Efficacy of Transdermal Buprenorphine Patch in Postoperative Pain Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.

Aim: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of transdermal Buprenorphine patch in postoperative pain management in Major Oral and Maxillofacial surgeries done under general anesthesia. Materials and Method: A total number of 100 subjects, both males and females in the age group of 18-60 years were included in the study. At the screening visit, a brief medical history was recorded for each prospective subject. The subject was selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and consent was taken before placing the patch. For a period of 7 days, 10 mg Buprenorphine patch was placed on the skin of the patient for 3 h before the surgery. Analgesic efficacy was recorded for the next 7 days by using visual analogue scale (hereinafter refered to as "VAS"). If the VAS score was above 5, the rescue analgesia inj. Dynapar I.V was administered to the patient. Results: The mean VAS score in females 4.4, was high when compared to males 3.9, which would suggest that the patch was more effective in males compared to females. Trauma patients showed mean VAS score of 3.9 and pathology patients showed a mean VAS score of 4.1. 36% of the patients required additional analgesics as the VAS score was more than 5. 20% of patients between age group of 20-30 years required additional analgesics, 66.7% in 31-40yrs, 0% of 41-50yrs and 13.3% in 51-60yrs required additional analgesics. 24% of the females patients required 37 additional analgesics compared to the 12% in male patients. 21.6% of patients treated for pathology required additional analgesics compared to the 8.2% in trauma patients. Thus, the sensitivity of this study was 94.1% and specificity was 33.3%. Conclusion: Buprenorphine has high analgesic potential, good safety profile, ease of opioids switches and reversibility by µ- antagonist. Transdermal route is cost effective and has increased patient compliance and ease of handling with less adverse effects. Thus, the efficacy of transdermal buprenorphine in postoperative pain management was good.

A finasteride patch for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: A study of promoting permeability strategy using synthetic novel O-acylmenthols combined with ion-pair.

Currently, finasteride (FIN) is approved to treat androgenetic alopecia only orally, and the application of FIN in transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) has introduced a new approach for treating the disease. This study was aimed to develop a FIN transdermal patch for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia（AGA） by combing ion-pair and O-acylmenthols (AM) as chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs). The formulation of patch was optimized though single-factor investigation and Box-Behnken design. The pharmacokinetics and androgenetic alopecia pharmacodynamics of the patch were evaluated. Additionally, the permeability enhancement mechanisms of ion-pair and AMs were explored at both the patch and skin levels. The effects of ion-pair and AMs on the patch were characterized by rheology study, FTIR, and molecular docking, and the effects on the skin were assessed through ATR-FTIR, Raman study, DSC, CLSM and molecular dynamics. The finalized formulation of FIN patches was consisted of 5 % (w/w) synthetic FIN-CA (Citric Acid), 6 % MT-C6 as CPEs, 25-AAOH as a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA), with a patch thickness of 80 ± 5 µm. The final Q24 h is 78.22 ± 5.18 µg/cm2. Based on the high FIN permeability, the pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the FIN patch group exhibited a slower absorption rate (tmax = 7.3 ± 2.7 h), lower peak plasma concentration and slower metabolic rate (t1/2 = 6.2 ± 0.8 h, MRT0-t = 26.0 ± 7.8 h) compared to the oral group. Moreover, the FIN patch also demonstrated the same effect as the oral group in promoting hair growth in AGA mice. The results indicated that both FIN-CA and AMs could enhance the fluidity of the PSA and weaken the interaction between FIN-CA and PSA, thereby promoting the release of the FIN from the patch. The interaction sites on the skin for ion-pair and the four AMs were found in the stratum corneum (SC) of the skin, disrupting the tight arrangement of stratum corneum lipids. This study serves as a reference for the multi-pathway administration of FIN and the combination of ion-pair with AMs to enhance drug permeation.

Assessment of basic pharmacokinetic parameters of dapagliflozin in TTS formulations in male minipigs.

