Which drivers drive as they live and who are transformed while driving? Analysis of moderators in the relationship between general anger and driving anger.

INTRODUCTION: Trait driving anger is a widely studied personality variable in the field of road safety, due to its strong relationship with both risky behavior on the road and crash-related events. The Deffenbacher's Driving Anger Scale theoretical approach has underlined different situations that could provoke anger in drivers, although trait driving anger is usually analyzed as a whole. Trait general anger has been proposed as one of the most relevant predictors of trait driving anger, showing moderate relationships with it. METHOD: The current research aimed to analyze the relationship between trait general anger and each one of the situations provoking anger, as well as to search for personality variables that could moderate these relationships. Based on literature review, it was expected that self-esteem would moderate both Discourtesy and Hostile gestures, Type-A behavior pattern would moderate both Slow driving and Traffic obstructions, and conscientiousness would moderate both Police presence and Illegal driving. A sample of 417 drivers (Mage = 31.24, SDage = 13.59, 64.5% females) taken from the Spanish general population completed a set of self-reports. RESULTS: The results showed significant moderation effects in the case of Hostile gestures, Discourtesy, Illegal driving, and Slow driving. Conditional processes of these moderations were analyzed. Lastly, practical implications are discussed, allowing for tailored interventions to be implemented based on individual drivers' tendencies. Therefore, interventions should address different triggers of driving anger: boosting self-esteem for those angered by disrespect, targeting Type-A behavior reduction for those angered by traffic slowdowns, and promoting conscientiousness enhancement for those angered by others' risky driving.

The Moderated Mediation Effect of Age and Relaxation on the Relationship between the Type A Behavior Pattern and Blood Pressure in South Korea.

Although it is generally known that the type A behavior pattern (TABP) is associated with high blood pressure, recent studies have not consistently supported this association. Therefore, it is important to determine which factors moderate and mediate this relationship. The purpose of this study was to verify the moderated mediation effect of age and relaxation in the relationship between TABP and high blood pressure among middle-aged adults in South Korea. This study utilized data from the Korea Health and Genome Study (KHGS) supported by the Korea National Institute of Health. The participants in the present study were 10,022 Korean adults aged 40 to 69. To identify the conditional indirect effect of TABP on blood pressure through relaxation, with a consideration of age, a moderated mediation model using SPSS PROCESS macro 3.10 was applied. As is generally known, TABP was associated with high blood pressure, but its relevance was reversed through relaxation. Moreover, this relationship was moderated by age, which is known to be the most powerful predictor of high blood pressure. The lower age group with TABP exhibited a higher relaxation, whereas the higher age group with TABP demonstrated a lower relaxation. The findings demonstrate the need for relaxation education, stress management, or counseling to help individuals recognize their behavior patterns and strengthen the willingness and motivation for relaxation, especially among elderly people with TABP, in order to manage their blood pressure effectively.

Type A personality, sleep quality, and cerebral small vessel disease: investigating the mediating role of sleep in a community-based study.

Purpose: Type A behavior pattern (TABP) is a personality type characterized by rapid speech, impatience, competition, and hostility. Asymptomatic cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is often endemic in older adults. Individuals with TABP commonly experience suboptimal sleep quality, and a correlation exists between sleep disturbances and CSVD. We investigated the relationship between TABP and CSVD markers and further explored the mediating role of sleep quality in the relationship between TABP and CSVD. Methods: A cross-sectional survey included 764 community-dwelling adults aged 55-85 years. The TABP Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used to assess personality and sleep quality, respectively. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to examine relationships between variables of interest. In addition, mediation analyses with bootstrapping were used to test whether sleep quality mediated the relationship between TABP and CSVD. Results: Of the 764 participants [median age 65 (61-69) years, 59.9% female], the population with type A personality accounted for 44.8%. After adjusting for covariates, TABP scores (p = 0.03) and PSQI scores (p < 0.001) were significantly correlated with CSVD. In addition, sleep quality partially mediated the association between type A behavior and CSVD, and the mediating effect was 10.67%. Conclusion: This study showed that type A behavior was a risk factor for CSVD among older community-dwelling adults and that sleep quality mediated the relationship between type A behavior and CSVD. Changing type A behavior may help improve sleep quality, which may in turn reduce the prevalence of CSVD.

Association between Satisfaction with Life and Personality Types A and D in Young Women with Acne Vulgaris.

