QTL Analysis of ß-Glucan Content and Other Grain Traits in a Recombinant Population of Spring Barley.

Barley with high grain ß-glucan content is valuable for functional foods. The identification of loci for high ß-glucan content is, thus, of great importance for barley breeding. Segregation mapping for the content in ß-glucan and other barley grain components (starch, protein, lipid, ash, phosphorous, calcium, sodium) was performed using the progeny of the cross between Glacier AC38, a mutant with high amylose, and CDC Fibar, a high ß-glucan waxy cultivar. The offspring of this cross showed transgressive segregation for ß-glucan content. Linkage analysis based on single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) molecular markers was used for the genotyping of the parents and recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Two Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for ß-glucan content and several QTL for other grain components were found. The former ones, located on chromosomes 1H and 7H, explained 27.9% and 27.4% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. Glacier AC38 provided the allele for high ß-glucan content at the QTL on chromosome 1H, whereas CDC Fibar contributed the allele at the QTL on chromosome 7H. Their recombination resulted in a novel haplotype with higher ß-glucan content, up to 18.4%. Candidate genes are proposed for these two QTL: HvCslF9, involved in ß-glucan biosynthesis, for the QTL on chromosome 1H; Horvu_PLANET_7H01G069300, a gene encoding an ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter, for the QTL on chromosome 7H.

Transgressive incidents targeted on staff in forensic psychiatric healthcare: a latent class analysis.

Transgressive incidents directed at staff by forensic patients occur frequently, leading to detrimental psychological and physical harm, underscoring urgency of preventive measures. These incidents, emerging within therapeutic relationships, involve complex interactions between patient and staff behavior. This study aims to identify clusters of transgressive incidents based on incident characteristics such as impact, severity, (presumed) cause, type of aggression, and consequences, using latent class analysis (LCA). Additionally, variations in incident clusters based on staff, patient, and context characteristics were investigated. A total of 1,184 transgressive incidents, reported by staff and targeted at staff by patients between 2018-2022, were extracted from a digital incident reporting system at Fivoor, a Dutch forensic psychiatric healthcare organisation. Latent Class Analysis revealed six incident classes: 1) verbal aggression with low impact; 2) verbal aggression with medium impact; 3) physical aggression with medium impact; 4) verbal menacing/aggression with medium impact; 5) physical aggression with high impact; and 6) verbal and physical menacing/aggression with high impact. Significant differences in age and gender of both staff and patients, staff function, and patient diagnoses were observed among these classes. Incidents with higher impact were more prevalent in high security clinics, while lower-impact incidents were more common in clinics for patients with intellectual disabilities. Despite limitations like missing information, tailored prevention approaches are needed due to varying types of transgressive incidents across patients, staff, and units.

Dominance complementation of parental heading date alleles of Hd1, Ghd7, DTH8, and PRR37 confers transgressive late maturation in hybrid rice.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a short-day plant whose heading date is largely determined by photoperiod sensitivity (PS). Many parental lines used in hybrid rice breeding have weak PS, but their F1 progenies have strong PS and exhibit an undesirable transgressive late-maturing phenotype. However, the genetic basis for this phenomenon is unclear. Therefore, effective methods are needed for selecting parents to create F1 hybrid varieties with the desired PS. In this study, we used bulked segregant analysis with F1 Ningyou 1179 (strong PS) and its F2 population, and through analyzing both parental haplotypes and PS data for 918 hybrid rice varieties, to identify the genetic basis of transgressive late maturation which is dependent on dominance complementation effects of Hd1, Ghd7, DTH8, and PRR37 from both parents rather than from a single parental genotype. We designed a molecular marker-assisted selection system to identify the genotypes of Hd1, Ghd7, DTH8, and PRR37 in parental lines to predict PS in F1 plants prior to crossing. Furthermore, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technique to knock out Hd1 in Ning A (sterile line) and Ning B (maintainer line) and obtained an hd1-NY material with weak PS while retaining the elite agronomic traits of NY. Our findings clarified the genetic basis of transgressive late maturation in hybrid rice and developed effective methods for parental selection and gene editing to facilitate the breeding of hybrid varieties with the desired PS for improving their adaptability.