Given the extended time over which diabetes treatment is administered, the transdermal delivery system is anticipated to be a more suitable option for older individuals who may experience difficulty swallowing. The continuous delivery of dapagliflozin and more stable plasma levels are anticipated to reduce the incidence of side effects and the frequency of dosing. The objectives of the study were to determine the safety and plasma pharmacokinetics of dapagliflozin in male minipigs following application of the ointment and skin patch. In the initial phase of the study, the potential for transdermal permeation of dapagliflozin from ointment and transdermal patch to blood plasma of 15 male Göttingen minipigs was investigated. In the subsequent phase, the efficacy of utilising patches of varying strengths and sizes was assessed. The LC/MS method was employed to quantify the concentration of the active substance. The transportation of the studied API to the general circulation and accumulation in tissues were confirmed. The maximum drug concentration (122.99 ng/mL) in plasma was observed on the fourth day of application. The highest calculated Cmax was 131.91 ng/mL with a mean AUC0-last of 6620.7 ng h/mL. Following transdermal administration, dapagliflozin is excreted in the urine. The trend between urinary dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide levels and urinary glucose excretion was also observed. The transdermal patch has been demonstrated to be an effective drug delivery system for dapagliflozin.

Transdermal Fentanyl in Patients with Cachexia-A Scoping Review.

Cachectic patients frequently require transdermal fentanyl (TDF) for pain management, but data on its efficacy and safety are scarce and inconsistent. This scoping review aims to analyze the evidence concerning TDF administration in patients with cachexia irrespective of the underlying pathology. The primary objective is to assess the analgesic efficacy and tolerability of TDF in cachectic patients. The secondary objective is to identify cachexia characteristics that may influence fentanyl pharmacokinetics (PK). A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted up to March 2024. The review included observational and clinical studies on cachectic patients with moderate to severe pain treated with TDF patches at any dosage or frequency. Phase 1 trials, animal studies, case reports, preclinical studies and conference abstracts were excluded. Nine studies were included: four studies reported that cachexia negatively impacted TDF efficacy, increasing required doses and lowering plasma concentrations; three studies found minimal or no impact of cachexia on TDF efficacy and PK; two studies suggested that cachexia might improve TDF outcomes. Study quality ranged from moderate to high, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Quality Assessment Tool. The current evidence is insufficient to provide any definitive recommendations for TDF prescribing in cachectic patients.

Estimates of Potential Demand for Measles and Rubella Microarray Patches.

Global measles vaccine coverage has stagnated at approximately 85% for over a decade. By simplifying vaccine logistics and administration, the measles and rubella microarray patch (MR-MAP) may improve coverage. Clinical trials have demonstrated similar safety and immunogenicity in 9-month-old infants for MR-MAPs compared with syringe-and-needle vaccination. To aid commercialization, we present estimates of MR-MAP demand. We created a spreadsheet-based tool to estimate demand for MR-MAPs using data from 180 WHO countries during 2000-2016. Five immunization scenarios were analyzed: (1a) Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) in Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (Gavi)-eligible countries and (1b) WHO countries where preventive SIAs are routinely conducted; (2) SIAs and outbreak response immunization in all WHO countries; (3) routine immunization (RI) and SIAs in six high-burden measles countries (the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Pakistan); (4) RI and SIAs in six high-burden countries and Gavi-eligible countries; and (5) hard-to-reach populations. MR-MAP demand varied greatly across scenarios. Forecasts for 2025-2034 estimate from 137 million doses in hard-to-reach populations (scenario 5) to 2.587 billion doses for RI and SIAs in six high-burden countries and Gavi-eligible countries (scenario 4). When policymakers and manufacturers assess MR-MAP demand, they may consider multiple scenarios to allow for a complete consideration of potential markets and public health needs.

Microbubble-Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery Sonoelectric Patch.

