoking in enclosed workplaces, both crude and adjusted by sociodemographic and smoking behavior variables, and stratified by non-smokers and smokers. Data from three national surveys conducted in 2008, 2013, and 2019 were used. Regardless of smoking status and year when the data were analyzed, individuals who were employed in smoke-free workplaces were more likely to live in smoke-free homes than smokers who were employed in workplaces that allowed smoking. Adjusted absolute difference increased from +5.5% in 2008 to +10.5% in 2013 among non-smokers, and from +7.1% in 2013 to 15.6% in 2019 among smokers (p-values for additive interaction ≤ 0.05). Strengthening the Brazilian smoke-free legislation was likely associated with a reduction in passive smoking at home, which, therefore, may also reduce the burden of mortality, morbidity, and costs for society related to smoking.


Estima-se que a exposição à fumaça ambiental de tabaco esteja relacionada a 1,2 milhão de mortes por ano no mundo. A sinergia das diversas medidas antitabaco, tanto legislativas quanto educativas, é essencial para estimular a cessação e prevenir a iniciação do tabagismo. O artigo tem como objetivo explorar a possível contribuição da proteção legislativa contra a exposição à fumaça ambiental de tabaco nos locais fechados de trabalho no Brasil, cujo fortalecimento ocorreu por fases entre 1996 e 2014, para a proteção contra o tabagismo passivo em casa. Foram utilizados modelos lineares generalizados para avaliar as diferenças absolutas e relativas na proporção de brasileiros que vivem em domicílios sem fumaça ambiental de tabaco, entre aqueles expostos e não expostos ao tabagismo passivo em locais de trabalho fechados, brutas e ajustadas por variáveis sociodemográficas e de comportamento de tabagismo, estratificadas entre fumantes e não fumantes. Foram usados os dados de três inquéritos nacionais, realizados em 2008, 2013 e 2019. Independentemente de condição de tabagista e do ano de análise, os indivíduos empregados em locais de trabalho livres de tabaco apresentaram maior probabilidade de residir em domicílios livres de tabaco, comparado com aqueles que trabalhavam em locais onde fumar era permitido. A diferença absoluta ajustada aumentou de +5,5% em 2008 para +10,5% em 2013 entre não fumantes, e de +7,1% em 2013 para +15,6% em 2019 entre fumantes (valores de p de interação aditiva ≤ 0,05). É provável que o fortalecimento da legislação antitabaco no Brasil esteve associado a uma redução no tabagismo passivo em casa, o que, portanto, pode reduzir a carga de morbimortalidade e de custos para a sociedade, relacionados ao tabagismo.


Se estimó que la exposición al humo del tabaco ambiental está relacionada con 1,2 millones de muertes por año en todo el mundo. La sinergia de varias medidas antitabaco legislativas y educacionales es esencial para estimular dejar de fumar y prevenir comenzar a fumar. La propuesta de este artículo fue explorar la posible contribución de la protección legislativa ante la exposición al humo del tabaco ambiental en lugares de trabajo cerrados en Brasil, cuyo afianzamiento se produjo de manera gradual entre 1996 y 2014, para la protección de los fumadores pasivos en casa. Se utilizaran modelos lineales generalizados para evaluar las diferencias absolutas y relativas en la proporción de individuos que viven en hogares libres de humos, entre quienes estaban expuestos y no expuestos como fumadores pasivos en lugares de trabajo cerrados, crudas y ajustadas por variables sociodemográficas y comportamiento de fumador, y estratificadas por no fumadores y fumadores. Se usaron los datos de las tres encuestas nacionales llevadas a cabo en 2008, 2013 y 2019. Independientemente del estatus del consumo de tabaco y el año de análisis, los individuos que fueron empleados en un lugar de trabajo libre de humos tenían más probabilidades de vivir en un hogar libre de humos en comparación con los fumadores que trabajaban en donde se fumaba. La diferencia ajustada absoluta aumentó del +5,5% en 2008 al +10,5% en 2013 entre no fumadores, y del +7,1% en 2013 al +15,6% en 2019 entre fumadores (valores de p de interacción aditiva ≤ 0,05). El fortalecimiento de la legislación antitabaco en Brasil estuvo presumiblemente asociado con una reducción con los fumadores pasivos en el hogar, y, por consiguiente, podría también reducir la carga de mortalidad, morbilidad y costes para la sociedad en relación con el tabaquismo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/prevention & control , Smoke-Free Policy , Nicotiana , Brazil/epidemiology , Smoking , Workplace
13.
Saúde Pesqui. (Online) ; 14(2): 361-368, abr-jun 2021.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1291100

