Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) through elastomeric continuous infusion pumps in a real-life observational study: Characteristics, safety, and efficacy analysis.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to present real-life data on the use, efficacy, and safety of administering antibiotic therapy through portable elastomeric pumps (pEP) in the outpatient setting. METHODS: This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted from January 2020 to May 2023 in a large academic hospital in Rome, Italy. All patients receiving antibiotic therapy via pEP were included up to a follow-up period of 90 days after the end of antibiotic therapy. The primary outcome was the treatment response. Secondary endpoints were adverse events attributable to the drug administered, the vascular catheter, or the infection itself. RESULTS: Of the 490 patients referred to our outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) unit, 94 (19.2%) received antibiotic therapy via pEP and were included in the final analysis. The most frequently treated infections were those involving bone and prosthetics, including spondylodiscitis (n=27; 28.8%). Most infections were due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=55; 48.3%). Cefepime (n=32; 34.0%), piperacillin/tazobactam (n=29; 30.9%), ceftolozane/tazobactam (n=7; 7.5%), and oxacillin (n=7; 7.5%) were the most frequently administered antibiotics. The infection cure rate reached 88.3% (n=83). 12 patients (12.8%) reported adverse events, of which half (6.4%) were drug-related and half (6.4%) were line-related. CONCLUSIONS: OPAT through portable elastomeric infusion pumps proved to be safe and effective. It also contributed to the reduction of healthcare costs, fully respecting the principles of personalized medicine. This strategy has emerged as a promising tool for antibiotic stewardship and infection control.

Implementación de un programa para mitigar la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en escenarios de bajos recursos / Implementation of a program to face antimicrobial resistance on a low resources hospital

Estudio cuasi-experimental desarrollado para disminuir el impacto de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos a través de un programa de prevención de infecciones y optimización del uso de antimicrobianos construido "a medida" según las posibilidades de la institución. Se implementó: vigilan-cia de colonización e infección por enterobacterias pro-ductoras de carbapenemasas (EPC); vigilancia y medidas preventivas para infecciones urinarias asociadas a sonda vesical (ITU); vigilancia e intervenciones para mejorar la higiene de manos; guías locales de tratamiento de enfer-medades infecciosas con evaluación de adherencia a las mismas y consumo de antibióticos (ATB). Resultados: Comparando periodo pre y postintervención: tasa de EPC en muestras clínicas: 1,1 a 0/días paciente; razón de tasas de incidencia (IRR: 0.00, p: 0.033); tasa de colonización: 3,3 a 0,61/días paciente (IRR: 0.18, p: 0.5). Tasa de ITU 8,9 a 7,2/1000 días catéter urinario (IRR: 0.81, p 0.5). Adherencia a higiene de manos: 77,5% a 70,38% (p 0.0067). Consumo de ATB: 376,24 a 176,82 DDD, (disminu-ción 53%). Adherencia a guías en elección de ATB: 57,1% a 95,4% (p 0.00031); duración de ATB: 92,8% a 98,4% (p 0.16); adecuación según rescate microbiológico: 57,1% a 100% (p <0.01). Conclusión: Un programa con medidas simples, a medida, con supervisión externa, redujo en un tiempo relativamente corto las infecciones por EPC, el consumo y uso apropiado de ATB en un hospital público de medianos/bajos recursos

This quasi-experimental study was developed in a public hospital with the goal of reducing the impact of antimicrobial resistance through an infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship program. The following measures were implemented: surveillance of colonization and infection by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE); surveillance and preventive measures for urinary catheter-associated infections (UTIs); surveillance and interventions for hand hygiene; local guidelines for treatment of infectious diseases with compliance and antibiotic (ATB) consumption metrics.Results: comparing the pre-intervention and post-intervention period, CPE rate in clinical samples 1.1 to 0/patient days, incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.00, p: 0.033 and colonization of 3.3 to 0.61/days patient, IRR: 0.18, p-value: 0.5. UTI rate 8.9 to 7.2/1000 days urinary catheter IRR: 0.81, p 0.5. Hand Hygiene compliance: 77.5% to 70.38%, p 0.0067. ATB consumption: 376.24 to 176.82 DDD, 53% decrease. Compliance to guidelines in ATB selection: 57.1% to 95.4% p 0.00031, duration of ATB from 92.8% to 98.4% p 0.16, and adequacy to microbiological rescue of 57.1% at 100%, p <0.01. Conclusion: it is possible to reduce CPE infections, the consumption of antimicrobials and optimize their use in a public hospital in a country with medium/low resources through a program with basic and tailored measures

Agreement between pharmacists and physicians on the assessment of appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing.

INTRODUCTION: Audits for monitoring the quality of antimicrobial prescribing are a main tool in antimicrobial stewardship programs; however, interobserver reliability has not been conclusively assessed. Our objective was to measure the level of agreement between pharmacists and physicians on the appropriateness of antimicrobials prescribing in hospitals. METHODS: A national multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted of patients who were receiving antimicrobials one day of April 2021. Hospital participation was voluntary, and the study population was randomly selected. Pharmacists and physicians performed a simultaneous, independent assessment of the quality of antimicrobial prescriptions. The observers used an assessment method by which all indicators of the quality of antimicrobial use were considered. Finally, an algorithm was used to rate overall antimicrobial prescribing as appropriate, suboptimal, inappropriate, or not assessable. Gwet's AC1 coefficient was used to assess interobserver agreement. RESULTS: In total, 101 hospitals participated, and 411 hospital antimicrobial prescriptions were reviewed. The strength of agreement was moderate regarding the overall quality of prescribing (AC1=0.51; 95%CI=[0.44-0.58]). A very good level of agreement (AC1>0.80) was observed between pharmacists and physicians in all indicators of the quality, except for duration of treatment, rated as good (AC1=0.79; 95%CI=[0.75-0.83]), and registration on the medical record, rated as fair (AC1=0.34; 95%CI=[0.26-0.43]). The agreement was greater in critical care, onco-hematology, and pediatric units than in medical and surgery units. CONCLUSIONS: In this point prevalence study, a moderate level of agreement was observed between pharmacists and physicians in the evaluation of the appropriateness of antimicrobials prescribing in hospitals.

