Mineral composition and clinical aspects of urolithiasis in cats in Brazil / Composição mineral e aspectos clínicos da urolitíase em gatos no Brasil

Between October 2016 and October 2017, 63 feline uroliths were analyzed at Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) by using both chemical analysis and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The most frequent mineral type found was struvite (53.9%), followed by urate (39.7%), calcium oxalate (30.1%) and calcium phosphate (25.3%). Calculus containing xanthine, cystine and silica were not observed. Uroliths classified as simple, comprised a total of 34/63. Amongst the 42 animals present in the study, 26 were male and 16 were female. Pure breed animals comprised 14.4% of the total, and the breeds observed within the study were the Persian, Himalayan, Siamese, and Angora. Cats between 25-72 months old were more frequently diagnosed with uroliths. The clinical signs varied between systemic and urinary signs and the most found were anorexia, vomiting, hematuria and dysuria. All patients were either spayed or neutered and 34 patients had no outdoor access. Familial information was unknown in almost 100% of the cases. The results observed in the present study serve as a basis for future comparisons related to the epidemiology of urinary lithiasis in Brazil, especially for the feline species.

Entre outubro de 2016 e outubro de 2017, 63 urólitos felinos foram analisados na Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), usando-se tanto análise química quanto espectroscopia por energia dispersiva (EDS). O tipo de mineral mais encontrado foi o estruvita (53,9%), seguido pelo urato (39,7%), oxalato de cálcio (30,1%) e fosfato de cálcio (25,3%). Cálculos contendo xantina, cistina e sílica não foram observados. Urólitos classificados como simples comprometeram um total de 34/63. Entre os 42 animais presentes no estudo, 26 eram machos e 16 eram fêmeas. Dos animais comprometidos, 14,4% eram de raças puras, sendo observadas as raças Persa, Himalaio, Siamês e Angorá. Gatos com idade entre 25-72 meses foram mais frequentemente diagnosticados com urólitos. Os sinais clínicos variaram entre sinais sistêmicos e urinários, sendo anorexia, vômito, hematúria e disúria os mais encontrados. Todos os pacientes eram castrados, e 34 deles não tinham acesso à rua. Histórico familiar era desconhecido em quase 100% dos casos. Os resultados observados no presente estudo servem como base para comparações futuras relacionadas à epidemiologia da litíase urinária no Brasil, especialmente em espécies felinas.

Pathology of severe urolithiasis in a flock of egg-laying hens

Fourteen, 31-week-old Lohmann white layers from a flock of 30,000 chickens had a history of apathy, and a drop in egg production. Clinical signs were observed in approximately 40% of the flock, and lasted for three months. Fourteen hens were euthanized for post-mortem examinations. Macroscopic findings included marked atrophy and loss of renal lobes along with compensatory renal hypertrophy of the contralateral lobe. Ureters were markedly dilated and filled with mucus and/or with molded white to yellow-grey uroliths that obliterated the lumen. At histopathology, the uroliths inside ureters and tubules were composed of concentrically arranged mineralized concretions, as well as urates associated with heterophilic infiltrations and epithelial hyperplasia. Renal parenchyma adjacent to obstructed ureters was compressed with tubules replaced by fibrous tissue. Multifocal interstitial lymphocytic nephritis, proteinuria and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were also found. Heterophilic and caseous ureteritis associated with numerous Gram-positive coccoid bacteria occurred in three chickens. Immunohistochemistry for avian coronavirus was negative. This negative result along with the case history indicated that water restriction was the most likely cause of mortality. This condition resulted in significant economic loss for this farmer.(AU)

Pathology of severe urolithiasis in a flock of egg-laying hens

Fourteen, 31-week-old Lohmann white layers from a flock of 30,000 chickens had a history of apathy, and a drop in egg production. Clinical signs were observed in approximately 40% of the flock, and lasted for three months. Fourteen hens were euthanized for post-mortem examinations. Macroscopic findings included marked atrophy and loss of renal lobes along with compensatory renal hypertrophy of the contralateral lobe. Ureters were markedly dilated and filled with mucus and/or with molded white to yellow-grey uroliths that obliterated the lumen. At histopathology, the uroliths inside ureters and tubules were composed of concentrically arranged mineralized concretions, as well as urates associated with heterophilic infiltrations and epithelial hyperplasia. Renal parenchyma adjacent to obstructed ureters was compressed with tubules replaced by fibrous tissue. Multifocal interstitial lymphocytic nephritis, proteinuria and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were also found. Heterophilic and caseous ureteritis associated with numerous Gram-positive coccoid bacteria occurred in three chickens. Immunohistochemistry for avian coronavirus was negative. This negative result along with the case history indicated that water restriction was the most likely cause of mortality. This condition resulted in significant economic loss for this farmer.