ABSTRACT

Analisar a associação entre o fumo passivo e o consumo de álcool e drogas ilícitas entre adolescentes. Estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa e abrangência estadual, em uma amostra de 6.264 adolescentes, captados por amostragem aleatória por conglomerados. Os dados foram recolhidos por meio do Global School-Based Student Health Survey. O teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson (x²) e a regressão logística binária foram utilizados nas análises dos dados. Observou-se exposição significante ao fumo passivo (70,7%), e identificou-se que a exposição ao fumo passivo esteve associado com o consumo de álcool (OR = 2,04; IC 95%: 1,72 2,42) e drogas ilícitas (OR = 4,33; IC 95%: 2,72 6,90), mesmo entre aqueles adolescentes que não fumam e seus pais não fumam e independentemente do sexo, idade e escolaridade materna. O fumo passivo esteve associado ao consumo de álcool e drogas ilícitas pelos adolescentes, excluindo uso de cigarro por parte dos jovens e dos seus pais


To analyze an association between secondhand smoke and alcohol and illicit drug use among adolescents. Epidemiological, descriptive study, with a quantitative approach and state coverage, in a sample of 6,264 adolescents, captured by random sampling by clusters. Data were collected using the Global School-Based Student Health Survey. Pearson's chi-square test (x²) and binary logistic regression were used in the data analysis. There was a significant exposed to secondhand smoke (70.7%). In addition, it was found that exposure to secondhand smoke was associated with alcohol consumption (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.72 2.42) and illicit drugs (OR = 4.33; 95% CI: 2.72 6.90), even among those adolescents who do not smoke and their parents do not smoke and regardless of gender, age and maternal education. Passive smoking was associated with alcohol and illicit drug use by adolescents, excluding the use of cigarettes by young people and their parents

14.
Gac Sanit ; 35(4): 402-404, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32682515

ABSTRACT

The initial high level of compliance with the Chilean comprehensive national smoke-free law in 2013 is fading, particularly in the hospitality sector. This paper draws attention to how using a simple and low-cost surveillance inquiry may help focus on the use of scarce inspection resources to improve compliance with the law in the hospitality sector. We conducted a cross-sectional assessment of second-hand smoke exposure in night entertainment venues in Santiago, Chile, by measuring particulate matter of less than 2.5µm (PM2.5). Smoking where prohibited by law was observed in 36% of the venues visited. Venues where smoking was spotted at the time of the observation had a median PM2.5 concentration 13 times higher than background concentration on the street. The study shows that a targeted approach for inspection to find pockets of venues with suboptimal compliance is feasible and affordable.


Subject(s)
Air Pollution, Indoor , Tobacco Smoke Pollution , Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Restaurants
15.
Rev. bras. enferm ; Rev. bras. enferm;74(supl.4): e20200804, 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing | ID: biblio-1280003

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the association between individual characteristics and housing context with smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Methods: a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 3,580 pregnant women who underwent prenatal care in the Unified Health System in 2019. The outcomes were firsthand, secondhand smoke and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Individual characteristics and the living environment were used as exploratory variables. Results: living in a neighborhood with episodes of violence, without social cohesion and without urban elements that encourage physical activity was associated with smoking. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy was associated with living in environments that do not encourage physical activity. Smoking was also associated with lower income and education. Conclusions: individual characteristics and the living environment are associated with smoking, secondhand smoke and alcohol consumption during pregnancy.


RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre características individuales y contexto habitacional con el tabaquismo y el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo. Métodos: estudio transversal con una muestra probabilística de 3580 gestantes que se sometieron a atención prenatal en el Sistema Único de Salud en 2019.Los resultados fueron tabaquismo activo, pasivo y consumo de bebidas alcohólicas durante el embarazo. Las características individuales y el entorno de vida se utilizaron como variables exploratorias. Resultados: vivir en un barrio con episodios de violencia, sin cohesión social y sin elementos urbanos que incentiven la actividad física se asoció con el tabaquismo. El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas durante el embarazo se asoció con vivir en ambientes que no estimulan la actividad física. El tabaquismo también se asoció con menores ingresos y educación. Conclusiones: las características individuales y el entorno de vida se asocian con el tabaquismo, el tabaquismo pasivo y el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo.


RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a associação entre características individuais e contexto de moradia ao tabagismo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação. Métodos: estudo transversal, com amostra probabilística de 3.580 gestantes que realizaram pré-natal no Sistema Único de Saúde em 2019. Os desfechos foram fumo ativo, passivo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação. Utilizaram-se como variáveis exploratórias características individuais e do ambiente de moradia. Resultados: Residir em vizinhança com episódios de violência, sem coesão social e sem elementos urbanos que estimulem atividade física esteve associado com o fumo. O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gravidez esteve associado com residir em ambientes que não estimulam a atividade física. O fumo também foi associado com renda e escolaridade mais baixas. Conclusão: características individuais e do ambiente de moradia estão associadas ao tabagismo, fumo passivo e ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação.

16.
Rev. bras. enferm ; Rev. bras. enferm;74(supl.4): e20200804, 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing | ID: biblio-1280011

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the association between individual characteristics and housing context with smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Methods: a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 3,580 pregnant women who underwent prenatal care in the Unified Health System in 2019. The outcomes were firsthand, secondhand smoke and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Individual characteristics and the living environment were used as exploratory variables. Results: living in a neighborhood with episodes of violence, without social cohesion and without urban elements that encourage physical activity was associated with smoking. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy was associated with living in environments that do not encourage physical activity. Smoking was also associated with lower income and education. Conclusions: individual characteristics and the living environment are associated with smoking, secondhand smoke and alcohol consumption during pregnancy.


RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre características individuales y contexto habitacional con el tabaquismo y el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo. Métodos: estudio transversal con una muestra probabilística de 3580 gestantes que se sometieron a atención prenatal en el Sistema Único de Salud en 2019.Los resultados fueron tabaquismo activo, pasivo y consumo de bebidas alcohólicas durante el embarazo. Las características individuales y el entorno de vida se utilizaron como variables exploratorias. Resultados: vivir en un barrio con episodios de violencia, sin cohesión social y sin elementos urbanos que incentiven la actividad física se asoció con el tabaquismo. El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas durante el embarazo se asoció con vivir en ambientes que no estimulan la actividad física. El tabaquismo también se asoció con menores ingresos y educación. Conclusiones: las características individuales y el entorno de vida se asocian con el tabaquismo, el tabaquismo pasivo y el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo.


RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a associação entre características individuais e contexto de moradia ao tabagismo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação. Métodos: estudo transversal, com amostra probabilística de 3.580 gestantes que realizaram pré-natal no Sistema Único de Saúde em 2019. Os desfechos foram fumo ativo, passivo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação. Utilizaram-se como variáveis exploratórias características individuais e do ambiente de moradia. Resultados: Residir em vizinhança com episódios de violência, sem coesão social e sem elementos urbanos que estimulem atividade física esteve associado com o fumo. O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gravidez esteve associado com residir em ambientes que não estimulam a atividade física. O fumo também foi associado com renda e escolaridade mais baixas. Conclusão: características individuais e do ambiente de moradia estão associadas ao tabagismo, fumo passivo e ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação.

17.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992, Impr.) ; Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992, Impr.);67(supl.1): 22-25, 2021.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1287837

ABSTRACT

Despite substantial evidence on the negative effect of active smoking to Covid-19, the impact of passive smoking in the course of disease remains largely unclear. Our aim was to reflect passive smoking as a risk factor in the current pandemic. Studies are needed to increase our knowledge on passive smoking and Covid-19 implications. The reflections current findings strongly support interventions and policies to curb the tobacco epidemic.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Tobacco Products , COVID-19 , Smoking/adverse effects , SARS-CoV-2
18.
Einstein (São Paulo, Online) ; 19: eAO6000, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1345968