Transdermal drug delivery systems are highly appealing as a convenient drug delivery manner applicable to a wide variety of drugs. While most delivery relies on only passive diffusion and suffers low transdermal efficiencies. Ultrasound motivation promotes drug transdermal penetration but still calls for improvement, because only a thin proportion of the ultrasound energy is applied on the drug delivery patch and most ultrasound energy is wasted in deeper portions of biotissues. In this work, we develop a transdermal patch for enhanced drug delivery. The combination of microsized air pockets and the piezoelectric soft structure enable the conversion of an intended proportion of ultrasound energy into electric energy. The intensified drug flow and synergistic ultrasound pressure and electric field function simultaneously to enhance drug transdermal delivery. The delivery efficacy is related to the power of the ultrasound motivation, the size of the microscopic air pockets, and the chemical structure of the drug molecules. The temperature of the patch within the delivery process remains in the safe range, and the mild temperature elevation causes color changes of the thermochromic patch, used to indicate effective ultrasound-patch matching. A model delivery patch for pain release is constructed, and animal experiments indicate that the drug blood concentrations are 100% higher than the delivery using only ultrasound and even more remarkably enhanced when compared to only electric-field-motivated delivery or static delivery without external motivations.

Development of levamlodipine long-acting patches based on an ion-pair strategy: Investigation of the mechanism for reducing skin irritation.

The aim of this study was to develop a long-acting transdermal patch of levamlodipine (LAM) using an ion-pair strategy to reduce the skin irritation induced by topical application of LAM and explore the mechanism underlying the improvement of skin irritation. The formulation was optimized through porcine in vitro transdermal experiments and rabbit in vivo skin irritation tests. The obtained formulation consisted of poly (2-Ethylhexyl acrylate-co-N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-co-N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) acrylamide) (PENH) as the adhesive matrix, 13.00 % levamlodipine-sorbic acid ion-pair complex (LAM-SA) (w/w), and 10 % isopropyl myristate (IPM) (w/w), with a patch thickness of 70 µm, achieving an erythema index of 188 for rabbit skin and 117-187 for human skin (264 for rabbit skin and 110-260 for human skin in the absence of sorbic acid (SA)). In vivo rabbit and human skin erythema analysis and H&E staining verified that the optimized ion-pair patch effectively reduced skin irritation. Drug distribution experiments in the skin, ATR-FTIR, and molecular simulation were used to characterize the mechanism by which the ion-pair reduced skin irritation. Excessive accumulation of LAM in the epidermis induced secondary structural changes in keratin, resulting in skin barrier damage and inflammatory response. The formation of the LAM-SA ion pair altered physicochemical properties of LAM, reducing drug retention in the epidermis and, thereby, reducing skin irritation. This study demonstrated the potential of the ion-pair strategy to improve the safety of transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) and provided a means for reducing skin irritation caused by the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) itself.

Facile preparation and characterization of biodegradable and biocompatible UV shielding transdermal patches based on natural rubber latex- dextrin blends.

The physico-chemical and biological properties of natural rubber latex (NRL), entailing its biodegradability and biocompatibility, render it a promising material for various biomedical applications. This research explores the facile blending of NRL with dextrin in different compositions to investigate its potential as a prospective UV shielding transdermal patch for biomedical applications. The superior compatibility between the polymers after blending and the improved thermal stability have been established through FTIR, DSC, and TGA examinations, respectively. Optimization of blended polymers for compatibility, wettability, crystallinity, and static mechanical properties has been performed. Morphology characterization conducted via SEM and AFM techniques suggests a uniform morphology for the optimized blend system. The UV shielding ability of the blend has been confirmed by the evaluation of in-vitro UV shielding performance, UV protection factor (UPF), and the superior protection of the optimized system on living cells upon UV irradiation. The observed cell viability, swelling, erosion, porosity, hemocompatibility, and soil degradation properties suggest the NRL-DXT combination for the possible development of high-quality transdermal patches.