Reflections on Lesbian Pedagogy.

Using an autobiographical lens through 40 years of teaching, this brief reflection affirms an explicitly lesbian pedagogy as radical and transgressive. This is because it is woman-centered and woman-loving in a dominant culture that is pervasively male-centered and misogynist. This pedagogical practice is also antiracist, using a feminist intersectional model. While centering women it is a pedagogy that excludes no one from its intellectual and emotional embrace.

Genetic analysis of purple pigmentation in rice seed and vegetative parts - implications on developing high-yielding purple rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Pigmentation in rice grains is an important quality parameter. Purple-coloured rice (Oryza sativa L.) indicates the presence of high anthocyanin with benefits of antioxidant properties. However, the genetic mechanism of grain colour is not fully understood. Therefore, the study focused on understanding pigmentation in grain pericarp and vegetative parts, and its relationship with blast resistance and enhanced grain yield. Three local cultivars from the northeastern region (NER) of India - Chakhao Poireiton (purple), Mang Meikri (light brown), and Kala Joha (white) - along with high-yielding varieties (HYVs) Shasharang (light brown) and Sahbhagi dhan (white) were used to develop biparental populations. The findings suggested that pigmentation in vegetative tissue was governed by the inter-allelic interaction of several genes. Haplotype analysis revealed that Kala3 complemented Kala4 in enhancing purple pigmentation and that Kala4 is not the only gene responsible for purple colour as evident by the presence of a desired allele for markers RID3 and RID4 (Kala4 locus) in Chakhao Poireiton and Kala Joha irrespective of their pericarp colour, implying the involvement of some other additional, unidentified genes/loci. RID3 and RID4 together with RM15191 (Kala3 locus) could be employed as a reliable marker set for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Pericarp colour was strongly correlated with colour in different vegetative parts, but showed a negative correlation with grain yield. Pb1, reported to be associated with panicle blast resistance, contributed to leaf blast resistance. Transgressive segregants for improved pigmentation and high yield were identified. The selection of lines exhibiting coloured pericarp, high anthocyanin content, aroma, blast resistance, and increased yield compared to their respective HYV parents will be valuable resources in the rice breeding programme.

Investigation of regulatory divergence between homoeologs in the recently formed allopolyploids, Tragopogon mirus and T. miscellus (Asteraceae).

Polyploidy is an important evolutionary process throughout eukaryotes, particularly in flowering plants. Duplicated gene pairs (homoeologs) in allopolyploids provide additional genetic resources for changes in molecular, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms that result in evolutionary novelty. Therefore, understanding how divergent genomes and their regulatory networks reconcile is vital for unraveling the role of polyploidy in plant evolution. Here, we compared the leaf transcriptomes of recently formed natural allotetraploids (Tragopogon mirus and T. miscellus) and their diploid parents (T. porrifolius X T. dubius and T. pratensis X T. dubius, respectively). Analysis of 35 400 expressed loci showed a significantly higher level of transcriptomic additivity compared to old polyploids; only 22% were non-additively expressed in the polyploids, with 5.9% exhibiting transgressive expression (lower or higher expression in the polyploids than in the diploid parents). Among approximately 7400 common orthologous regions (COREs), most loci in both allopolyploids exhibited expression patterns that were vertically inherited from their diploid parents. However, 18% and 20.3% of the loci showed novel expression bias patterns in T. mirus and T. miscellus, respectively. The expression changes of 1500 COREs were explained by cis-regulatory divergence (the condition in which the two parental subgenomes do not interact) between the diploid parents, whereas only about 423 and 461 of the gene expression changes represent trans-effects (the two parental subgenomes interact) in T. mirus and T. miscellus, respectively. The low degree of both non-additivity and trans-effects on gene expression may present the ongoing evolutionary processes of the newly formed Tragopogon polyploids (~80-90 years).