People with acne vulgaris report a lower level of satisfaction with life and are more frequently classified as having Type D personalities than those without acne. This research examined, for the first time, the moderating and mediating role of personality type in the relationship between acne severity and satisfaction with life. Among 300 female nursing and cosmetology students ranging in age from 19 to 24 years (M = 21.28, SD = 1.39), 150 individuals (50%) presented with symptoms of acne vulgaris (AV group), while the other 150 (50%) were categorized as controls without acne vulgaris (WAV sample). A cross-sectional study was conducted using three self-report questionnaires: The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the Framingham Type A Scale (FTAS), and the Type D Scale (DS14). Acne vulgaris was clinically diagnosed using the Hellgren-Vincent Scale (HVS). The AV group scored significantly higher on the FTAS and DS14 and lower on the SWLS than the WAV sample. Life satisfaction correlated negatively with both the negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI) subscales of the DS14. The moderating role of the Type A behavioral pattern (TABP) and the mediating role of both NA and SI subscales of the DS14 were observed in the relationship between acne severity and satisfaction with life. The type of personality may explain the mechanism of the relationship between acne disease and subjective well-being. Therefore, psychological interventions and strategies focused on managing stress and mood may effectively improve satisfaction with life in people with acne.

Clinical Observation of Addition and Subtraction Therapy of Taohong Siwutang Combined with Chaihu Shugansan to Unstable Angina Pectoris with Type A Behavior Pattern / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of addition and subtraction therapy of Taohong Siwutang combined with Chaihu Shugansan to unstable angina pectoris with type A behavior pattern (Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome), and investigate its effects on proinflammatory factors and serotonin (5-HT). Method: One hundred twenty-four patients were randomly divided into control group (60 cases) and observation group(64 cases) by random number table. Patients in control group got Aspirin enteric-coated tablets, 100 mg/time, 1 time/day. Tigrillo tablets, 90 mg/time, 2 times/days. Metoprolol tartrate tablets, 50 mg/time, 2 times/days. Simvastatin tablets, 10 mg/time, 1 time/day. Nitroglycerin tablets, 0.5 mg/time. Based on the treatment in control group, patients in observation group also received addition and subtraction therapy of Taohong Siwutang combined with Chaihu Shugansan, 1 dose/day. The treatment course was 8 weeks in both groups. Number of attacks, duration, degree of pain and usage of nitroglycerin were recorded for every week. Before and after treatment, electrocardiogram was also recorded. And levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), hypersensitive C-reactive protein and 5-HT were detected. In addition, scores of Seattle Angina Scale (SAQ) and Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome were graded. Result: In the rank sum test, the curative effect in electrocardiogram of observation group was better than that of control group (Z=1.965, PPPPα and 5-HT in observation group were lower than those in control group (PPConclusion: On the basis of conventional western medicine, addition and subtraction therapy of Taohong Siwutang combined with Chaihu Shugansan can further control angina attack, relieve clinical symptoms, improve quality of life, regulate lipid metabolism, and can inhibit expression of proinflammatory factors and 5-HT, so it can play a role in stabilizing the disease.

Emotional Labor and Burnout: A Review of the Literature.

This literature review was conducted to investigate the association between emotional labor and burnout and to explore the role of personality in this relationship. The results of this review indicate that emotional labor is a job stressor that leads to burnout. Further examination of personality traits, such as self-efficacy and type A behavior pattern, is needed to understand the relationships between emotional labor and health outcomes, such as burnout, psychological distress, and depression. The results also emphasized the importance of stress management programs to reduce the adverse outcomes of emotional labor, as well as coping repertories to strengthen the personal potential suitable to organizational goals. Moreover, enhancing employees' capacities and competence and encouraging a positive personality through behavior modification are also necessary.

Type D personality, but not Type A behavior pattern, is associated with coronary plaque vulnerability.

Personality traits are associated with major adverse coronary events (MACE) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the link between personality traits and intravascular morphology in CAD patients is poorly understood. This study investigated the relationship between personality traits, specifically Type A behavior pattern and Type D personality, and plaque vulnerability. After adjustment for demographic and clinical factors, multivariable regression analysis showed no association between Type A and optical coherence tomography indices. However, Type D personality was independently associated with lipid plaque, thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA), and fibrous cap thickness. More specifically, negative affectivity of Type D was related to lipid plaque, TCFA and fibrous cap thickness, and social inhibition was associated with plaque rupture. Our results show that Type D personality was associated with plaque vulnerability, independent of clinical factors. Measurement of negative affectivity and social inhibition will increase our understanding of the progressive phase of the plaque vulnerability, which can contribute to the early identification of high risk patients and reduce the incidence of MACE.

Type A behavior pattern, risk propensity and empathy in young professionally active patients with bronchial asthma.