Efficacy and Safety of Cannabis Transdermal Patch for Alleviating Psoriasis Symptoms: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (CanPatch).

Introduction: Current topical treatments for psoriasis offer limited efficacy and are associated with long-term adverse effects in a subset of patients, highlighting the need for new therapeutic options. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa L., has shown potential in reversing psoriasis pathology through its action on skin receptors in preclinical studies. Given the promising properties of CBD, transdermal patches containing this compound represent a novel approach to psoriasis treatment. However, comprehensive data on their efficacy and safety remain scarce. Methods: We outline a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of CBD transdermal patches with minimal tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in 60 patients with mild to moderate plaque-type psoriasis at a university hospital in Thailand (n = 60). This study aims to evaluate the changes in the local psoriasis severity index (LPSI), itch score via a visual analog scale, and occurrence of adverse events on day 0, 30, 60, and 90 of the study. Additionally, we will examine the alteration in the skin, gut, and oral microbiome in a subset of participants to explore potential correlations with treatment outcomes. The primary outcome will focus on the difference in LPSI scores at the end of the study period, employing an intention-to-treat analysis. Multivariate logistic regression will be used to identify baseline clinical and microbiological predictors of treatment response. Conclusion: This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of CBD transdermal patches in alleviating the symptoms of psoriasis. The results of this study may highlight a novel topical treatment option that reduces suffering in patients with psoriasis. We also designed to provide a holistic evaluation by considering both clinical outcomes and the underlying biological mechanisms, including the interaction with the human microbiome. Through this trial, we aim to contribute valuable insights into personalized psoriasis management strategies.

Economic burden and dosing trends of buprenorphine buccal film and transdermal patch in chronic low back pain.

Aim: Exploring prescribing trends and economic burden of chronic low back pain (cLBP) patients prescribed buprenorphine buccal film (Belbuca®) or transdermal patches. Methods: In the MarketScan® commercial insurance claims (employees and their spouses/dependents, 2018-2021), the first film or patch prescription date was an index event. The observation covered 6-month pre-index and 12-month post-index periods. Results: Patients were propensity-score matched (708 per cohort). Buprenorphine initiation had stable cost trends in buccal film and increasing trends in transdermal patch cohort. Between-cohort comparisons of healthcare expenditures, cost trends and resource utilization showed significant differences, mostly in favor of buccal film. Buccal film also had higher daily doses and wider dosing range. Conclusion: Buprenorphine film is more cost-effective cLBP treatment with more flexible dosing.

What is this article about? This retrospective study included patients with chronic low back pain (cLBP) and commercial insurance in the USA. Only patients treated with Belbuca®, a buprenorphine buccal film, or a buprenorphine transdermal patch were included. Patients were observed 6 months prior to and 12 months after the first buprenorphine prescription. Healthcare costs, cost trends, resource use and buprenorphine treatment characteristics were explored.What were the results? Patients with cLBP on buccal film had lower costs, stable cost trends and less healthcare resources used. Also, they had higher buprenorphine daily doses.What do the results mean? The results imply that buccal film is less costly for cLBP patients than patches. The buccal film had more flexible dosing with higher daily doses, which might be associated with better pain control.

The Smart Drug Delivery of Rotigotine Using Transdermal Patch for the Successful Management of Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: A Non-Ergot Dopamine Agonist (NEDA) rotigotine has been designed as a new transdermal drug delivery system. AIM: To maintain optimum homogeneity in drug content, the rotigotine transdermal patch was developed utilizing a solvent casting technique. METHODS: The characteristics of a transdermal patch, including patch weight, folding endurance, patch thickness, surface morphology, tensile strength, swelling rate, surface pH, in vitro release studies, water retention rate, uniformity of drug content, and ex-vivo permeation studies, were determined. RESULTS: In vitro drug release studies unequivocally demonstrated that drug release controlled polymer interactions. There was no apparent lag period before the drug release rate started to decline. The developed patch showed 70 ± 1.18 % of prolongation of drug release within 24 hours. The result of the penetration studies demonstrated that 61 ± 2.52% of rotigotine permeated through the epidermal barrier within 24 h. CONCLUSION: The developed transdermal patch comprising rotigotine was evidently placed on the dermis layer, and an appropriate dose was delivered into circulation for a longer time based on the aforementioned factors. The findings of this study illustrate the effective approach of transdermal patches to treat Parkinson's disease.