Inheritance of Partial Resistance to Isolate VdLs17 of Verticillium dahliae Within Lactuca spp.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production is greatly threatened by Verticillium wilt, which is caused by three pathogenic races (races 1, 2, and 3) of the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae. Race 1 is predominant, and resistant varieties that provide full protection against it are commercially available. However, heavily relying on race 1-resistant cultivars could shift the population towards resistance-breaking isolates and impact the durability of plant resistance. This study determined the inheritance of partial resistance to isolate VdLs17 of V. dahliae within Lactuca spp. using 258 F2:3 progeny generated from a cross between two partially resistant accessions, 11G99 (L. serriola) and PI 171674 (L. sativa). Eight experiments were performed under greenhouse and growth room conditions across 3 years using a randomized complete block design, and segregation analysis was conducted to determine the inheritance pattern. The results indicate that partial resistance to isolate VdLs17 of V. dahliae is conditioned by a two-major-gene genetic model with additive-dominance-epistatic effects. Transgressive segregants were infrequent but observed in both directions, indicating that favorable and adverse alleles are dispersed in both parents. Combining favorable alleles of these two partially resistant parents appears to be challenging because of epistatic effects and a significant role of environment in disease severity. The probability of capturing favorable additive genes could be maximized by generating and evaluating a large population and making selections at late generations. This study provides valuable insights into the inheritance pattern of partial resistance to isolate VdLs17 of V. dahliae that will be helpful in designing efficient breeding strategies in lettuce.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

A Novel Introgression Line Library Derived from a Wild Melon Gives Insights into the Genetics of Melon Domestication, Uncovering New Genetic Variability Useful for Breeding.

A collection of 30 melon introgression lines (ILs) was developed from the wild accession Ames 24297 (TRI) into 'Piel de Sapo' (PS) genetic background. Each IL carried an average of 1.4 introgressions from TRI, and the introgressions represented 91.4% of the TRI genome. Twenty-two ILs, representing 75% of the TRI genome, were evaluated in greenhouse (Algarrobo and Meliana) and field (Alcàsser) trials, mainly to study traits related to domestication syndrome such as fruit weight (FW) and flesh content (FFP), as well as other fruit quality traits as fruit shape (FS), flesh firmness (FF), soluble solid concentration (SSC), rind color and abscission layer. The IL collection showed an impressive variation in size-related traits, with FW ranging from 800 to 4100 g, reflecting the strong effect of the wild genome on these traits. Most of the ILs produced smaller fruits compared with PS; however, unexpectedly, the IL TRI05-2 produced bigger fruits, likely due to new epistatic interacions with the PS genetic background. In contrast, the genotypic effect for FS was smaller, and few QTLs with notable effects were detected. Interestingly, variability was also observed for FFP, FF and SSC, rind color and abscission layer formation. Genes in these introgressions are candidates for having been involved in melon domestication and diversification as well. These results confirm that the TRI IL collection is a very powerful tool for mapping traits of agronomic interest in melon, allowing the confirmation of previously reported QTLs and the identification of new ones to better understand the domestication process of this crop.

Transcriptional misexpression in hybrids between species linked by gene flow is associated with patterns of sequence divergence.

The extent to which hybridization disrupts a gene's pattern of expression likely governs its propensity for introgression, while its extent of molecular divergence can itself underlie such disruption. Together, these phenomena shape the landscape of sequence and transcriptional divergence across the genome as species diverge. To understand this process, we characterize gene expression inheritance, regulatory divergence, and molecular divergence in the reproductive transcriptomes of species linked by gene flow: the fruit flies Anastrepha fraterculus and A. obliqua, which show evidence of gene flow despite clear evolutionary divergence. We find that their transcriptional patterns are a mosaic between those typically observed within and between allopatric species. Transcripts showing transgressive expression in hybrids or cis-regulatory divergence between species are associated with greater sequence divergence. This may reflect pleiotropic constraints that make them resistant to gene flow or they may be more likely to experience divergent selection. While these more divergent gene classes are likely to be important contributors to species differences, they are relatively rare. Instead, most differentially regulated transcripts, including those linked to reproduction, show high degrees of dominance in hybrids and trans-regulated divergence between species, suggesting widespread genetic compatibility that potentially allowed for introgression. These findings provide insights into how postzygotic isolating mechanisms might evolve in the presence of gene flow: regions showing cis-regulatory divergence or transgressive expression contribute to reproductive isolation, while regions with dominant expression and trans-regulatory divergence allow for introgression. These patterns create a genomic mosaic of transcriptional regulation that is tied to sequence divergence.