[Translated article] Analysis of the appropriateness of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical procedures in Spain. Protocol for the "ProA-Q" study.

Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is one of the most useful measures to prevent surgical wound infection. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this project is to evaluate the appropriateness of the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical procedures performed in Spanish hospitals, both globally and according to the type of surgery performed. METHOD: For this purpose, an observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, and multicentre study has been designed to collect all the variables that allow the evaluation of the appropriateness of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis by comparing the prescribed treatment, the recommendations included in the local guidelines, and the consensus document of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology and the Spanish Association of Surgeons. Indication, choice of antimicrobial, dose, route and duration of administration, timing, re-dosing, and duration of the prophylaxis will be taken into account. The sample will consist of patients who underwent scheduled or emergency surgery, either as inpatients or outpatients, in hospitals in Spain. A sample size of 2335 patients has been established to estimate, with 95% confidence and 80% power, a percentage of appropriateness that is expected to be around 70%. Differences between variables will be analysed using Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test, or Fisher's test, as appropriate. The degree of agreement between the antibiotic prophylaxis recommended by the guidelines of the different hospitals and that recommended in the literature will be analysed by calculating the Cohen's kappa indicator. Binary logistic regression analysis using generalised linear mixed models will be performed to identify possible factors associated with differences in the appropriateness of antibiotic prophylaxis. DISCUSSION: The results of this clinical study will allow us to focus on specific surgical areas with higher rates of inappropriateness, identify key points of action and guide future strategies for antimicrobial stewardship programs in the area of antibiotic prophylaxis.

Análisis de la adecuación de la profilaxis antibiótica en procedimientos quirúrgicos en España. Protocolo del estudio ProA-Q / Analysis of the appropriateness of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical procedures in Spain. Protocol for the "ProA-Q" study

La profilaxis antibiótica quirúrgica es una de las medidas más útiles para la prevención de la infección de la herida quirúrgica.Objetivoel objetivo de este proyecto es evaluar la adecuación del uso de profilaxis antibiótica en procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados en centros hospitalarios españoles, tanto de forma global como en función del tipo de cirugía realizada. Metodología para ello, se ha diseñado un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, transversal y multicéntrico, donde se recopilarán todas aquellas variables que permitan evaluar la adecuación de la profilaxis antibiótica quirúrgica mediante la comparación del tratamiento prescrito, las recomendaciones recogidas en las guías locales y el documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica y la Asociación Española de Cirujanos. Se tendrán en cuenta la indicación, elección del antimicrobiano, dosis, vía de administración y tiempo de infusión, momento de la administración de la primera dosis, redosificación y la duración de la profilaxis. La muestra estará constituida por pacientes que hayan sido intervenidos de forma programada o urgente, en régimen de hospitalización o ambulatorio, en centros hospitalarios de España. Se ha establecido un tamaño muestral de 2.335 pacientes para estimar con una confianza del 95% y una potencia del 80%, un porcentaje de adecuación que se espera esté en torno al 70%. Las diferencias entre las variables se analizarán mediante la prueba t-Student, U de Mann-Whitney, el test Chi2 o test de Fisher, según proceda. El grado de concordancia entre la profilaxis antibiótica recomendada por las guías de los distintos hospitales y la recomendada en la literatura se analizará mediante el cálculo del indicador Kappa de Cohen... (AU)

Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is one of the most useful measures to prevent surgical wound infection. Objective The aim of this project is to evaluate the appropriateness of the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical procedures performed in Spanish hospitals, both globally and according to the type of surgery performed. Method For this purpose, an observational, retrospective, cross-sectional and multicenter study has been designed to collect all the variables that allow the evaluation of the appropriateness of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis by comparing the prescribed treatment, the recommendations included in the local guidelines and the consensus document of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology and the Spanish Association of Surgeons. Indication, choice of antimicrobial, dose, route and duration of administration, timing, re-dosing and duration of the prophylaxis will be taken into account. The sample will consist of patients who underwent scheduled or emergency surgery, either as inpatients or outpatients, in hospitals in Spain. A sample size of 2,335 patients has been established to estimate, with 95% confidence and 80% power, a percentage of appropriateness that is expected to be around 70%. Differences between variables will be analyzed using Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test, or Fisher's test, as appropriate. The degree of agreement between the antibiotic prophylaxis recommended by the guidelines of the different hospitals and that recommended in the literature will be analyzed by calculating the Cohen's kappa indicator. Binary logistic regression analysis using generalized linear mixed models will be performed to identify possible factors associated with differences in the appropriateness of antibiotic prophylaxis... (AU)

Analysis of the appropriateness of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical procedures in Spain. Protocol for the "ProA-Q" study. / Análisis de la adecuación de la profilaxis antibiótica en procedimientos quirúrgicos en España. Protocolo del estudio ProA-Q.

Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is one of the most useful measures to prevent surgical wound infection. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this project is to evaluate the appropriateness of the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical procedures performed in Spanish hospitals, both globally and according to the type of surgery performed. METHOD: For this purpose, an observational, retrospective, cross-sectional and multicenter study has been designed to collect all the variables that allow the evaluation of the appropriateness of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis by comparing the prescribed treatment, the recommendations included in the local guidelines and the consensus document of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology and the Spanish Association of Surgeons. Indication, choice of antimicrobial, dose, route and duration of administration, timing, re-dosing and duration of the prophylaxis will be taken into account. The sample will consist of patients who underwent scheduled or emergency surgery, either as inpatients or outpatients, in hospitals in Spain. A sample size of 2,335 patients has been established to estimate, with 95% confidence and 80% power, a percentage of appropriateness that is expected to be around 70%. Differences between variables will be analyzed using Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test, or Fisher's test, as appropriate. The degree of agreement between the antibiotic prophylaxis recommended by the guidelines of the different hospitals and that recommended in the literature will be analyzed by calculating the Cohen's kappa indicator. Binary logistic regression analysis using generalized linear mixed models will be performed to identify possible factors associated with differences in the appropriateness of antibiotic prophylaxis. DISCUSSION: The results of this clinical study will allow us to focus on specific surgical areas with higher rates of inappropriateness, identify key points of action and guide future strategies for antimicrobial stewardship programs in the area of antibiotic prophylaxis.

Impacto del tratamiento antimicrobiano domiciliario endovenoso (TADE) como parte de un programa de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos (PROA) específico para pediatría / Impact of an outpatient parenteral antimicrobial treatment (OPAT) as part of a paediatric-specific PROA program

Introducción: El tratamiento antimicrobiano domiciliario endovenoso (TADE) es una alternativa a la hospitalización para pacientes pediátricos bien seleccionados. Presentamos un programa TADE basado en un modelo de autoadministración e integrado en el programa de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos (PROA) de un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y unicéntrico que incluye todos los pacientes menores de 20años tratados con TADE prescrito en un hospital pediátrico entre 2019 y 2020. Se analizaron los datos sobre los días de ingreso ahorrados y una estimación económica del coste oportunidad que supone el programa TADE para el hospital. Resultados: Cincuenta y siete pacientes realizaron un total de 106 episodios de tratamiento. En el 74,5% hubo una evolución clínica favorable. El principal motivo de interrupción prematura fue una mala evolución de la infección (37,1%). Se liberaron 2,62 camas diarias, suponiendo un beneficio económico de 1.069.963€. Conclusión: Un programa TADE integrado en el PROA pediátrico de nuestro hospital y basado en un modelo de autoadministración se ha mostrado un programa seguro y efectivo y aporta importantes ventajas a nivel económico.(AU)

Introduction: Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial treatment (OPAT) is an alternative to in-patient care in carefully selected patients. This study presents a self-administration OPAT program integrated within the pediatric antibiotic stewardship program (ASP) in a pediatric tertiary care center. Material and methods: Descriptive, retrospective and unicentric study. Data from all patients under 20years of age who were prescribed treatment by a pediatric unit during 2019 and 2020 were included. Data regarding number of saved beds and estimating the opportunity cost of the OPAT program for the hospital were analyzed. Results: Fifty-seven patients received 106 episodes of treatment. Favorable clinical outcome occurred in 74.5% of the episodes. The main cause of premature interruption was unfavorable clinical outcome of the infection (37.1%). A total of 2.62 beds/day were saved, resulting in an economic benefit of 1,069,963€. Conclusion: A self-administration OPAT program integrated within the pediatric ASP has proven to be safe and effective and provides economic benefits.(AU)

Antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals: Expert recommendation guidance document for activities in specific populations, syndromes and other aspects (PROA-2) from SEIMC, SEFH, SEMPSPGS, SEMICYUC and SEIP / Programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos en hospitales: guía de recomendaciones de expertos para actividades en poblaciones específicas, síndromes y otros aspectos (PROA-2) de la SEIMC, SEFH, SEMPSPGS y SEIP

In 2012, The Spanish Societies of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Hospital Pharmacy (SEFH), and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Healthcare Management (SEMPSGS) lead a consensus document including recommendations for the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs (AMSP; PROA in Spanish) in acute care hospitals in Spain. While these recommendations were critical for the development of these programs in many centres, there is a need for guidance in the development of AMS activities for specific patient populations, syndromes or other specific aspects which were not included in the previous document or have developed significantly since then. The objective of this expert recommendation guidance document is to review the available information about these activities in these patient populations or circumstances, and to provide guidance recommendations about them. With this objective the SEIMC, SEFH, SEMPSPGS, the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine (SEMICYUC) and the Spanish Pediatric Infectious Disease Society (SEIP) selected a panel of experts who chose the different aspects to include in the document. Because of the lack of high-level evidence in the implementation of the activities, the panel opted to perform a narrative review of the literature for the different topics for which recommendations were agreed by consensus. The document was open to public consultation for the members of these societies for their comments and suggestions, which were reviewed and considered by the panel.(AU)