Medicinal Anti-Inflammatory Patch Loaded with Lavender Essential Oil.

Transdermal drug delivery offers a promising alternative for administering medications like ibuprofen, known for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, with reduced gastrointestinal side effects compared to oral administration. This study explored the potential synergistic effects of combining ibuprofen with lavender essential oil (LEO) in transdermal patches. The composition of LEO was analyzed, revealing predominant compounds such as linalyl acetate and linalool, which are known for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. The physicochemical properties of the patches were investigated, indicating improved cohesion with the addition of LEO. Additionally, thermal stability assessments demonstrated enhanced stability with LEO incorporation with an increase in onset decomposition temperature from 49.0 to 67.9 °C. The antioxidant activity of patches containing LEO was significantly higher with a free radical scavenging ability of 79.13% RSA compared to 60% RSA in patches without LEO. Release and permeation studies showed that patches with LEO exhibited an increased permeation of ibuprofen through the skin with 74.40% of the drug released from LEO-containing patches compared to 36.29% from patches without LEO after 24 h. Moreover, the permeation rate was notably faster with LEO, indicating quicker therapeutic effects. The inclusion of LEO in transdermal patches containing ibuprofen holds promise for enhancing drug delivery efficiency and therapeutic effectiveness, offering a potential strategy for improved pain management with reduced side effects.

Severe behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia successfully treated at home with a blonanserin transdermal patch: A case report.

AIM: Behavioral psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are sometimes difficult to treat due to severe psychiatric symptoms such as delusions of poisoning and violent behavior. Moreover, in cases of parental neglect, the management of these psychiatric symptoms becomes more difficult. Therefore, home-visiting doctors sometimes have to manage patients with BPSD and severe psychiatric symptoms, and a new approach is needed. In this case report, the effect of blonanserin transdermal patch on these patients is to be highlighted. METHODS: The patient is a 91-year-old woman diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. She had severe BPSD such as delusion of robbery and violent behavior, and refused oral medications including memantine and yokukansan. Then she was treated with blonanserin transdermal patch (20 mg/day). The severity of psychiatric symptoms of BPSD was assessed over time using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) score. Moreover, the patient's cognitive function was also assessed over time by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: After the introduction of blonanserin patch, the patient's psychiatric symptoms were stabilized markedly, and both NPI and MMSE scores improved. The patient was able to stay at home calmly and was mentally well stabilized to the extent that she did not require hospitalization. No apparent side effects were admitted. CONCLUSIONS: The blonanserin transdermal patch may be able to manage BPSD at home and is effective in patients who refuse oral medications. Home-visiting doctors may consider the use of blonanserin patches at home for patients with severe BPSD, manifesting as delusions of poisoning and refusing oral drugs.

Ionic Liquid Transdermal Patches of Two Active Ingredients Based on Semi-Ionic Hydrogen Bonding for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to deformities and disabilities in patients. Conventional treatment focuses on delaying progression; therefore, new treatments are necessary. The present study reported a novel ionic liquid transdermal platform for efficient RA treatment, and the underlying mechanism was elucidated using FTIR, 1H-NMR, Raman, XPS, and molecular simulations. The results showed that the reversibility of the semi-ionic hydrogen bonding facilitated high drug loading and enhanced drug permeability. Actarit's drug loading had an approximately 11.34-times increase. The in vitro permeability of actarit and ketoprofen was improved by 5.46 and 2.39 times, respectively. And they had the same significant effect in vivo. Furthermore, through the integration of network pharmacology, Western blotting (WB), and radiology analyses, the significant osteoprotective effects of SIHDD-PSA (semi-ionic H-bond double-drug pressure-sensitive adhesive transdermal patch) were revealed through the modulation of the JAK-STAT pathway. The SIHDD-PSA significantly reduced paw swelling and inflammation in the rat model, and stimulatory properties evaluation confirmed the safety of SIHDD-PSA. In conclusion, these findings provide a novel approach for the effective treatment of RA, and the semi-ionic hydrogen bonding strategy contributes a new theoretical basis for developing TDDS.