Transgressive segregation in mating traits drives hybrid speciation.

Hybridization can rapidly generate novel genetic variation, which can promote ecological speciation by creating novel adaptive phenotypes. However, it remains unclear how hybridization, creating novel mating phenotypes (e.g., mating season, genitalia shapes, sexual displays, mate preferences), affects speciation especially when the phenotypes do not confer adaptive advantages. Here, based on individual-based evolutionary simulations, we propose that transgressive segregation of mating traits can drive incipient hybrid speciation. Simulations demonstrated that incipient hybrid speciation occurred most frequently when the hybrid population received moderate continued immigration from parental lineages causing recurrent episodes of hybridization. Recurrent hybridization constantly generated genetic variation, which promoted the rapid stochastic evolution of mating phenotypes in a hybrid population. The stochastic evolution continued until a novel mating phenotype came to dominate the hybrid population, which reproductively isolates the hybrid population from parental lineages. However, too frequent hybridization rather hindered the evolution of reproductive isolation by inflating the variation of mating phenotypes to produce phenotypes allowing mating with parental lineages. Simulations also revealed conditions for the long-term persistence of hybrid species after their incipient emergence. Our results suggest that recurrent transgressive segregation of mating phenotypes can offer a plausible explanation for hybrid speciation and radiations that involved little adaptive ecological divergence.

A critical assessment of the biodiversity-productivity relationship in forests and implications for conservation.

The question of whether biodiversity conservation and carbon conservation can be synergistic hinges on the form of the biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR), a fundamental ecological pattern. The stakes are particularly high when it comes to forests, which at a global level comprises a large fraction of both biodiversity and carbon. And yet, in forests, the BPR is relatively poorly understood. In this review, we critically evaluate research on forest BPRs, focussing on the experimental and observational studies of the last 2 decades. We find general support for a positive forest BPR, suggesting that biodiversity and carbon conservation are synergistic to a degree. However, we identify several major caveats: (i) although, on average, productivity may increase with biodiversity, the highest-yielding forests are often monocultures of very productive species; (ii) productivity typically saturates at fewer than ten species; (iii) positive BPRs can be driven by some third variable, in particular stem density, instead of a causal arrow from biodiversity to productivity; (iv) the BPR's sign and magnitude varies across spatial grains and extents, and it may be weak at scales relevant to conservation; and (v) most productivity estimates in forests are associated with large errors. We conclude by explaining the importance of these caveats for both conservation programmes focussed on protection of existing forests and conservation programmes focussed on restoring or replanting forests.

Standing genetic variation as a potential mechanism of novel cave phenotype evolution in the freshwater isopod, Asellus aquaticus.

Novel phenotypes can come about through a variety of mechanisms including standing genetic variation from a founding population. Cave animals are an excellent system in which to study the evolution of novel phenotypes such as loss of pigmentation and eyes. Asellus aquaticus is a freshwater isopod crustacean found in Europe and has both a surface and a cave ecomorph which vary in multiple phenotypic traits. An orange eye phenotype was previously revealed by F2 crosses and backcrosses to the cave parent within two examined Slovenian cave populations. Complete loss of pigmentation, both in eye and body, is epistatic to the orange eye phenotype and therefore the orange eye phenotype is hidden within the cave populations. Our goal was to investigate the origin of the orange eye alleles within the Slovenian cave populations by examining A. aquaticus individuals from Slovenian and Romanian surface populations and Asellus aquaticus infernus individuals from a Romanian cave population. We found orange eye individuals present in lab raised surface populations of A. aquaticus from both Slovenia and Romania. Using a mapping approach with crosses between individuals of two surface populations, we found that the region known to be responsible for the orange eye phenotype within the two previously examined Slovenian cave populations was also responsible within both the Slovenian and the Romanian surface populations. Complementation crosses between orange eye Slovenian and orange eye Romanian surface individuals suggest that the same gene is responsible for the orange eye phenotype in both surface populations. Additionally, we observed a low frequency phenotype of eye loss in crosses generated between the two surface populations and also in the Romanian surface population. Finally, in a cave population from Romania, A. aquaticus infernus, we found that the same region is also responsible for the orange eye phenotype as the Slovenian cave populations and the Slovenian and Romanian surface populations. Therefore, we present evidence that variation present in the cave populations could originate from standing variation present in the surface populations and/or transgressive hybridization of different surface phylogenetic lineages rather than de novo mutations.