En 2012, las Sociedades Españolas de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC), Farmacia Hospitalaria (SEFH) y Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Gestión Sanitaria (SEMPSPGS) lideraron un documento de consenso que incluía recomendaciones para la implementación de Programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos (PROA) en hospitales de agudos en España. Si bien estas recomendaciones fueron críticas para el desarrollo de estos programas en muchos centros, actualmente es necesario establecer unas guías para la implementación de las actividades de los PROA en determinadas poblaciones de pacientes, síndromes clínicos y otros aspectos específicos que no se incluyeron en el documento previo o que desde entonces se han desarrollado significativamente. El objetivo de esta guía de recomendaciones de expertos es revisar la información disponible acerca de esas actividades en estas poblaciones o circunstancias de pacientes y proporcionar unas recomendaciones que sirvan de guía sobre ellas. Con este objetivo, la SEIMC, la SEFH y la SEMPSPGS, así como la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC) y la Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP), seleccionaron un panel de expertos que eligieron los diferentes aspectos a incluir en el documento. Debido a la ausencia de evidencia de alto nivel en la implementación de las diferentes actividades, el panel optó por realizar una revisión narrativa de la literatura de los diferentes aspectos, en los que las recomendaciones se acordaron por consenso. El documento se abrió para consulta pública a los miembros de estas sociedades para sus comentarios y sugerencias, que fueron revisadas y consideradas por el panel.(AU)

Cálculo de los Días de Terapia Antimicrobiana (DOT) en Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos: una propuesta de metodología basada en el sistema informático de dispensación de medicamentos / Days of Antimicrobial Therapy (DOT) calculation in Pediatric Intensive Care: a methodology proposal based on the electronic records from the pharmacy dispensation system

INTRODUCCIÓN: El método recomendado para la medición de consumo de antimicrobianos (AMB) en pediatría es el cálculo del indicador Días de Terapia estandarizado por ocupación (DOT-std). Sin embargo, en hospitales que no cuentan con fichas electrónicas, obtener el numerador de los días de terapia (DOT) requiere revisión directa de las indicaciones del paciente, dificultando su aplicabilidad. OBJETIVOS: Validar el sistema de registros electrónicos de dispensación de medicamentos desde farmacia como fuente para el cálculo de DOT y DOT-std en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica (UCIP). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se revisaron las prescripciones de AMB desde la ficha clínica (método manual) y se compararon con los registros de dispensación de AMB a la UCIP (método informático) obtenidos del sistema de medicamentos de farmacia. Se evaluó la concordancia entre los DOT obtenidos mediante el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase. RESULTADOS: Los AMB más utilizados fueron vancomicina, meropenem y piperacilina/tazobactam. En 9 de 12 AMB se encontró concordancia significativa entre ambos métodos. CONCLUSIONES: Tras un proceso de validación local, los registros del sistema informático de dispensación de medicamentos desde farmacia podrían utilizarse para el cálculo de DOT en pediatría en hospitales que no cuenten con una ficha electrónica que permita su cálculo directo.

BACKGROUND: The recommended indicator for measuring antimicrobial (AMB) consumption in pediatric patients is the Days of Therapy indicator (DOT), which is then standardized by hospital occupancy rates (DOT-std). However, in hospitals that do not have electronic health records, obtaining the DOT requires a direct review of each pharmacological indication, which is not feasible in the long term. AIMS: To validate electronic records from the pharmacy dispensation system as a source for calculating DOT and estimating DOT-std in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). METHODS: AMB prescriptions at the PICU of a university hospital were directly reviewed (manual method) and compared with AMB dispensation records (computer method) obtained from the hospital pharmacy system. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was used to evaluate the agreement between the DOT obtained by both methods. RESULTS: The most used AMB were vancomycin, meropenem, and piperacillin/tazobactam. A significant agreement between the DOT obtained by using manual and computer methods was found in 9 of 12 evaluated AMB. CONCLUSIONS: After a local validation process, the electronic records of the pharmacy drug dispensation system could be considered a valid source for calculating DOT in PICUs in hospitals where electronic health records with prescription data are not yet available.

Antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals: Expert recommendation guidance document for activities in specific populations, syndromes and other aspects (PROA-2) from SEIMC, SEFH, SEMPSPGS, SEMICYUC and SEIP.

In 2012, The Spanish Societies of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Hospital Pharmacy (SEFH), and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Healthcare Management (SEMPSGS) lead a consensus document including recommendations for the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs (AMSP; PROA in Spanish) in acute care hospitals in Spain. While these recommendations were critical for the development of these programs in many centres, there is a need for guidance in the development of AMS activities for specific patient populations, syndromes or other specific aspects which were not included in the previous document or have developed significantly since then. The objective of this expert recommendation guidance document is to review the available information about these activities in these patient populations or circumstances, and to provide guidance recommendations about them. With this objective the SEIMC, SEFH, SEMPSPGS, the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine (SEMICYUC) and the Spanish Pediatric Infectious Disease Society (SEIP) selected a panel of experts who chose the different aspects to include in the document. Because of the lack of high-level evidence in the implementation of the activities, the panel opted to perform a narrative review of the literature for the different topics for which recommendations were agreed by consensus. The document was open to public consultation for the members of these societies for their comments and suggestions, which were reviewed and considered by the panel.

Impact of an outpatient parenteral antimicrobial treatment (OPAT) as part of a paediatric-specific PROA program.

INTRODUCTION: Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial treatment (OPAT) is an alternative to in-patient care in carefully selected patients. This study presents a self-administration OPAT program integrated within the pediatric antibiotic stewardship program (ASP) in a pediatric tertiary care center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective and unicentric study. Data from all patients under 20 years of age who were prescribed treatment by a pediatric unit during 2019 and 2020 were included. Data regarding number of saved beds and estimating the opportunity cost of the OPAT program for the hospital were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients received 106 episodes of treatment. Favorable clinical outcome occurred in 74.5% of the episodes. The main cause of premature interruption was unfavorable clinical outcome of the infection (37.1%). A total of 2.62 beds/day were saved, resulting in an economic benefit of 1,069,963 €. CONCLUSION: A self-administration OPAT program integrated within the pediatric ASP has proven to be safe and effective and provides economic benefits.

