The effect of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) T(-107)C polymorphism on serum PON1 activity in women is dependent on fatty acid intake.

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme that prevents the peroxidation of lipoprotein and cell membranes. Our hypothesis is that the effect of the PON1 T(-107)C polymorphism on serum PON1 activity in healthy adult women is dependent on their fatty acid intake profile. This study included women (n = 39) who completed a food frequency questionnaire. Fatty acid intake was estimated based on the interview and a nutrient reference table. Blood samples were collected for genotyping and to measure serum PON1 activity. Serum PON1 activity was different among genotypes and was higher for women of the CC genotype (P < .001). Women in the study were categorized in 2 groups according to the median nutrient intake. Overall, there was a difference (P < .05) in serum PON1 activity between the CC and TT genotypes in women ingesting either above or below the median total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega 3 (n-3) and omega 6 (n-6; P < .05). However, genotype effects on serum PON1 activity were not observed in women ingesting below the median (15:1) ratio of n-6/n-3 (P > .05) but were observed in women ingesting above the ratio of n-6/n-3 (P < .05). This is partly because women of the CC genotype had decreased PON1 activity when ingesting a lower ratio of n-6/n-3 diet (P < .05), while women of the TT genotype had increased PON1 activity (P < .05). In conclusion, the overall presence of the C allele was associated with increased serum PON1 activity, although a diet with high saturated fatty acid or a low ratio of n-6/n-3 reduced PON1 activity in women with the CC genotype.

Contenido de ácidos grasos en carne de bovinos cebados en diferentes sistemas de producción en el trópico colombiano / Fatty acids in meat from cattle fattened in different production systems in the colombian tropics

Antecedentes: La carne es un alimento altamente nutritivo y un componente principal de la canasta básica familiar. Los consumidores seleccionan alimentos no solo por su gusto y satisfacción, sino por sus efectos en la nutrición y en la salud humana. Además se conoce muy poco sobre la calidad de carne producida en los sistemas colombianos y su contenido de ácidos grasos. Objetivo: Determinar el contenido y la composición de ácidos grasos en carne de bovinos cebados en distintos sistemas de producción colombianos. Métodos: Se obtuvieron lomos (Longissimus dorsi) de bovinos Cebú provenientes de cuatro sistemas de producción del trópico colombiano: Dos arreglos silvopastoriles (Centro Experimental Cotové, Universidad Nacional de Colombia y Montenegro, Quindío), una pradera mejorada (Montenegro, Quindío) y un sistema de pastoreo tradicional (Montería, Córdoba). Se extrajo grasa de 64 muestras de carne (dos por lomo) en el laboratorio de Química Analítica de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, en la que se realizó un análisis cuantitativo de ácidos grasos por cromatografía de gases en el laboratorio de Análisis Instrumental de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín. Los resultados se evaluaron siguiendo un diseño completamente al azar y la separación de medias se realizó por Duncan. Resultados: Hubo diferencias significativas en el contenido de ácido mirístico y palmítico entre el sistema tradicional y la pastura mejorada, siendo ambos mayores en el sistema tradicional. Hubo diferencias significativas en el contenido de ácidos insaturados, siendo el sistema silvopastoril del Quindío y la pradera mejorada, los de mayor relación de ácidos grasos polisaturados: insaturados (0,19). En la relación linoleico: α-linolénico no hubo diferencias entre los sistemas. Conclusión: La composición y el contenido de ácidos grasos variaron en la carne de los sistemas evaluados. Los principales componentes de la grasa fueron el ácido palmítico y el ácido oleico (30,73 y 35, 62 g/100 g de ácidos grasos)

Background: Meat is a highly nutritious food and a major component of the basic food basket. Consumers select foods not only for taste and satisfaction, but also for their effects on human nutrition and health. In addition there is very little knowledge about the quality of meat produced in the Colombian systems and their fatty acid content which undoubtedly affect human health. Objetive: To determine the content and composition of fatty acids in meat from steers managed in different Colombian systems. Methods: Meat (Longissimus dorsi) samples were obtained from Zebu cattle from four production systems inthe Colombian tropics: Two silvopastoral arrangements (Cotové Research Center, National University of Colombia and Montenegro, Quindío), improved pastures (Montenegro, Quindío) and a traditional grazing system (Monteria, Cordoba). Fat was extracted from 64 meat samples in the laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the National University of Colombia, and a quantitative analysis of fatty acids was performed by gas chromatography in the laboratory of Instrumental Analysis of the National University of Colombia in Medellin. The results were evaluated following a complete randomized design and means were separated by the Duncan test. Results: There were significant differences in the content of myristic and palmitic acids between meat from the traditional and improved pasture system, with both acids being higher in the traditional system. There were also differences in the content of linoleic and linolenic acid, being lower in the Cotové silvopastoral system. There were significant differences in the content of unsaturated acids, with the meat from silvopastoral system Quindío and the improved pastures showing the highest fatty acid saturated: polyunsaturated ratio (0.19). In the linoleic: α-linolenic ratio there were no differences. Conclusions: Although the composition and the fatty acid content in beef varied between systems evaluated, the main components of such systems fat were palmitic acid and oleic acid (30.73 and 35.62 g/100 g fatty acid).