The productive performance of intercropping.

Crop diversification has been put forward as a way to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture without penalizing its productivity. In this context, intercropping, the planned combination of two or more crop species in one field, is a promising practice. On an average, intercropping saves land compared with the component sole crops, but it remains unclear whether intercropping produces a higher yield than the most productive single crop per unit area, i.e., whether intercropping achieves transgressive overyielding. Here, we quantified the performance of intercropping for the production of grain, calories, and protein in a global meta-analysis of several production indices. The results show that intercrops outperform sole crops when the objective is to achieve a diversity of crop products on a given land area. However, when intercropping is evaluated for its ability to produce raw products without concern for diversity, intercrops on average generate a small loss in grain or calorie yield compared with the most productive sole crop (-4%) but achieve similar or higher protein yield, especially with maize/legume combinations grown at moderate N supply. Overall, although intercropping does not achieve transgressive overyielding on average, our results show that intercropping performs well in producing a diverse set of crop products and performs almost similar to the most productive component sole crop to produce raw products, while improving crop resilience, enhancing ecosystem services, and improving nutrient use efficiency. Our study, therefore, confirms the great interest of intercropping for the development of a more sustainable agricultural production, supporting diversified diets.

Intolerance of Transgressive Protest Actions: The Differential Roles of Deontological and Utilitarian Morality.

The current research examines intolerance of protest actions by focusing on two major questions: (a) How intolerant are people of transgressive protest actions of their least-liked versus most-liked groups? and (b) how do individual differences in deontological and utilitarian moral predisposition relate to intolerance of transgressive protest actions by these two groups? In two survey-embedded experiments using nationally representative samples from two West European countries (Germany, Netherlands), we found that people were overwhelmingly intolerant of morally transgressive protest actions by both their most-liked and least-liked groups, although slightly less so for the former. In addition, deontological moral predisposition was related to increased intolerance of protest actions regardless of whether it was committed by a most-liked or least-liked group. Individual difference in utilitarian moral predisposition was related to increased acceptance of protest actions regardless of group, but especially when the actions were perceived as serving the greater good.

Differences among reciprocal hybrids of Labeotropheus.

Current evidence suggests that hybridization played a crucial role in the early evolution and diversification of the species flocks of cichlid fishes in the African Great Lakes. Nonetheless, evidence for hybridization in the extant cichlid fauna is scant, suggesting that hybridization is rare in the modern era, perhaps enforced by natural or sexual selection acting against F1 hybrids. Additionally, most experimental studies of hybridization perform a hybrid cross in one direction, ignoring the reciprocal hybrid. In this study, we perform reciprocal crosses between sympatric congeners from Lake Malawi, Labeotropheus fuelleborni and L. trewavasae, in order to compare the body shape and coloration of males of both of these hybrids, as well as to examine how these hybrids fare during both inter- and intrasexual interactions. We found that L. trewavasae-sired hybrid males are intermediate to the parental species both morphologically and chromatically, while the reciprocal L. fuelleborni-sired hybrids are likely transgressive hybrids. Males of these transgressive hybrids also fare poorly during our mate choice experiments. While female L. trewavasae reject them as possible mates, male L. trewavasae do not make a distinction between them and conspecific males. Selection against transgressive F1 hybrids as observed in our crossing experiments may help explain why contemporary hybridization in Lake Malawi cichlids appears to be rare. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10750-022-05092-4.