Utilización de antibióticos restringidos en la práctica clínica: ceftolozano/tazobactam, ceftazidima/avibactam, ceftarolina y dalbavancina / Use of restricted antibiotics in clinical practice: ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftaroline and dalbavancin

Objetivo: Evaluar la utilización en la práctica clínica de cuatro antibióticos de amplio espectro o innovadores: ceftolozano/tazobactam, ceftazidima/avibactam, ceftarolina y dalbavancina. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en que se han recogido datos de los pacientes que han recibido dichos antibióticos entre julio de 2018 y junio de 2019 en un hospital terciario. Se recogen las condiciones de uso y los resultados en efectividad a los 30 días para dalbavancina, y para el resto de antimicrobianos a los 3-5 días del inicio, a los 14 y a los 30 días para determinar mortalidad. Resultados: Se recogieron datos de 51 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 63 años. La infección más comúnmente tratada fue neumonía (41,2%). Tres pacientes (5,9%) recibieron la terapia en estudio como primera línea y 43 (84,3%) recibieron antibióticos concomitantes. En el 66,7% de las infecciones se había aislado previamente un microorganismo sensible. En el 19,6% de los casos el cultivo fue negativo. En el grupo dalbavancina, el 75% de los pacientes se curaron a los 30 días. En el resto de antimicrobianos, el tratamiento resultó efectivo a los 3-5 días en el 65,1%. El 51,2% se curaron a los 14 días y un 30,2% fallecieron a los 30 días. Conclusiones: Los resultados de efectividad resultan comparables a estudios publicados con diseños similares. Se detecta la importancia de fomentar un uso adecuado de los antibióticos, como tratamientos dirigidos o empíricos en casos de riesgo de resistencias, priorizando su desescalada. Es esencial la implantación de equipos multidisciplinares PROA. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the use in clinical practice of four recently marketed antibiotics: ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftaroline, and dalbavancin. Methods: Retrospective study in which data have been collected from patients who have received these antibiotics between July 2018 and June 2019, in a third-level hospital. The conditions of use and the results in clinical efficacy measured in three periods have been studied: 3-5 days after the start of treatment, 14 days and 30 days to determine mortality. Results: Data were collected from a total of 51 patients, with a median age of 63 years. The most commonly treated infection was pneumonia (41.2%). Three patients (5.9%) received study therapy as the first line of treatment and 43 (84.3%) received concomitant antibiotics. In 66.7% of the infections, a sensitive microorganism to the antibiotic under study had been previously isolated. In 19.6% of the cases, the culture was negative. In the dalbavancin group, 75% of the pacients cured at day 30. In the other groups, the treatment was effective at 3-5 days in 65.1% of the cases. 51.2% experienced clinical cure at 14 days and 30.2% died at 30 days. Conclusions: The effectiveness results are comparable to published studies with similar designs. The importance of promoting an adequate use of antibiotics is detected, as directed or empirical treatments in cases of risk of resistance, prioritizing their de-escalation. The implementation of multidisciplinary PROA teams is essential. (AU)

Estudio PAUSATE: Prevalencia y adecuación del uso hospitalario de antimicrobianos en España / PAUSATE Study: Prevalence and appropriateness of the use of antimicrobials in Spanish hospitals

Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia y el grado de adecuación del usode antimicrobianos en los hospitales españoles mediante una revisiónsistemática transversal realizada por farmacéuticos.Método: Estudio multicéntrico, nacional, transversal sobre el 10% de lospacientes ingresados en los hospitales participantes un día del mes deabril de 2021. La participación de los hospitales fue voluntaria y la selección de la población aleatoria. De la población se disgregó la muestrade estudio, constituida por los pacientes que recibían el día del corte almenos un antimicrobiano perteneciente a los grupos J01, J02, J04, J05AB,J05AD y J05AH del Sistema de Clasificación Anatómica, Terapéutica yQuímica. Sobre la muestra de estudio, el farmacéutico realizó un registroy evaluación de la adecuación del tratamiento antimicrobiano siguiendouna metódica propuesta y validada por el Grupo de trabajo de AtenciónFarmacéutica al Paciente con Enfermedad Infecciosa de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria. La metódica de evaluación consideró cadauna de las dimensiones que conforman la prescripción del antimicrobiano eincluyó un algoritmo para calificar la prescripción global como adecuada,mejorable, inadecuada y no valorable. (AU)

Objective: To determine the prevalence and appropriateness of antimicrobial use in Spanish hospitals through a pharmacist-led systematiccross-sectional review.Method: A nationwide multicenter cross-sectional study was conductedon 10% of the patients admitted to the participating hospitals on one dayin April 2021. Hospital participation was voluntary, and the populationwas randomly selected. The study sample was made up of patients who,on the day of the study, received at least one antimicrobial belonging togroups J01, J02, J04, J05AB, J05AD or J05AH in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. The pharmacist in charge madea record and carried out an evaluation of the appropriateness of antimicrobial use following a method proposed and validated by the Pharmaceutical Care of Patients with Infectious Diseases Working Group of theSpanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy. The evaluation method consideredeach of the items comprising antimicrobial prescriptions. An algorithm wasused to assess prescriptions as appropriate, suboptimal, inappropriateand unevaluable. (AU)

High antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolates from swine fecal samples submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Colombia