INTRODUCTION: Type A behavior pattern is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. It is a learned way to respond to stress. The capability of empathy and impulsiveness is an important element of functioning of the human being. AIM: To assess the degree of bronchial asthma control in the context of the intensity of type A pattern of behavior, Impulsivity, Risk Propensity and Empathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved examination of 150 subjects, including 111 with asthma of different degrees of control, all of whom were young, professionally active people. Two validated questionnaires (IVE Impulsivity Questionnaire and Type A Scale) were used to assess the correlation between the degrees of asthma control and type A behavior pattern, Empathy, Impulsivity and Risk Propensity. RESULTS: The level of type A behavior pattern was significantly higher in the subjects with poorly controlled asthma as compared with those with partially controlled and well-controlled asthma and with healthy subjects. Impulsivity and Risk Propensity were higher in the group with poorly controlled asthma compared with the other analyzed groups. Empathy was lower in the group with poorly controlled asthma than in the other analyzed groups. There was no difference in the intensity of the analyzed mental variables between persons with partially controlled and well-controlled asthma and people without bronchial asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Poor control of asthma may be associated with type A behavior pattern and high impulsivity and risk propensity.

Emotional Labor and Burnout: A Review of the Literature

This literature review was conducted to investigate the association between emotional labor and burnout and to explore the role of personality in this relationship. The results of this review indicate that emotional labor is a job stressor that leads to burnout. Further examination of personality traits, such as self-efficacy and type A behavior pattern, is needed to understand the relationships between emotional labor and health outcomes, such as burnout, psychological distress, and depression. The results also emphasized the importance of stress management programs to reduce the adverse outcomes of emotional labor, as well as coping repertories to strengthen the personal potential suitable to organizational goals. Moreover, enhancing employees' capacities and competence and encouraging a positive personality through behavior modification are also necessary.

Research of dry eye and type A personality / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To study the correlation between type A behavior and dry eye.<p>METHODS: Here we used case-control study,100 dry eye patients and 100 healthy persons all completed the questionnaire of type A behavior and unified questionnaire. The results were analyzed by univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis. <p>RESULTS: There was significant difference on distribution of behavior pattern between dry eye group and normal group(<i>χ</i>2=6.494,<i>P</i>=0.011). After one factor logistic regression analysis, the risk of dry eye for people with type A behavior was higher(<i>OR</i>=2.296, 95%<i>CI</i>:1.202-4.384, <i>P</i>=0.012); that for people using visual display terminal more than 6h was 2.992(95%<i>CI</i>:1.668-5.369, <i>P</i><0.01); that for people staying in air condition room was 2.631(95%<i>CI</i>: 1.472-4.702, <i>P</i>=0.001). After multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis, compared with type B behavior, type A behavior pattern(<i>OR</i>=2.659,95%<i>CI</i>:1.335-5.295,<i>P</i>=0.005), people using visual display terminal more than 6h(<i>OR</i>=2.264, 95%<i>CI</i>: 1.166-4.396, <i>P</i>=0.016), people staying in air condition room(<i>OR</i>=2.053, 95%<i>CI</i>: 1.048～4.020, <i>P</i>=0.036)were more significantly associated with dry eye. <p>CONCLUSION: Type A behavior pattern, using visual display terminal more than 6h and staying in air condition room may be independent risk factors for dry eye.

Development and future perspectives of behavioral medicine in Japan.

Development and Future Perspectives of Behavioral Medicine in Japan The study of the "Type A behavior pattern and myocardial infarction" was one of the main themes in the early stage of Behavioral Medicine. After that, behavior modification came to be widely applied to the treatment of various kinds of chronic diseases, and a general concept of Behavioral Medicine was subsequently formed. The Japanese Society of Behavioral Medicine was established in 1992 and is comprised of researchers in the fields of clinical medicine, social medicine, and psycho-behavioral science. Recently, we devised a core curriculum for behavioral science and behavioral medicine and have published a Japanese version of the "Textbook of Behavioral Medicine" in conformity with it. It is a primer that includes all of the basics and clinical applications of Behavioral Medicine and is edited as a manual that can be utilized in clinical practice. We hope this book will contribute to the development of Behavioral Medicine in Japan, to a more healthy life for our people, and to the improvement of the QOL of our patients. In this paper, I discuss the future perspectives from my personal opinion while looking back on the history of Behavioral Medicine in Japan.

Type A behavior pattern shortens length of stay in comprehensive rehabilitation units.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to describe the importance of patient-related factors in rehabilitation. We focused on the type A behavior pattern. If individuals with the type A behavior pattern have better compliance, they would have a shorter length of hospital stay than those with non-type A behavior. We compared the length of stay of patients with the type A behavior pattern with that of patients with a non-type A behavior pattern. [Subjects and Methods] Fifty-seven patients staying in a comprehensive rehabilitation unit participated in this study. Type A behavior pattern, length of stay, and Barthel Index were assessed. We use the Student's t-test to examine the statistical differences in length of stay and Barthel Index at discharge between subjects with type A behavior and those without type A behavior. [Results] Age and Barthel Index at discharge were not significantly different between the two groups. However, length of stay was significantly higher in the non-type A group compared with the type A group. [Conclusion] Patients with the type A behavior pattern had a shorter length of hospital stay than patients with a non-type A behavior pattern. In conclusion, our results suggest that the type A behavior pattern shortens the length of hospital stay. Those data show that we should consider the patient's characteristics in rehabilitation to protect the patient and for financial benefit.