Development and Characterization of Transdermal Patches Using Novel Thymoquinone-L-Arginine-Based Polyamide Nanocapsules for Potential Use in the Management of Psoriasis.

Thymoquinone (TQ) is a phytochemical compound present in Nigella sativa and has potential benefits for treating dermatological conditions such as psoriasis. However, its clinical use is limited due to its restricted bioavailability, caused mainly by its low solubility and permeability. To overcome this, a new transdermal drug delivery system is required. Nanoparticles are known to enhance material solubility and permeability, and hence, this study aimed to synthesize TQ-loaded L-arginine-based polyamide (TQ/Arg PA) nanocapsules incorporated into transdermal patches for prolonged delivery of TQ. To achieve this, Eudragit E polymer, plasticizers, and aloe vera as penetration enhancer were used to develop the transdermal patch. Furthermore, novel TQ/Arg-PA was synthesized via interfacial polymerization, and the resultant nanocapsules (NCs) were incorporated into the matrix transdermal patch. The Arg-PA NCs' structure was confirmed via NMR and FTIR, and optimal TQ/Arg-PA NCs containing formulation showed high entrapment efficiency of TQ (99.60%). Molecular and thermal profiling of TQ/Arg-PA and the transdermal patch revealed the effective development of spherical NCs with an average particle size of 129.23 ± 18.22 nm. Using Franz diffusion cells and synthetic membrane (STRAT M®), the in vitro permeation profile of the prepared patches demonstrated an extended release of TQ over 24 h, with enhanced permeation by 42.64% when aloe vera was employed. In conclusion, the produced formulation has a potential substitute for corticosteroids and other drugs commonly used to treat psoriasis due to its effectiveness, safety, and lack of the side effects typically associated with other drugs.

Analgesic effect and safety of a half-dose transdermal buprenorphine patch after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Objective: To retrospectively explore the effect of a half-dose buprenorphine transdermal patch for analgesia after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR). Methods: This analysis was performed with clinical data from patients who received unilateral ARCR in our hospital between October 2017 and December 2020. The patients were divided into three groups (30 cases each). In group A (control group), 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil (FA) was administered twice a day for 5 days after surgery. In group B (experimental group), 100 mg FA was administered twice a day for 5 days and half (2.5 mg) of a buprenorphine transdermal patch was applied after surgery; an additional half (2.5 mg) patch was applied 3 days later. In group C (condition control group), 100 mg FA was administered twice a day for 5 days and a 5-mg patch was applied directly after surgery. The visual analog scale (VAS) was administered repeatedly 1 day before surgery and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 14 days after surgery in each group. The simple shoulder test (SST) score, range of shoulder forward elevation (FE), and external rotation (ER) were recorded preoperatively and 12 weeks postoperatively. Results: VAS scores on postoperative days 3 and 5 were significantly lower in groups B and C than in group A (p < 0.05). The VAS score on postoperative day 14 was significantly lower in group C than in group A (p < 0.05). The difference in VAS score between groups B and C was not significant (p > 0.05). All patients had significantly improved VAS scores, SST scores, FE, and ER at 12 weeks postoperatively. Conclusion: The half-dose buprenorphine transdermal patch had a good analgesic effect with minimal side effects after ARCR and did not delay the recovery of shoulder joint function.