Background: Commensal microflora such as Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. are representative indicators of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as they are part of the normal intestinal microflora and can acquire and disseminate AMR to pathogenic or zoonotic bacteria like Salmonella spp. Objective: To investigate the state of AMR among E. coli and Salmonella spp., potential pathogens in humans, isolated from cecal contents of pigs submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Colombia from 2016 to 2019. Methods: Susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines for antimicrobial zone diameter breakpoints. An E. coli strain (ATCC 25922) was used as the quality control organism. Isolates showing resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) as defined by a joint group of the European Centre for Disease prevention and Control and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the USA. Results: A total of 112 E. coli and 192 Salmonella spp. colonies were isolated from 557 samples received between 2016 and 2019. In order of decreasing frequency, E. coli was resistant to tetracycline (100%), sulfamethoxazol-trimethoprim (97.5%), amoxicillin (86.4%), enrofloxacin (82.6%), tylosin (82.1%), doxycycline (59%), neomycin (50%), ciprofloxacin (45.5%), ceftiofur (35%), gentamicin (30%), tilmicosin (29%), and fosfomycin (12.5%). When compared with E. coli, Salmonella spp. was generally resistant to the same agents with slightly less resistance (between 10-30%) to eight of the antimicrobials tested. Salmonella spp. showed <20% resistance to three antimicrobials, as follows: neomycin (17%), gentamicin (16%), and fosfomycin (14%). Multi-resistance occurred in 68.7% (77/112) of E. coli and 70.3% (135/192) of Salmonella spp. isolates. Resistance of Salmonella spp. was alarming to all the critically important antimicrobials tested: fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin), ceftiofur (third- generation cephalosporin), and macrolides (tylosin). Conclusions: According to our results, there is a high level of multi- drug resistance (MDR) in E. coli and Salmonella spp. It is necessary to implement a nationwide antimicrobial resistance monitoring program in Colombia, together with proper antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for pigs. The indiscriminate use of antimicrobial growth promoters by the swine industry is generating widespread bacterial resistance and should be discontinued.

está disponible en el texto completo

Antecedentes: Flora comensal como espécies de Escherichia coli e Enterococcus são tipicamente escolhidas como indicadores representativos de la resistência antimicrobiana (AMR), pois fazem parte da flora intestinal normal e podem adquirir e disseminar AMR a bactérias patogênicas ou zoonóticas como Salmonella spp. Objetivo: Investigar o estado da AMR entre E. coli e Salmonella spp. isolados do conteúdo cecal de porcos colombianos submetidos ao Laboratório de Diagnóstico Veterinário de 2016 a 2019, ambos sendo patógenos potenciais em humanos. Métodos: O teste de suscetibilidade foi conduzido usando o método de difusão em disco Kirby-Bauer de acordo com as diretrizes do Instituto de Padrões Clínicos e Laboratoriais para pontos de quebra de diâmetro da zona antimicrobiana. A cepa de E. coli (ATCC 25922) foi usada como organismo de controle de qualidade. Os isolados que apresentam resistência a três ou mais classes de antimicrobianos foram classificados como multirresistentes (MDR), conforme definido por um grupo conjunto do Centro Europeu para Prevenção e Controle de Doenças e Centro para Controle e Prevenção de Doenças dos EUA. Resultados: Um total de 112 E. coli e 192 Salmonella spp. foram isolados de 557 amostras submetidas entre 2016 e 2019. Em ordem decrescente de frequência, a resistência a E. coli foi: tetraciclina (100%), sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim (97,5%), amoxicilina (86,4%), enrofloxacina (82,6%), tilosina (82,1%), doxiciclina (59%), neomicina (50%), ciprofloxacina (45,5%), ceftiofur (35%), gentamicina (30%), tilmicosina (29%) e fosfomicina (12,5%). Quando comparada com E. coli, Salmonella spp. foi geralmente resistente aos mesmos agentes com resistência ligeiramente menor (entre 10-30%) a oito dos antimicrobianos. Apenas três antimicrobianos apresentaram resistência a Salmonella spp. abaixo de 20% da seguinte forma: neomicina (17%), gentamicina (16%) e fosfomicina (14%). Multi-resistência ocorreu em 68,7% (77/112) de E. coli e 70,3% (135/192) de Salmonella spp. isolados. Resistência de Salmonella spp. foi alarmante para todos os antimicrobianos criticamente importantes testados: fluoroquinolonas (enrofloxacina, ciprofloxacina), ceftiofur (cefalosporina de terceira geração) e macrolídeos (tilosina). Conclusões: Esses resultados indicam um alto nível de resistência a múltiplos medicamentos (MDR) e que um Programa Nacional de Monitoramento da Resistência Antimicrobiana é necessário para a Colômbia, juntamente com a implementação de diretrizes de prescrição de antimicrobianos para suínos. O uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos para promoção de crescimento na indústria suína está claramente promovendo resistência generalizada e deve ser interrompido.

Impact and quality of antimicrobial use in a referral pediatric intensive care unit.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to describe antimicrobial use (AU) and quality of prescriptions (QP) in a 28-bed medical-surgical PICU of a European referral children's hospital during 2019. METHODS: AU data were expressed as days-of-therapy (DOT) over 100 days-present (DP) and as length-of-treatment (LOT). QP was based on monthly cross-sectional point-prevalence surveys. Length-of-stay (LOS), readmission rates (RR), and mortality rates (MR) were also collected. RESULTS: PICU AU accounted for 13.5% of the global hospital AU; the median PICU density of AU was 1.4 (IQR 1.3-1.5) times higher than that of the rest of the hospital areas. Antibacterials represented 88.5% of the overall AU, cefazolin and amoxicillin-clavulanate being the most used drugs. A high QP rate was observed (149/168 optimal, 88.9%), with room for improvement in prophylactic regimens and de-escalation of broad-spectrum regimens. LOT, LOS, RR, and MR remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: PICU AU represented a major portion of the global hospital AU. Despite high QP rates, prophylactic and broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens were optimizable.