Obstructive urolithiasis in growing-finishing pigs / Urolitíase obstrutiva em suínos de crescimento e terminação

Obstructive urolithiasis is a disease characterized by the presence of uroliths in the urinary tract, with consequent obstruction of excretion pathways. This paper described the epidemiological and clinical-pathological findings of 22 outbreaks of urolithiasis in growing-finishing pigs in Southern Brazil. All affected pigs were male and clinical presentation consisted of lethargy, dysuria, rectal prolapse, abdominal distention, peripheral cyanosis and reluctance to move. Clinical progression course ranged from 12 hours to one week, and the lethality rate was 100%. Gross changes were characterized by urinary bladder rupture associated with marked amount of yellowish liquid with ammoniacal odor (urine) in the abdominal cavity (uroperitoneum), as well as mild fibrin deposition on the surface of abdominal organs and hydronephrosis. Urinary uroliths ranging from 0.3 to 1cm in diameter were often observed obstructing the lumen of the penile urethra and sometimes those were free in the abdominal cavity. Histopathological findings included diffuse and marked urinary bladder edema and hemorrhage associated with inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Diffuse and marked necrosis of the mucosal epithelium was observed in the penile urethra. Intense fibrin deposition and inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils were noted in the peritoneum, as well as in the serosa of the organs in the abdominal cavity. Uroliths were submitted to the method of qualitative determination of the mineral components, and were compatible with calcium carbonate and magnesium ammonium phosphate. Growing pigs ration analysis revealed low levels of calcium in relation to phosphorus, resulting in a Ca:P ratio of approximately 0.35:1. Histological findings and mineral analysis suggest that outbreaks of urolithiasis were related to a nutritional imbalance in the proportions of dietary calcium and phosphorus. The main cause of mortality was related to dehydration and uroperitoneum.(AU)

Urolitíase obstrutiva é uma enfermidade caracterizada pela presença de urólitos no trato urinário, com consequente obstrução das vias de excreção. Este artigo descreve os achados epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos de 22 surtos de urolitíase em suínos de crescimento e terminação no Sul do Brasil. Os suínos afetados eram machos e clinicamente apresentavam letargia, disúria, prolapso retal, abaulamento do abdômen, extremidades cianóticas e relutância em movimentar-se. A duração dos sinais clínicos variou de 12 horas a uma semana, e a letalidade foi de 100%. As alterações macroscópicas caracterizaram-se por ruptura da bexiga com acentuada quantidade de líquido de coloração amarelada e odor amoniacal (urina) livre na cavidade abdominal (uroperitônio), além de discreta deposição de fibrina sobre os órgãos e hidronefrose. Frequentemente obstruindo o lúmen da uretra peniana e por vezes livre na cavidade abdominal, era possível observar urólitos urinários que variavam de 0,3 a 1cm de diâmetro. Os achados histopatológicos incluíram edema e hemorragia difusos e acentuados na bexiga, associado a infiltrado inflamatório predominante de linfócitos, plasmócitos e macrófagos. Na uretra peniana havia necrose difusa e acentuada do epitélio da mucosa. No peritônio e nas serosas dos órgãos da cavidade abdominal havia intensa deposição de fibrina e infiltrado neutrofílico. Os urólitos foram submetidos ao método de determinação qualitativa dos componentes minerais, os quais foram compatíveis com carbonato de cálcio e fosfato de amônio magnesiano. A análise da ração de crescimento revelou baixos níveis de cálcio, em relação ao fósforo, perfazendo uma relação Ca:P de aproximadamente 0,35:1. Os achados histológicos e as dosagens minerais sugerem que os surtos de urolitíase foram relacionados a um desequilíbrio nutricional nas proporções de cálcio e fósforo dietético. A principal causa da morte dos suínos foi relacionada à desidratação e ao uroperitônio.(AU)

Obstructive urolithiasis in growing-finishing pigs / Urolitíase obstrutiva em suínos de crescimento e terminação

Obstructive urolithiasis is a disease characterized by the presence of uroliths in the urinary tract, with consequent obstruction of excretion pathways. This paper described the epidemiological and clinical-pathological findings of 22 outbreaks of urolithiasis in growing-finishing pigs in Southern Brazil. All affected pigs were male and clinical presentation consisted of lethargy, dysuria, rectal prolapse, abdominal distention, peripheral cyanosis and reluctance to move. Clinical progression course ranged from 12 hours to one week, and the lethality rate was 100%. Gross changes were characterized by urinary bladder rupture associated with marked amount of yellowish liquid with ammoniacal odor (urine) in the abdominal cavity (uroperitoneum), as well as mild fibrin deposition on the surface of abdominal organs and hydronephrosis. Urinary uroliths ranging from 0.3 to 1cm in diameter were often observed obstructing the lumen of the penile urethra and sometimes those were free in the abdominal cavity. Histopathological findings included diffuse and marked urinary bladder edema and hemorrhage associated with inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Diffuse and marked necrosis of the mucosal epithelium was observed in the penile urethra. Intense fibrin deposition and inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils were noted in the peritoneum, as well as in the serosa of the organs in the abdominal cavity. Uroliths were submitted to the method of qualitative determination of the mineral components, and were compatible with calcium carbonate and magnesium ammonium phosphate. Growing pigs ration analysis revealed low levels of calcium in relation to phosphorus, resulting in a Ca:P ratio of approximately 0.35:1. Histological findings and mineral analysis suggest that outbreaks of urolithiasis were related to a nutritional imbalance in the proportions of dietary calcium and phosphorus. The main cause of mortality was related to dehydration and uroperitoneum.(AU)