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze whether passive inhalation of cigarette smoke causes morphological, structural, and functional changes in kidneys of rats. Methods Wistar rats, aged eight weeks, weighing on average 260g, were divided into Control Group and Smoking Group. Each group was subdivided into four groups of ten animals for morphofunctional analysis, in a period of seven and 28 days. The Smoking Group was exposed to smoke of 40 cigarettes per day, at certain times and in automated equipment for cigarette burning, called smoking machine (SM-MC-01). After the exposure period, urine and blood samples were collected for the functional analyses, and the kidneys were dissected and submitted to histological procedures for morphoquantitative analyses. Results After exposure of animals of the Smoking Group, the following were observed: lower weight gain; lower water and feed intake; decreased renal weight, diameter, and volume; reduction in cortical thickness and glomerular volume density; decrease in glomerular and capsular diameter; increase in mesangial density; decreased urine volume; increased levels of glucose, serum creatinine and microalbuminuria; decreased urinary creatinine levels and creatinine clearance rate. Conclusion Passive smoking negatively influences renal morphology and glomerular filtration rate, with effects similar to those described in the literature regarding active smoking.


RESUMO Objetivo Analisar se a inalação passiva da fumaça do cigarro proporciona alterações morfológicas, estruturais e funcionais nos rins de ratos. Métodos Ratos Wistar, com oito semanas de idade, pesando, em média, 260g, foram divididos em Grupo Controle e Grupo Tabagista. Cada grupo foi subdividido em quatro grupos de dez animais para análise morfofuncional, em um período de sete e 28 dias. O Grupo Tabagista foi exposto à fumaça de 40 cigarros por dia, em horários determinados e equipamento automatizado de queima de cigarros, denominado smoking machine (SM-MC-01). Após o período de exposição, foram coletadas amostras de urina e sangue para as análises funcionais, e os rins foram dissecados e submetidos a procedimentos histológicos para análises morfoquantitativas. Resultados Após a exposição dos animais do Grupo Tabagista, observou-se menor ganho de peso; menor consumo de água e ração; menor peso, diâmetro e volume renal; redução em espessura cortical e densidade de volume glomerular; diminuição no diâmetro glomerular e capsular; aumento na densidade mesangial; volume urinário diminuído; níveis aumentados de glicose, creatinina sérica e microalbuminúria; níveis reduzidos de creatinina urinária e redução da taxa de depuração da creatinina. Conclusão O tabagismo passivo influencia negativamente na morfologia renal e na taxa de filtração glomerular, com efeitos semelhantes aos descritos na literatura em relação ao tabagismo ativo.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Smoking/adverse effects , Rats, Wistar , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Kidney
19.
Investig. andin ; 22(41)dic. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1550434

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras sustancias en su relación con predictores de riesgo para la salud mental, en estudiantes de salud de una universidad pública. Metodología: tipo cuantitativa, descriptiva, transversal. Se seleccionaron 3020 estudiantes de nueve (9) facultades de salud. A través de un muestreo por conglomerados proporcional al número de estudiantes por facultad, se utilizó un cuestionario compuesto de cuatro partes: una con variables sociodemográficas y tres test. Resultados: AUDIT: de los 1726 estudiantes que respondieron la encuesta 80,4 % está en la zona de riesgo I, por lo que se sugiere educación sobre el alcohol; el 0,9 % se ubicó en la zona IV, se aconseja la derivación a especialista. FAGESTRÖM: los que respondieron (n=196), el 88,3 % puntuaron como fumador poco dependiente; el 8,2 % de ellos presentaron riesgo de dependencia. DUSI: en relación con el consumo de sustancias ilícitas, la marihuana tiene el consumo más alto (n=554), el 72,3 % lo hizo de forma experimental; el 8,5 % lo realizó de forma compulsiva. Conclusión: los datos encontrados permitieron ver cifras elevadas de consumo perjudicial, por tal motivo es necesario proponer estrategias de intervención oportunas.


Objective. To describe the prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances and its relationship with predictors of mental health in health students from a public university. Materials and methods. Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional. Three thousand twenty students from nine health departments were selected. Cluster sampling is proportional to the number of students per department. A questionnaire of four parts was used: one with sociodemographic variables and three tests. Results. AUDIT: Out of 1726 respondents, 80.4 % were in risk zone I where education on alcohol is suggested and 0.9 % were in zone IV, referral to a specialist; FAGESTRÖM: Of the respondents (n = 196), 88.3 % scored as slightly dependent smokers and 8.2 % had a risk of dependence. DUSI: About the use of controlled substances, marijuana has the highest consumption (n = 554); 72.3 % used it experimentally and 8.5 % did it compulsively. Conclusion. The data revealed high figures of harmful use; therefore, it is necessary to propose timely intervention strategies.