Perfil dos ácidos graxos de "manteigas de garrafa" produzidas na região de Salinas - Minas Gerais / Fatty acid profile of “bottled butter fat” produced in the region of Salinas, Minas Gerais

A história econômica de Salinas apóia-se em grande parte na pecuária. Os desbravadores encontraram na região do município, um grande potencial para o desenvolvimento de suas atividades, seja na lavoura de mantimentos, seja na pecuária (OLIVEIRA, 2000). Até hoje, a produção de leite ocupa certo destaque nas atividades da agricultura familiar que, além do leite "in natura", fornece também o queijo de coalho, o requeijão e, dos soros obtidos desses produtos elabora-se a manteiga de garrafa. Assim, esse estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de analisar o perfil dos ácidos graxos de manteigas de garrafa produzidas em Salinas, norte de Minas Gerais e análise da relação de ácidos graxos saturados: ácidos graxos insaturados dessas manteigas. O perfil dos ácidos graxos das manteigas de garrafa foi determinado por análises cromatográficas, realizadas segundo a metodologia desenvolvida por Luddy et al. (1960), modificada por Abreu (1993). Foi realizada análise de variância, comparando-se as médias pelo teste de Tukey em nível de 5 por cento de probabilidade. O perfil dos ácidos graxos de todas as manteigas de garrafa analisadas apresentou-se semelhante. Não foram detectados os picos para os ácidos butírico (C4) e capróico (C6). O teor de ácidos graxos saturados apresentou-se mais elevado do que o de ácidos graxos insaturados, com médias de 60,36 por cento e 39,64 por cento, respectivamente.

The economic history of Salinas, Minas Gerais is largely based on cattle-breeding. The discoverers found in the city's region a large potential for the progress of their activities, either in agriculture or in cattle-breeding (OLIVEIRA, 2000). Even today, milk production plays an important role in family farming activities, which besides raw milk, provides curdal cheese, cottage cheese, and "bottled butter fat", which is manufactured with fat extracted from whey. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the fatty acid profile of "bottled butter fat" produced in Salinas, in the northern region of Minas Gerais , and also to analyze the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acid of these butters. The fatty acid profile of the "bottled butter fat" was determined by chromatographic analysis, according to methodology advanced by Luddy et al. (1960), and later modified by Abreu (1993). Analysis of variance was applied for comparison of the averages by the Tukey test at 5 percent probability. The fatty acid profiles of all the "bottled butter fat" were found to be similar. The concentration of saturated fatty acids was higher than that of the unsaturated, with averages of 60,36 percent and 39,64 percent, respectively.

Compuestos lipídicos benéficos para la salud humana asociados a la nutrición animal / Compostos lipídeos benéficos para a saúde humana associados com a nutrição animal / Lipid compounds with benefits for human health associated to animal nutrition

Los alimentos de origen animal han sido castigados desde el punto de vista salud debido a sus altos contenidos de grasa saturada. El ALC (ácido linoleico conjugado cis9-trans11), es un compuesto al que se le han atribuido propiedades anticancerígenas, antidiabetogénicas, antiadipogénicas y antiaterogénicas. Además, se han reportado efectos positivos en el sistema inmune y la mineralización del hueso. Su concentración es mayor en la leche y la carne de animales en pastoreo que en otros sistemas de alimentación, lo cual genera una nueva perspectiva para ubicar la leche Colombiana en mercados internacionales.

Animal derived foods used for human consumption have received unfavorable perception because of their high contents of saturated fat. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, cis9-trans11) is a compound reported to have anticarcinogenic, antidiabetogenic, antiadipogenic, and antiatherogenic properties as well as having positive effects for the immune system and bone mineralization. Its concentration in meat and milk is higher in grazing animals than in those in other feeding systems. Natural CLA-enriched milk offer a new perspective for Colombian milk in the international markets.

Os alimentos de origem animal têm sido punidos desde o ponto de vista da saúde devido a seus altos conteúdos de gorduras saturadas. O ALC (ácido linoléico conjugado cis9-trans11), um composto com propriedades antidiabéticas, anticancerígenas, antilipogénicas, ademais de potenciar o sistema imunológico e melhorar o crescimento ósseo, presente em maiores proporções no leite e carne dos animais em pastejo, gera uma nova perspectiva comercial do leite da Colômbia no mercado internacional.