Urolitíase obstrutiva é uma enfermidade caracterizada pela presença de urólitos no trato urinário, com consequente obstrução das vias de excreção. Este artigo descreve os achados epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos de 22 surtos de urolitíase em suínos de crescimento e terminação no Sul do Brasil. Os suínos afetados eram machos e clinicamente apresentavam letargia, disúria, prolapso retal, abaulamento do abdômen, extremidades cianóticas e relutância em movimentar-se. A duração dos sinais clínicos variou de 12 horas a uma semana, e a letalidade foi de 100%. As alterações macroscópicas caracterizaram-se por ruptura da bexiga com acentuada quantidade de líquido de coloração amarelada e odor amoniacal (urina) livre na cavidade abdominal (uroperitônio), além de discreta deposição de fibrina sobre os órgãos e hidronefrose. Frequentemente obstruindo o lúmen da uretra peniana e por vezes livre na cavidade abdominal, era possível observar urólitos urinários que variavam de 0,3 a 1cm de diâmetro. Os achados histopatológicos incluíram edema e hemorragia difusos e acentuados na bexiga, associado a infiltrado inflamatório predominante de linfócitos, plasmócitos e macrófagos. Na uretra peniana havia necrose difusa e acentuada do epitélio da mucosa. No peritônio e nas serosas dos órgãos da cavidade abdominal havia intensa deposição de fibrina e infiltrado neutrofílico. Os urólitos foram submetidos ao método de determinação qualitativa dos componentes minerais, os quais foram compatíveis com carbonato de cálcio e fosfato de amônio magnesiano. A análise da ração de crescimento revelou baixos níveis de cálcio, em relação ao fósforo, perfazendo uma relação Ca:P de aproximadamente 0,35:1. Os achados histológicos e as dosagens minerais sugerem que os surtos de urolitíase foram relacionados a um desequilíbrio nutricional nas proporções de cálcio e fósforo dietético. A principal causa da morte dos suínos foi relacionada à desidratação e ao uroperitônio.(AU)

Risk factors associated with feline urolithiasis.

Urinary tract diseases are among the main reasons for consultation in veterinary clinics and hospitals. It affects animals of any age, breed and gender. Among the diseases that affect this system, urolithiasis is the second largest cause of clinical signs compatible with feline urinary tract disease. The term urolithiasis refers to the presence of uroliths in any region of the urinary tract, but it is more commonly seen in the bladder and urethra. Uroliths are classified based on the type of mineral present in their composition, therefore, quantitative and qualitative analyzes are important for a better therapeutic approach. The animals may suffer from the disease and be asymptomatic, or show nonspecific clinical signs, making the diagnosis difficult. The disease should not be seen as a single problem, but as a consequence of various disorders. As dietary, metabolic, genetic and infectious causes, as well as factors that potentiate the chance of development of uroliths such as breed, age, sex, age range, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, geographic region and climate. Thus, the knowledge of the factors that influence the formation of uroliths, as well as the understanding of the pathophysiology, are key elements for better alternatives of therapy and prevention. The recognition of these factors helps to identify susceptible populations, minimizing exposure and increasing the protection factors, which facilitates the diagnosis and treatment of patients with urolithiasis. The objective of this paper is to present the main risk factors involved in the formation of urinary lithiasis in felines.

Urolithiasis with uroperitoneum and hydronephrosis in grazing cattlein Southern Brazil / Urolitíase com uroperitônio e hidronefrose em bovinos a campo no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul

The purpose of this paper was to describe obstructive urolithiasis with uroperitoneum and hydronephrosis in range cattle in southern Rio Grande do Sul. The disease was observed in castrated male cattle, aged between 18 months and 3 years in a herd of 200 steers that were in a ryegrass pasture during the winter and a native pasture during the summer. Different mineral salts were used as a supplement for the animals during the two seasons of the year. Cattle presented a progressive abdominal distention, depression and dehydration ranging from 10 days to one month in duration. One animal was necropsied, and approximately 50 liters of urine (uroperitoneum) in the abdominal cavity were observed. The bladder had a small rupture and was adhered to the pelvic cavity. The right kidney was enlarged with hydronephrosis. Uroliths of more than 1cm in diameter were housed in the penile urethra. In this study, the disease occurred probably because of mineral salt supplementation, resulting in an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus intake.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever urolitíase obstrutiva associada a hidroperitônio e hidronefrose em bovinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A doença foi observada em um rebanho de 200 bovinos machos castrados, com idade entre 18 meses e três anos, mantidos a campo, que permaneciam no inverno em pastagem de azevém e no verão em campo nativo e eram suplementados com diferentes sais minerais nas duas épocas do ano. Os bovinos afetados apresentavam aumento de volume abdominal progressivo, depressão e desidratação, com evolução de 10 dias a um mês. Um bovino foi necropsiado e havia na cavidade abdominal aproximadamente 50 litros de urina (uroperitônio). A bexiga apresentava pequena ruptura e aderência à cavidade pélvica. O rim direito estava aumentado de tamanho e apresentava hidronefrose. Havia urólitos de mais ou menos 1cm de diâmetro alojados na uretra peniana. Neste caso é provável que a doença tenha ocorrido em consequência da suplementação com sal mineral contendo quantidades inadequadas de cálcio e fósforo levando a um desequilíbrio entre estes minerais.(AU)

Urolithiasis with uroperitoneum and hydronephrosis in grazing cattlein Southern Brazil / Urolitíase com uroperitônio e hidronefrose em bovinos a campo no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul

The purpose of this paper was to describe obstructive urolithiasis with uroperitoneum and hydronephrosis in range cattle in southern Rio Grande do Sul. The disease was observed in castrated male cattle, aged between 18 months and 3 years in a herd of 200 steers that were in a ryegrass pasture during the winter and a native pasture during the summer. Different mineral salts were used as a supplement for the animals during the two seasons of the year. Cattle presented a progressive abdominal distention, depression and dehydration ranging from 10 days to one month in duration. One animal was necropsied, and approximately 50 liters of urine (uroperitoneum) in the abdominal cavity were observed. The bladder had a small rupture and was adhered to the pelvic cavity. The right kidney was enlarged with hydronephrosis. Uroliths of more than 1cm in diameter were housed in the penile urethra. In this study, the disease occurred probably because of mineral salt supplementation, resulting in an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus intake.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever urolitíase obstrutiva associada a hidroperitônio e hidronefrose em bovinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A doença foi observada em um rebanho de 200 bovinos machos castrados, com idade entre 18 meses e três anos, mantidos a campo, que permaneciam no inverno em pastagem de azevém e no verão em campo nativo e eram suplementados com diferentes sais minerais nas duas épocas do ano. Os bovinos afetados apresentavam aumento de volume abdominal progressivo, depressão e desidratação, com evolução de 10 dias a um mês. Um bovino foi necropsiado e havia na cavidade abdominal aproximadamente 50 litros de urina (uroperitônio). A bexiga apresentava pequena ruptura e aderência à cavidade pélvica. O rim direito estava aumentado de tamanho e apresentava hidronefrose. Havia urólitos de mais ou menos 1cm de diâmetro alojados na uretra peniana. Neste caso é provável que a doença tenha ocorrido em consequência da suplementação com sal mineral contendo quantidades inadequadas de cálcio e fósforo levando a um desequilíbrio entre estes minerais.

Urolithiasis with uroperitoneum and hydronephrosis in grazing cattlein Southern Brazil / Urolitíase com uroperitônio e hidronefrose em bovinos a campo no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper was to describe obstructive urolithiasis with uroperitoneum and hydronephrosis in range cattle in southern Rio Grande do Sul. The disease was observed in castrated male cattle, aged between 18 months and 3 years in a herd of 200 steers that were in a ryegrass pasture during the winter and a native pasture during the summer. Different mineral salts were used as a supplement for the animals during the two seasons of the year. Cattle presented a progressive abdominal distention, depression and dehydration ranging from 10 days to one month in duration. One animal was necropsied, and approximately 50 liters of urine (uroperitoneum) in the abdominal cavity were observed. The bladder had a small rupture and was adhered to the pelvic cavity. The right kidney was enlarged with hydronephrosis. Uroliths of more than 1cm in diameter were housed in the penile urethra. In this study, the disease occurred probably because of mineral salt supplementation, resulting in an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus intake.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever urolitíase obstrutiva associada a hidroperitônio e hidronefrose em bovinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A doença foi observada em um rebanho de 200 bovinos machos castrados, com idade entre 18 meses e três anos, mantidos a campo, que permaneciam no inverno em pastagem de azevém e no verão em campo nativo e eram suplementados com diferentes sais minerais nas duas épocas do ano. Os bovinos afetados apresentavam aumento de volume abdominal progressivo, depressão e desidratação, com evolução de 10 dias a um mês. Um bovino foi necropsiado e havia na cavidade abdominal aproximadamente 50 litros de urina (uroperitônio). A bexiga apresentava pequena ruptura e aderência à cavidade pélvica. O rim direito estava aumentado de tamanho e apresentava hidronefrose. Havia urólitos de mais ou menos 1cm de diâmetro alojados na uretra peniana. Neste caso é provável que a doença tenha ocorrido em consequência da suplementação com sal mineral contendo quantidades inadequadas de cálcio e fósforo levando a um desequilíbrio entre estes minerais.