Transdermal scopolamine for the treatment of recurrent parotid sialocele: a case report.

Recurrent parotid sialocele is rare and challenging to treat. Treatment options are limited for cases of parotid sialocele that recur despite ductal ligation. This case study presents a patient who underwent wide excision of the right buccal mucosa due to squamous cell carcinoma. During the wide excision, a segment of the parotid duct was excised, and ductal ligation was performed to prevent the occurrence of a sialocele, followed by reconstruction using a folded anterolateral thigh free flap. Twenty-two days after surgery, parotid sialocele occurred despite the initial ductal ligation and subsequent ductal ligation was performed; however, the sialocele recurred. As an alternative therapeutic option, a transdermal scopolamine patch was applied for 3 weeks, with one patch used every 3 days. The results were encouraging, with complete resolution of the sialocele. A transdermal scopolamine offers a noninvasive, convenient method of treating parotid sialocele with minimal side effects. The successful outcome of this case suggests that a transdermal scopolamine can be an effective therapeutic option for recurrent parotid sialocele in conjunction with surgical treatment.

3D Printed Ion-Responsive Personalized Transdermal Patch.

Microneedle patches are easy-to-use medical devices for transdermal administration. However, the insufficient insertion of microneedles due to the gap between planar patches and contoured skin affects drug delivery. Herein, we formulate a prepolymer for high-fidelity three-dimensional (3D) printed personalized transdermal patches. With the excellent photoinitiation ability of 2-(4-methoxystyryl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine (Tz), a high-fidelity and precise microneedle patch is successfully fabricated. Upon irradiation of the white illuminator, the doped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the patch release heat and promisingly induce sweat production. With the introduction of Na+, the dominant component of sweat, the curvature of the produced transdermal patch is observed due to the ion-induced network rearrangement. The alkanethiol-stabilized AuNP with an end group of a carboxyl group causes controlled drug release behavior. Furthermore, the irradiation-induced photothermal heating of AuNP can facilitate the sustainability of drug release thanks to the substantially increased particle size of AuNP. These findings demonstrate that the developed prepolymer is a promising candidate for the production of transdermal patches fitting the curvature of the body surface.

In vitro and Ex vivo study targeting the development of a Lavandula stoechas L. (Ustukhuddus) loaded Unani Transdermal patch: Implication of Unani Medicine in the treatment of Nisyan (Dementia).

Ustukhuddus (Lavandula stoechas L.) has been extensively used orally and topically in treating various neurological disorders, including dementia. The optimum potential of traditional dosage forms of Ustukhuddus is limited for various reasons. Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is a novel means of drug delivery and is known to overcome the drawbacks associated with traditional dosage forms. The current study aimed at fabricating and evaluating Ustukhuddus hydro-alcoholic extract (UHAE) and essential oil (UEO) loaded matrix-type transdermal patches having a combination of hydrophilic - hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and hydrophobic - ethyl cellulose (EC) polymers. ATR-FTIR, DSC, XRD, and SEM analysis were carried out to study drug-polymer interactions, confirming the formation of developed patches and drug compatibility with excipients. We assessed the fabricated patches to evaluate their physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release, and permeation characteristics via ex vivo experiments. The physicochemical characteristics of patches showcased the development of good and stable films with clarity, smoothness, homogeneity, optimum flexibility and free from causing skin irritancy or sensitization. In vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation profile of developed patches were evaluated employing Franz diffusion cells. UHAE and UEO patches exhibited a cumulative drug release of 81.61 and 85.24 %, respectively, in a sustained-release manner and followed non-Fickian release mechanisms. The ex vivo permeation data revealed 66.82 % and 76.41 % of drug permeated from UHAE and UEO patches, respectively. The current research suggests that the formulated patches are more suitable for TDDS and hold potential significance in the treatment of dementia, contributing to enhanced patient compliance, thereby highlighting the implication of Unani Medicine in Nisyan (Dementia) treatment.