Decalogue for the selection of oral antibiotics for lower respiratory tract infections / Decálogo para la selección del antibiótico oral en las infecciones respiratorias de vías bajas

Lower respiratory tract infections, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (COPD-E) and community acquired pneumonia (CAP), are one of the most frequent reasons for consultation in primary care and hospital emergency departments, and are the cause of a high prescription of antimicrobial agents. The selection of the most appropriate oral antibiotic treatment is based on different aspects and includes to first consider a bacterial aetiology and not a viral infection, to know the bacterial pathogen that most frequently cause these infections and the frequency of their local antimicrobial resistance. Treatment should also be prescribed quickly and antibiotics should be selected among those with a quicker mode of action, achieving the greatest effect in the shortest time and with the fewest adverse effects (toxicity, interactions, resistance and/or ecological impact). Whenever possible, antimicrobials should be rotated and diversified and switched to the oral route as soon as possible. With these premises, the oral treatment guidelines for mild or moderate COPD-E and CAP in Spain include as first options betalactam antibiotics (amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefditoren), in certain situations associated with a macrolide, and relegating fluoroquinolones as an alternative, except in cases where the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is suspected (AU)

Las infecciones del tracto respiratorio inferior, incluyendo las exacerbaciones de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) y la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC), son uno de los motivos de consulta más frecuentes en atención primaria y los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios, y son la causa de una elevada prescripción de antimicrobianos. La selección del tratamiento oral más adecuado con antibióticos se basa en diferentes aspectos e incluye considerar en primer lugar una etiología bacteriana y no una infección vírica, conocer los patógenos bacterianos que más frecuentemente causa estas infecciones y la frecuencia local de su resistencia antimicrobiana. Además, el tratamiento debe prescribirse rápidamente y los antibióticos deben seleccionarse entre los que tienen un modo de acción más rápido, logrando el mayor efecto en el menor tiempo y con el menor número de efectos adversos (toxicidad, interacciones, resistencia y/o impacto ecológico). Siempre que sea posible, hay que rotar y diversificar los antimicrobianos y pasar a la vía oral lo antes posible. Con estas premisas, las guías de tratamiento oral de la exacerbación leve o moderada de la EPOC y NAC en España incluyen como primera opción los antibióticos betalactámicos (amoxicilina y amoxicilina-clavulánico y cefditoreno), en determinadas situaciones asociados a un macrólido, y relegando las fluoroquinolonas como alternativa, salvo en los casos en que se sospeche la presencia de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (AU)

Impact and quality of antimicrobial use in a referral pediatric intensive care unit / Impacto y calidad del uso de antimicrobianos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos de referencia

IntroductionWe aimed to describe antimicrobial use (AU) and quality of prescriptions (QP) in a 28-bed medical-surgical PICU of a European referral children's hospital during 2019.MethodsAU data were expressed as days-of-therapy (DOT) over 100 days-present (DP) and as length-of-treatment (LOT). QP was based on monthly cross-sectional point-prevalence surveys. Length-of-stay (LOS), readmission rates (RR), and mortality rates (MR) were also collected.ResultsPICU AU accounted for 13.5% of the global hospital AU; the median PICU density of AU was 1.4 (IQR 1.3–1.5) times higher than that of the rest of the hospital areas. Antibacterials represented 88.5% of the overall AU, cefazolin and amoxicillin-clavulanate being the most used drugs. A high QP rate was observed (149/168 optimal, 88.9%), with room for improvement in prophylactic regimens and de-escalation of broad-spectrum regimens. LOT, LOS, RR, and MR remained stable.ConclusionsPICU AU represented a major portion of the global hospital AU. Despite high QP rates, prophylactic and broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens were optimizable.

IntroducciónSe describe el uso de antimicrobianos (AU) y la calidad de las prescripciones (QP) durante 2019 de una UCI pediátrica médico-quirúrgica de 28 camas de un hospital infantil europeo de tercer nivel.MétodosEl AU se expresó en días de tratamiento (DOT) por 100 días-presente (DP) y en duración de tratamiento (LOT). La QP se midió en cortes mensuales. Asimismo, se recogieron datos sobre duración de ingreso (LOS), tasas de reingreso (RR) y tasas de mortalidad (MR).ResultadosEl AU de la UCI pediátrica representó el 13,5% del AU global del centro y la densidad media de AU fue 1,4 (RIC 1,3-1,5) veces mayor que la del resto de áreas hospitalarias. Los antibacterianos representaron el 88,5% del total de AU, siendo cefazolina y amoxicilina-clavulánico los fármacos más utilizados. Se observó una tasa elevada de prescripciones óptimas (149/168; 88,9%), con margen de mejora en las profilaxis y el desescalado de tratamientos de amplio espectro. LOT, LOS, RR y MR se mantuvieron estables.ConclusionesLa UCI pediátrica representó una parte importante del AU global hospitalario. A pesar de la elevada QP global, los regímenes antibióticos profilácticos y de amplio espectro resultaron optimizables.