Individual differences in brain structure and resting-state functional connectivity associated with type A behavior pattern.

Type A behavior pattern (TABP) is characterized by competitiveness and hostility, time urgency and impatience. These traits can have a significant impact on physical and mental health. We have not found studies focusing on brain structure or functional connectivity correlates associated with individual differences in TABP. The present study used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) analysis to examine the neural correlates of TABP. The results showed that TABP was positively correlated with regional gray matter volume (rGMV) in the left subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), which might reflect immature functioning of this region related to impatience. In addition, TABP was positively correlated with the strength of rsFC between the left ventral striatum and areas in the left ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the right rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). These regions are associated with achievement striving related to impatience, aggressiveness, and worry under time pressure. In summary, the combination of morphometric results (increased rGMV of the left sgACC) and functional connectivity findings (increased rsFC between the left ventral caudate and the left vmPFC/right rACC in the fronto-striatal network) may provide a valuable basis for a comprehensive understanding of the neural circuitry underlying individual differences in TABP.

The correlation between the mindfulness level and the behavior characteristics of the nursing college students / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between the level of mindfulness and the A-type behavior characteristics of the nursing college students.Methods 172 nursing college students were investigated by the scale of TABP and FFMQ.The results were analyzed.Results In the 172 nursing college students,there were 112 nursing college students belonging to type B behavior pattern,accounted for 65.1％,and 60 nursing college students belonging to type A behavior pattern,accounted for 34.9％.The correlation between the score of TABP and the observation items and describing items were positive statistically significant,and was negatively correlated with awareness items and non-judge items statistically.Conclusions The students with different behavior characteristics were different in their mindfulness level.In order to improve nursing college students' mindfulness level and their mental health,the educators should take intervention based on their behavior characteristics timely.

The Relationship between A-type Character with Different Classification of TCM and Emotional Disturbance in Coronary Artery Disease Patients / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between different behavior types with classification of TCM and emotional disturbance in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Methods Two hundred and forty-two CAD patients were investigated and grouped to A or B type behavior with type A behavior pattern questionnaire (TABPQ) and symptom check-list 90 (SCL-90). To analysis the emotional disturbance in two groups and investigate their relations with syndrome classification of TCM. Results SCL-90 factor score of anxiety and depression in CAD patients was obviously higher than Chinese norm. Factor score of depression, anxiety, hostility, phobia, paranoid and psychotic state in A-type behavior group was obviously higher than that in B-type group, with statistical significance (P

TYPE A bEHAVIOR PATTERN AND SPORTS INJURIES / 体力科学

This study was designed to investigate the relationships between the tendencies toward Type A behavior pattern (TABP) and sports injuries. A total of 2164 (1631 males and 533 females) athletes from several colleges in Japan, volunteered for this study. They were divided into two groups ; an injury group and a non-injury group. KG's Daily Life Questionnaire was used to investigate the tendency of TABP. Our hypothesis was that Type A individuals showed higher occurrences of sports injury than Type B individuals. Most of the results in this study supported our hypothesis. To put it concretely, the injury group showed higher TABP tendency than the non-injury group. And the higher TABP score group showed higher occurrence of injury experiences than those of low score group. Therefore, there was a possibility that TABP tendency of athletes might be one of the informations to prevent sports injuries.

Effect of ill performance characteristics of type A behavior pattern in the attack and development of cerebral infarction / 临床神经病学杂志

Objective To discuss the effect of ill performance characteristics of type A behavior pattern (TABP) in the attack and development of cerebral infarction(CI).Methods The 100 patients with CI and 107 control subjects without any blood disease or tumors were evaluated by applying the Chart of Typical Behaviors of TABP, meanwhile the endothelin (ET) and thrombomodulin(TM) contents in plasma of the patients were measured for the mark of the damage of blood vessel endothelium. The CI group, control groups and part of CI group with the same level of blood pressure were subgroup by the result of questionnaire, correlation analysis was made between the amounts of blood markers and ill performance characteristics of TABP. Results 40% CI patients were TABP. The amounts of ET [(89.78?2.15)ng/ml] and TM [(52.68?3.47)ng/ml]in the plasma of the CI patients with ill performance characteristics were not only obviously higher than those of the control group [ET(57.82?1.83)ng/ml];TM:[36.05?1.07)ng/ml], but also higher than that of part of CI patients without ill performance characteristics of TABP(all P