Clinical and epidemiological indicators of urolithiasis in small ruminants met in hospital routine / Indicadores clínico-epidemiológicos da urolitíase em pequenos ruminantes atendidos na rotina hospitalar

The aim of this study was to conduct a study on the occurrence and characterization of the main epidemiological, clinical and laboratory test findings, as well as the chemical composition of uroliths found in cases of urolithiasis in small ruminants treated at hospital routine. The study was conducted at the Clinic for Cattle, Garanhuns Campus of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, analyzing 98 cases of urolithiasis who were diagnosed in the period 2001-2011. The cases of urolithiasis represented 5.1% of clinical cases of small ruminants. All newborns were male and intact, with less than three years old at 90.56% and 66.60% of sheep from goats. The main clinical findings are: apathy and altered posture, showing signs of pain as arching, vocalization and gnashing of teeth, dehydration, difficulty urinating, besides presenting the swollen and sensitive to palpation preputial region. The blood count revealed leukocytosis with neutrophilia. In serum biochemistry was observed an increase in the levels of urea and creatinine, GGT, CK and glucose. With respect to mineral profile observed a hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypermagnesemia. Featured deserved the result of the composition of uroliths, where there was a predominance of oxalate. The mortality rate of the animals was 56.4%. We conclude that the clinical and laboratory examinations are critical to assess the patients condition and prognosis. (AU)

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, realizar um estudo sobre a ocorrência e a caracterização dos principais achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e de exames complementares, bem como a composição química dos urólitos encontrados nos casos de urolitíase em pequenos ruminantes atendidos na rotina hospitalar. O estudo foi realizado na Clínica de Bovinos, Campus de Garanhuns da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, analisando 98 casos de urolitíase obstrutiva que foram diagnosticados no período de 2001 a 2011. A casuística de urolitíase obstrutiva representou 5,1% dos casos clínicos de pequenos ruminantes. Todos os animais acometidos eram machos e inteiros, com idade inferior a três anos em 90,56% dos ovinos e 66,60% dos caprinos. Dentre os principais achados clínicos se destacam: apatia e postura alterada, apresentando sinais de dor como arqueamento, vocalização e ranger de dentes, desidratação, dificuldade para urinar, além de apresentar a região prepucial edemaciada e sensível à palpação. O hemograma revelou uma leucocitose por neutrofilia. Na bioquímica sérica foi constatada uma elevação dos níveis de ureia e creatinina, GGT, CK e glicose. Com relação ao perfil mineral observou-se uma hipocalcemia, hiperfosfatemia e hipermagnesemia. Mereceu destaque o resultado da composição dos urólitos, onde houve um predomínio do oxalato. O índice de mortalidade dos animais acometidos foi de 56,4%. Conclui-se que os exames clínicos e laboratoriais, são fundamentais para avaliar a condição clínica do paciente e seu prognóstico.(AU)

Indicadores clínico-epidemiológicos da urolitíase em pequenos ruminantes atendidos na rotina hospitalar / Clinical and epidemiological indicators of urolithiasis in small ruminants met in hospital routine

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, realizar um estudo sobre a ocorrência e a caracterização dos principais achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e de exames complementares, bem como a composição química dos urólitos encontrados nos casos de urolitíase em pequenos ruminantes atendidos na rotina hospitalar. O estudo foi realizado na Clínica de Bovinos, Campus de Garanhuns da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, analisando 98 casos de urolitíase obstrutiva que foram diagnosticados no período de 2001 a 2011. A casuística de urolitíase obstrutiva representou 5,1% dos casos clínicos de pequenos ruminantes. Todos os animais acometidos eram machos e inteiros, com idade inferior a três anos em 90,56% dos ovinos e 66,60% dos caprinos. Dentre os principais achados clínicos se destacam: apatia e postura alterada, apresentando sinais de dor como arqueamento, vocalização e ranger de dentes, desidratação, dificuldade para urinar, além de apresentar a região prepucial edemaciada e sensível à palpação. O hemograma revelou uma leucocitose por neutrofilia. Na bioquímica sérica foi constatada uma elevação dos níveis de ureia e creatinina, GGT, CK e glicose. Com relação ao perfil mineral observou-se uma hipocalcemia, hiperfosfatemia e hipermagnesemia. Mereceu destaque o resultado da composição dos urólitos, onde houve um predomínio do oxalato. O índice de mortalidade dos animais acometidos foi de 56,4%. Conclui-se que os exames clínicos e laboratoriais, são fundamentais para avaliar a condição clínica do paciente e seu prognóstico.