Development of doubled haploid inducer lines facilitates selection of superior haploid inducers in maize.

Haploid inducers are key components of doubled haploid (DH) technology in maize. Robust agronomic performance and better haploid induction ability of inducers are persistently sought through genetic improvement. We herein developed C1-I inducers enabling large-scale in vivo haploid induction of inducers and discovered superior inducers from the DH progenies. The haploid induction rate (HIR) of C1-I inducers ranged between 5.8% and 12.0%. Overall, the success rate of DH production was 13% on average across the 23 different inducer crosses. The anthesis-silking interval and days to flowering of inducer F1s are significantly correlated with the success rate of DH production (r = -0.48 and 0.47, respectively). Transgressive segregants in DH inducers (DHIs) were found for the traits (days to flowering, HIR, plant height, and total primary branch length). Moreover, the best HIR in DHIs exceeded 23%. Parental genome contributions to DHI progenies ranged between 0.40 and 0.55, respectively, in 25 and 75 percentage quantiles, and the mean and median were 0.48. The allele frequency of the four traits from inducer parents to DHI progenies did not correspond with the phenotypic difference between superior and inferior individuals in the DH populations by genome-wide Fst analysis. This study demonstrated that the recombinant DHIs can be accessed on a large scale and used as materials to facilitate the genetic improvement of maternal haploid inducers by in vivo DH technology.

The effect of experimental hybridization on cognition and brain anatomy: Limited phenotypic variation and transgression in Poeciliidae.

Hybridization can promote phenotypic variation and often produces trait combinations distinct from the parental species. This increase in available variation can lead to the manifestation of functional novelty when new phenotypes bear adaptive value under the environmental conditions in which they occur. Although the role of hybridization as a driver of variation and novelty in traits linked to fitness is well recognized, it remains largely unknown whether hybridization can fuel behavioral novelty by promoting phenotypic variation in brain morphology and/or cognitive traits. To address this question, we investigated the effect of hybridization on brain anatomy, learning ability, and cognitive flexibility in first- and second-generation hybrids of two closely related fish species (Poecilia reticulata and Poecilia wingei). Overall, we found that F1 and F2 hybrids showed intermediate brain morphology and cognitive traits compared to parental groups. Moreover, as phenotypic dispersion and transgression were low for both brain and cognitive traits, we suggest that hybridization is not a strong driver of brain anatomical and cognitive diversification in these Poeciliidae. To determine the generality of this conclusion, hybridization experiments with cognitive tests need to be repeated in other families.

Hybridization May Promote Variation in Cognitive Phenotypes in Experimental Guppy Hybrids.

AbstractHybridization is an important mechanism of evolution. While hybrids often express inferior traits and are selected against, hybridization can promote phenotypic variation and produce trait combinations distinct from the parentals, generating novel adaptive potential. Among other traits, hybridization can impact behavior and cognition and may reinforce species boundaries when hybrids show decreased cognitive abilities. However, the hypothesized role of hybridization in the diversification of cognitive phenotypes remains enigmatic. To test this idea, we compare the performance of female guppies (Poecilia reticulata), Endler's guppies (Poecilia wingei), and their experimental hybrids in color association and reversal learning. In addition, we introduce a new approach to compare multidimensional cognitive phenotypes. We found that hybrids showed intermediate learning abilities in both tasks compared with the parentals. Moreover, hybrids had slightly higher phenotypic dispersion, new trait combinations occurred in some hybrid individuals, and the mean phenotype of one hybrid group deviated away from the axis of variation of the parentals. Our method should hence be useful in further exploring how hybridization and other evolutionary processes impact behavioral and cognitive traits. Our results suggest that hybridization may promote cognitive variation and generate new trait combinations, even when learning performance at the group level is intermediate between parentals.

Identification of promising chickpea interspecific derivatives for agro-morphological and major biotic traits.