20.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; Arq. bras. cardiol;114(2): 295-303, Feb. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1088850

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Cigarette smoking is usually associated with hypertension and may modify vasoconstrictor response. Objective: The present study aimed to analyze and compare the interaction of passive cigarette smoking and hypertension on epinephrine and felypressin blood pressure effects after intravascular injection. Method: 45-day male Wistar rats had the main left renal artery partially constricted and the right kidney removed (1K1C model). Rats were placed in the chamber for exposition to passive cigarette smoking (10 cigarettes) during 10 min (6 days a week). Hypertensive rats received atenolol (90 mg/kg/day) by gavage for two weeks. Hypotensive and hypertensive response, response duration and heart rate were recorded from direct blood pressure values. The significance level was 5%. Results: Passive cigarette smoking increased maximal hypertensive response to epinephrine in normotensive and 1K1C-atenolol treated rats and to felypressin only in 1K1C-atenolol treated rats; it also reduced epinephrine hypotensive response. Epinephrine increased heart rate in normotensive and hypertensive passive smokers or non-smoker rats. Comparing the two vasoconstrictors, epinephrine showed greater hypertensive response in normotensive smokers, 1K1C-atenolol treated smokers and non-smokers. However, in normotensive-nonsmoker rats, felypressin showed a greater and longer hypertensive effect. Conclusions: Our results suggest that passive cigarette smoking may reduce epinephrine vasodilation and increase hypertensive response when compared to felypressin. Therefore, felypressin may be safe for hypertensive patients to avoid tachycardia and atenolol interaction, but for normotensive and non-smoker patients, epinephrine may be safer than felypressin.


Resumo Fundamento: O tabagismo geralmente está associado à hipertensão e pode modificar a resposta vasoconstritora. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar e comparar a interação do tabagismo passivo e hipertensão sobre os efeitos da epinefrina e felipressina na pressão arterial após injeção intravascular. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos de 45 dias tiveram a artéria renal principal esquerda parcialmente obstruída e o rim direito removido (modelo 1K1C). Os ratos foram colocados na câmara para exposição ao tabagismo passivo (10 cigarros) durante 10 minutos (6 dias por semana). Ratos hipertensos receberam atenolol (90 mg/kg/dia) por gavagem durante duas semanas. A resposta hipotensora e hipertensiva, a duração da resposta e a frequência cardíaca foram registradas a partir da medida dos valores diretos da pressão arterial. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: O tabagismo passivo aumentou a resposta hipertensiva máxima à epinefrina em ratos normotensos e ratos 1K1C tratados com atenolol e à felipressina apenas em ratos 1K1C tratados com atenolol; também reduziu a resposta hipotensiva à epinefrina. A epinefrina aumentou a frequência cardíaca em ratos fumantes passivos ou não-fumantes, normotensos e hipertensos. Comparando os dois vasoconstritores, a epinefrina apresentou maior resposta hipertensiva em fumantes normotensos, ratos 1K1C fumantes e não fumantes tratados com atenolol. No entanto, em ratos normotensos e não fumantes, a felipressina apresentou um efeito hipertensivo maior e mais prolongado. Conclusões: Nossos resultados sugerem que o tabagismo passivo pode reduzir a vasodilatação da epinefrina e aumentar a resposta hipertensiva quando comparado à felipressina. Portanto, a felipressina pode ser segura para pacientes hipertensos, com o objetivo de evitar a interação entre taquicardia e atenolol, mas para pacientes normotensos e não-fumantes, a epinefrina pode ser mais segura que a felipressina.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Atenolol/pharmacology , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Epinephrine/pharmacology , Felypressin/pharmacology , Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology , Time Factors , Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology , Vasodilation/drug effects , Rats, Wistar , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Interactions , Heart Rate/drug effects , Hypertension/drug therapy , Hypotension
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