The aim of this study was to conduct a study on the occurrence and characterization of the main epidemiological, clinical and laboratory test findings, as well as the chemical composition of uroliths found in cases of urolithiasis in small ruminants treated at hospital routine. The study was conducted at the Clinic for Cattle, Garanhuns Campus of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, analyzing 98 cases of urolithiasis who were diagnosed in the period 2001-2011. The cases of urolithiasis represented 5.1% of clinical cases of small ruminants. All newborns were male and intact, with less than three years old at 90.56% and 66.60% of sheep from goats. The main clinical findings are: apathy and altered posture, showing signs of pain as arching, vocalization and gnashing of teeth, dehydration, difficulty urinating, besides presenting the swollen and sensitive to palpation preputial region. The blood count revealed leukocytosis with neutrophilia. In serum biochemistry was observed an increase in the levels of urea and creatinine, GGT, CK and glucose. With respect to mineral profile observed a hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypermagnesemia. Featured deserved the result of the composition of uroliths, where there was a predominance of oxalate. The mortality rate of the animals was 56.4%. We conclude that the clinical and laboratory examinations are critical to assess the patient's condition and prognosis.

Urolitíase em Schnauzer: uma abordagem clínica e cirúrgica / Urolithiasis in Schnauzer: a clinical and surgical approach

The urolithiasis in dogs is a very common disease in the veterinary clinic. It is characterized by mineralized salt accumulation in some region of the urinary tract and is more common in areas of the bladder and urethra, but rare in the kidneys and ureters. This study aims to report a case of urolithiasis in dog. It was answered in Clinical Veterinary ETAVE, Fortaleza, Ceará, a female, race Schnauzer, 10 years old, whose diet consisted of food and home cooking. There were made physical and complementary examinations of the animal, establishing the diagnosis of urolithiasis. Cystotomy was prescribed to remove the uroliths of the bladder, as well as medicine and the animal dietary modification. The uroliths were characterized as mixed. Surgical treatment associated with therapeutic diets is an excellent option for the control of relapses.(AU)

Urolitíase em Schnauzer: uma abordagem clínica e cirúrgica / Urolithiasis in Schnauzer: a clinical and surgical approach

The urolithiasis in dogs is a very common disease in the veterinary clinic. It is characterized by mineralized salt accumulation in some region of the urinary tract and is more common in areas of the bladder and urethra, but rare in the kidneys and ureters. This study aims to report a case of urolithiasis in dog. It was answered in Clinical Veterinary ETAVE, Fortaleza, Ceará, a female, race Schnauzer, 10 years old, whose diet consisted of food and home cooking. There were made physical and complementary examinations of the animal, establishing the diagnosis of urolithiasis. Cystotomy was prescribed to remove the uroliths of the bladder, as well as medicine and the animal dietary modification. The uroliths were characterized as mixed. Surgical treatment associated with therapeutic diets is an excellent option for the control of relapses.

Plantas medicinais no controle de urolitíase / Using medicinal plants in the control of urolithiasis

Plantas medicinais têm sido utilizadas mundialmente para o controle de urolitíases na medicina humana. A ocorrência desta afecção tem aumentado em humanos, ruminantes, cães e gatos. Nos animais, fatores patofisiológicos adquiridos, congênitos ou familiares podem estar envolvidos, havendo similaridade ao que se observa em seres humanos. Porém, apesar dos avanços nas pesquisas, o emprego de plantas medicinais na medicina veterinária, ainda é pouco utilizado. Dessa forma, objetivou-se apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica dos resultados do uso de plantas medicinais no controle de urolitíase. As plantas utilizadas são: Ammi visnaga, Bergenia ligulata, Cynodon dactylon, Herniaria hirsuta e Phyllanthus niruri. A atividade antilitogênica foi relacionada às alterações da composição iônica da urina, atividade diurética, inibição de cristalização e agregação de cristais. Destaca-se o uso de Phyllanthus niruri, pela eficácia na prevenção dos urólitos. Extratos de Phyllanthus niruri normalizaram níveis altos de cálcio urinário, desfavorecendo os estágios iniciais de formação dos urólitos. Adicionalmente, foram associados à elevação da filtração glomerular e excreção urinária de ácido úrico sugerindo utilização potencial não só como efeito lítico e preventivo das calculoses, mas também em pacientes hiperuricêmicos e portadores de insuficiência renal. A partir dos resultados relatados, pode-se concluir que os trabalhos apresentados pela literatura atual são capazes de comprovar os efeitos benéficos do uso de plantas medicinais no controle de urolitíase. Entretanto, ainda são escassos os estudos realizados em animais domésticos, predominando ensaios desenvolvidos em roedores.