The wild Cicer species is well-known for having climate-resilient and productivity-enhancing traits of interest. Therefore, wide hybridization could be used as a realistic strategy for introgressing prospective traits from wild species into the cultivated gene pool. The present study was, thus, undertaken to evaluate F7 chickpea interspecific derivatives derived from Cicer reticulatum Ladiz. and C. echinospermum P. H. Davis wild annual Cicer species. As a result, a set of six interspecific crosses were advanced using the single seed descent (SSD) method of breeding. The F7 generation of these crosses was assessed in two diverse agro-ecological regions of India. The data revealed a wide range of variation with respect to seed yield and its important component traits, which resulted in the identification of the most promising derivatives carrying desirable characters as indicated by range, mean, and coefficient of variation. Further, fruitful heterosis was also estimated as promising selection criteria for identifying superior lines for earliness and high seed yield, including resistance against prevailing stresses (ascochyta blight, botrytis gray mold, dry root rot, and fusarium wilt). The superior derivatives carrying putative characters could be recommended for further breeding and selection of genetic materials for developing suitable genotypes.

Transgressions of innate moral codes - transgressions in service of the Self.

Beginning with a discussion of transgressions against innate, archetypal moral codes, I also present those transgressions carried out in service of the Self. While both represent an affront to a universal moral code, the latter often furthers an individual's relationship to the Self. These themes are illustrated through the stories of Pontius Pilate, Jephthah, Il Padrino - the Godfather, then coupled with clinical vignettes. An important theme throughout this paper concerns humanity's ongoing hunger to expiate guilt through the practices of scapegoating, sin-eating and confession. While these practices promise redemption, each seriously fails through their reluctance to address the unconscious recognition and consequences of transgressions.

Commençant par une discussion sur les transgressions des codes moraux innés et archétypaux, je présente aussi les transgressions effectuées au service du Soi. Alors que ces deux formes représentent une offense au code moral universel, la deuxième forme fait souvent avancer la relation d'un individu avec le Soi. Ces thèmes sont illustrés par les histoires de Ponce Pilate, de Jephté, d'Il Padrino - le Parrain, puis couplés à des vignettes cliniques. Un thème important tout au long de cet article concerne l'appétit constant de l'humanité pour expier sa culpabilité à travers l'utilisation du bouc-émissaire, du mangeur de péchés, ou de la confession. Alors que ces pratiques promettent la rédemption, chacune d'elle est sérieusement défaillante de par sa répugnance à s'occuper de la reconnaissance inconsciente et des conséquences des transgressions.

Comienzo con una discusión acerca de las transgresiones de los códigos morales, innatos, arquetípales. También presento aquellas transgresiones realizadas al servicio del Self. Mientras ambas representan una afrenta a un código moral universal, la última a menudo favorece la relación individual con el Self. Estos temas son ilustrados a través de historias de Poncio Pilato, Jephthah, el Padrino II, articulándolas con viñetas clínicas. Un tema importante a través del artículo concierne el constante anhelo de la humanidad de expiar la culpa a través de prácticas del chivo expiatorio, el pecado y la confesión. Mientras estas prácticas prometen la redención, cada una fracasa seriamente debido a la reluctancia a reconocer el inconsciente y las consecuencias de las transgresiones.

Começando com uma discussão sobre transgressões contra códigos morais inatos e arquetípicos, também apresento essas transgressões realizadas a serviço do Si Mesmo. Embora ambos representem uma afronta a um código moral universal, este último muitas vezes promove a relação de um indivíduo com o Si Mesmo. Esses temas são ilustrados através das histórias de Pôncio Pilatos, Jefté, Il Padrino - o Poderoso Chefão, então juntamente com vinhetas clínicas. Um tema importante ao longo deste artigo diz respeito à fome contínua da humanidade de expiar culpa através das práticas de bode expiatório, pecado e confissão. Embora essas práticas prometam redenção, cada uma falha seriamente por sua relutância em abordar o reconhecimento do inconsciente e as consequências das transgressões.