Medicinal plants have been used worldwide in the prevention of urolithiasis. The occurrence of this disease has increased in men, ruminants, dogs and cats. With regard to animals, acquired (congenital or hereditary) pathophysiological factors may be involved, a fact that bears similarity to what has been observed in humans. Yet, despite advances in research, the use of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine remains still underutilized. Thus, the purpose of this study is to conduct a literature review on the use of medicinal plants in the control of urolithiasis. The plants used are: Ammi visnaga, Bergenia ligulata, Cynodon dactylon, Herniaria hirsute and Phyllanthus niruri. Antilithogenic activity was related to changes in the ionic composition of urine, diuretic activity and inhibition of crystallization and aggregation of crystals. It is worth highlighting the use of Phyllanthus niruri due to its efficiency in the prevention of uroliths. Phyllanthus niruri extracts normalized high levels of urinary calcium, inhibiting the formation of uroliths in the initial stages. Additionally, they were associated with a higher glomerular filtration and higher urinary excretion of uric acid. These results suggest a potential use due to its lytic and preventive effect, as well as due to its application to hyperuricemic patients having renal insufficiency. We can conclude that the studies that pertain to the current literature can demonstrate the beneficial effects of using medicinal herbs to control urolithiasis. However, studies conducted in domestic animals remain scant, while tests developed in rodents still predominate.

Urolithiasis in the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus): Assessment of four clinical cases in captivity / Urolitiase em lobo guara (Chrysocyon brachyurus): Avaliação de quatro casos clínicos em cativeiro

Four cases of urolithiasis in captive maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) were studied. AlI four animals were adult males. The clinical cases occurred in the period 1989-2004. The disease was manifested after 2 months to 10 years of captivity. The main clinical symptoms found were abdominal distension, recurrent urinary tract infections, pain upon abdominal palpation, difficulty urinating, polacyuria, hemaruria, anorexia, dehydration, and urinary tenesmus evolving to anuria due to obstruction of the urethra by calculi. Radiological examination detected bladder distension and the presence of many radio-opaque uroliths in the bladder lumen. Diffraction analysis of uroliths showed they were made up of calcium acid pyrophosphate and basic hydrous manganese phosphate (n=1) and hydrous magnesium ammonium phosphate with traces of Potassium Calcium Phosphate (n = 1). Electron microscopy showed that uroliths consisted of crystals with mineral phosphorus, potassium and magnesium (n=2) predominating in their composition. This is the first time any scientific research has demonstrated the occurrence of urolithiasis associated with uroliths of mineral composition based on phosphate, potassium and magnesium in captive maned wolves. The only cases of urolithiasis in maned wolves documented hitherto were cystine-related. Therapeutic measures for urolithiasis involve appropriate nutritional management, use of medication and, in some cases, specific surgical procedures. Diagnosis and treatment of the diseases to which wild animals are subject when in captivity are extremely important for maintenance and reproduction of these species with a view to their conservation in the environment.(AU)

Foram estudados quatro casos de urolitíase em lobos guarás (Chrysocyon brachyurus), que ocorreram no período de 1989 a 2004, de animais mantidos em cativeiro. Os casos clínicos ocorreram em quatro machos adultos. O tempo de cativeiro para a manifestação da doença nos animais variou de dois meses a 10 anos. Os principais sintomas clínicos apresentados foram distensão abdominal, infecções recorrentes do trato urinário, dor à palpação abdominal, dificuldade em urinar, polaciúria, hematúria, anorexia, desidratação e tenesmo urinário com evolução para anúria em decorrência da obstrução da uretra por cálculos. Ao exame radiológico detectou-se distenção da bexiga e a presença de inúmero urólitos radiopacos no lúmen do órgão. As análises difratométricas dos urólitos revelaram que eles eram compostos de Pirofostato Ácido de Cálcio e Fosfato Básico de Manganês Hidratado (n=1)) e Fosfato de Amônia Magnésio Hidratado com traços de Fosfato de Potássio e Cálcio (n=1). A microscopia eletrônica revelou que os urólitos eram formados por cristais, com predominância dos minerais de fósforo, potássio e magnésio (n=2) em sua composição. O presente estudo demonstrou, de forma inédita, a ocorrência de urolitíase associada a urólitos de composição mineral a base de fosfato, potássio e magnésio, em lobos guarás cativos. Até então, só foram documentados casos de urolitíase em lobos guarás relacionados à cistina. As medidas terapêuticas da urolitíase envolvem manejo nutricional adequado, utilização de medicamentos e, em alguns casos, cirurgias específicas. O diagnóstico e tratamento das doenças que acometem animais silvestres em cativeiro são de extrema importância para a manutenção e reprodução dessas espécies, visando à sua conservação no meio ambiente.(AU)

Uretrostomia peniana e perineal em felinos domésticos

The content of lhe present paper is lhe result of different technics for urethrostomy in domestic cats. Twenty four mongrel males cats were used. They were distributed in four groups of six animais each and the following protocol were used: cranial penile urethrostomy (group 1), caudal penile urethrostomy (group II), association of the previous techniques (group III) and association of cranial penectomy and perineal urethrostomy (group IV). Previously orchiectomy was performed in all animals. The results were evaluated through a daily clinical examination considering the macroscopic aspect of the wound, the contraction and the aesthetic view. Urianalysis and culture of urine were performed at the animais of groups III and IV, which are the groups with the best surgical results. In the first group it was observed the complete closure of the penile uretra around the 15th pos-operative day. All animals from group II, presented penile exposition due to tissue retraction after surgery. The best results were obtained with animals of the group IV, wich presented acceptable aesthetical results and maintence of urethral patency. This tecnique is indicated for relief urethral obstruction in cats.

O conteúdo do presente trabalho é o resultado de diferentes técnicas de uretrostomia em felinos domésticos. Foram utilizados vinte quatro gatos sem raça definida, machos, distribuídos em quatro grupos de seis animais cada e submetidos a orquiectomia e aos seguintes procedimentos cirúrgicos: uretrostomia peniana cranial (grupo I), uretrostomia peniana caudal (grupoII), uretrostomia peniana craniocaudal (grupo III) e uretrostomia perineal associada à penectomia cranial (grupo IV). Os resultados foram avaliados através de exame clínico geral, realizado do primeiro dia ao nonagésimo dia após intervenção cirúrgica. O aspecto macroscópico da ferida cirúrgica, grau de contração e aspecto estético foram inspecionados diariamente até a retirada dos pontos externos. Foram realizados exame de urina tipo l e urocultura, apenas nos animais que apresentaram melhores resultados: aqueles submetidos à uretrostomia peniana craniocaudal e à uretrostomia perineal associada à penectomia cranial. Esses exames foram realizados 24h antes do procedimento cirúrgico (T0), 15 (Tl) e 30 (T2) do período pós-operatório. Os animais do primeiro grupo apresentaram fechamento completo da uretra peniana, os do segundo grupo apresentaram intensa retração cicatricial pós-operatória que promoveu exposição peniana permanente. Os animais do grupo III, também desenvolveram exposição peniana permanente, porém em menor grau. Os resultados apresentados por todos os indivíduos do grupo IV foramos melhores, sendo a técnica recomendada para desobstrução uretral em gatos.

Uretrostomia peniana e perineal em felinos domésticos

The content of lhe present paper is lhe result of different technics for urethrostomy in domestic cats. Twenty four mongrel males cats were used. They were distributed in four groups of six animais each and the following protocol were used: cranial penile urethrostomy (group 1), caudal penile urethrostomy (group II), association of the previous techniques (group III) and association of cranial penectomy and perineal urethrostomy (group IV). Previously orchiectomy was performed in all animals. The results were evaluated through a daily clinical examination considering the macroscopic aspect of the wound, the contraction and the aesthetic view. Urianalysis and culture of urine were performed at the animais of groups III and IV, which are the groups with the best surgical results. In the first group it was observed the complete closure of the penile uretra around the 15th pos-operative day. All animals from group II, presented penile exposition due to tissue retraction after surgery. The best results were obtained with animals of the group IV, wich presented acceptable aesthetical results and maintence of urethral patency. This tecnique is indicated for relief urethral obstruction in cats.

O conteúdo do presente trabalho é o resultado de diferentes técnicas de uretrostomia em felinos domésticos. Foram utilizados vinte quatro gatos sem raça definida, machos, distribuídos em quatro grupos de seis animais cada e submetidos a orquiectomia e aos seguintes procedimentos cirúrgicos: uretrostomia peniana cranial (grupo I), uretrostomia peniana caudal (grupoII), uretrostomia peniana craniocaudal (grupo III) e uretrostomia perineal associada à penectomia cranial (grupo IV). Os resultados foram avaliados através de exame clínico geral, realizado do primeiro dia ao nonagésimo dia após intervenção cirúrgica. O aspecto macroscópico da ferida cirúrgica, grau de contração e aspecto estético foram inspecionados diariamente até a retirada dos pontos externos. Foram realizados exame de urina tipo l e urocultura, apenas nos animais que apresentaram melhores resultados: aqueles submetidos à uretrostomia peniana craniocaudal e à uretrostomia perineal associada à penectomia cranial. Esses exames foram realizados 24h antes do procedimento cirúrgico (T0), 15 (Tl) e 30 (T2) do período pós-operatório. Os animais do primeiro grupo apresentaram fechamento completo da uretra peniana, os do segundo grupo apresentaram intensa retração cicatricial pós-operatória que promoveu exposição peniana permanente. Os animais do grupo III, também desenvolveram exposição peniana permanente, porém em menor grau. Os resultados apresentados por todos os indivíduos do grupo IV foramos melhores, sendo a técnica recomendada para desobstrução uretral em gatos.