Práticas autorreferidas de enfermeiros sobre gerenciamento de antimicrobianos / Self-report of nurses' antimicrobial stewardship practices / Prácticas autoinformadas de los enfermeros sobre el manejo de antimicrobianos

Objetivo: investigar as práticas autorreferidas de enfermeiros no Programa de Gerenciamento de Antimicrobianos (PGA). Método: estudo transversal, descritivo realizado no período de março a abril de 2021, com 40 enfermeiros de uma instituição privada de ensino superior da cidade de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de instrumento estruturado e analisados por estatística descritiva. Resultados: Dentre as 14 práticas de enfermagem esperadas nos PGA, os participantes referiram aplicar oito (57,1%) delas frequentemente: administrar antibiótico na dose e horário corretos, coletar amostras laboratoriais para cultura antes do início do antibiótico, checar o histórico de alergia, instituir precauções específicas, fazer a reconciliação medicamentosa, educar os pacientes/ familiares sobre o uso de antibióticos, monitorar a ocorrência de eventos adversos e participar da tomada de decisão sobre a adequação do paciente para receber antibiótico endovenoso em serviço ambulatorial. Conclusão: os enfermeiros praticam parcialmente as atividades previstas nos PGA. Faz-se necessário avançar na abordagem dessa temática em sessões educacionais e durante a graduação para que as atividades sejam efetivamente incorporadas na prática profissional do enfermeiro. (AU).

Objective: to investigate nurses'self-reported practices about the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP). Methods: cross-sectional, descriptive study, carried out from March to April 2021, with 40 nurses from a private institution of higher education in the city of São Paulo. Data were collected using a structured instrument and analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 14 practices expected by nurses in the ASP, participants reported applying eight (57.1%) frequently: giving antibiotics at the correct dose and time, collecting laboratory samples for culture before starting antibiotics, assessing allergy history, initiating specific precautions, performing medication reconciliation, educating patients/family members about antibiotic use, monitoring the occurrence of adverse events, and participating in decision making about a patient's suitability to receive intravenous antibiotics in outpatient settings. Conclusion: nurses partially practice the activities established in the ASP. It is necessary to advance in the approach of this theme in educational sessions and during graduation so that the activities are effectively incorporated into the professional practice of nurses. (AU).

Objetivo: investigar las prácticas autoinformadas de los enfermeros sobre el Programa para Optimizar el Uso de Antimicrobianos (PROA). Métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, realizado de marzo a abril de 2021, con 40 enfermeros de una institución privada de enseñanza superior de la ciudad de San Pablo. Los datos se recolectaron por medio de un instrumento estructurado y se analizaron mediante estadísticas descriptivas. Resultados: De las 14 prácticas de enfermería esperadas en el PROA, los participantes informaron que realizan ocho (57,1%) con frecuencia: administrar el antibiótico en la dosis y el horario correctos, recolectar muestras de laboratorio para cultivo antes de iniciar el antibiótico, comprobar los antecedentes de alergia, adoptar precauciones específicas, realizar la conciliación de medicación, educar a los pacientes/familiares sobre el uso de los antibióticos, monitorear la aparición de eventos adversos y participar en la toma de decisiones sobre la posibilidad de que el paciente reciba antibióticos intravenosos en el servicio ambulatorio. Conclusión: Los enfermeros realizan parcialmente las actividades previstas en los PROA. Es necesario avanzar en el abordaje de este tema en las sesiones educativas y durante el cursado de la carrera para que los enfermeros incorporen efectivamente las actividades en la práctica profesional. (AU).

Antimicrobial management in community acquired pneumonia in hospital at home: Is there room for improvement?

INTRODUCTION: Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is common disease that can be treated in Hospital At Home (HAH). In this paper we evaluate the room of improvement in the use of antibiotics in CAP in HH. METHODS: Patients with CAP were retrospectively recruited in two Spanish hospitals from 1/1/18 to 10/30/19. Demographic, clinical and quality of antibiotic prescription variables were recorded. Subsequently, we created a new variable that collected six quality of care indicator, categorizing and comparing patients into two groups: good quality of care (4 or more indicators performed) or poor quality of care (3 or less indicators performed). RESULTS: We recruited 260 patients. The request for diagnostic tests and the adequacy to Clinical Practice Guidelines were 85.4% and 85.8% respectively. Percentages of de-escalation (53.7%) and sequential therapy (57.7%) when indicated were low. The average length of treatment was 7.3 days for intravenous and 9.5 days for total. Quality of prescription was good in 134 (63.2%) patients, being more frequent in those who were admitted directly to HAD from the emergency room. It was also associated with less readmission at 30 days. CONCLUSION: There is a wide room for improvement in some fields of antimicrobials use in HAH that could stimulate the implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs.

Impact and quality of antimicrobial use in a referral pediatric intensive care unit.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to describe antimicrobial use (AU) and quality of prescriptions (QP) in a 28-bed medical-surgical PICU of a European referral children's hospital during 2019. METHODS: AU data were expressed as days-of-therapy (DOT) over 100 days-present (DP) and as length-of-treatment (LOT). QP was based on monthly cross-sectional point-prevalence surveys. Length-of-stay (LOS), readmission rates (RR), and mortality rates (MR) were also collected. RESULTS: PICU AU accounted for 13.5% of the global hospital AU; the median PICU density of AU was 1.4 (IQR 1.3-1.5) times higher than that of the rest of the hospital areas. Antibacterials represented 88.5% of the overall AU, cefazolin and amoxicillin-clavulanate being the most used drugs. A high QP rate was observed (149/168 optimal, 88.9%), with room for improvement in prophylactic regimens and de-escalation of broad-spectrum regimens. LOT, LOS, RR, and MR remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: PICU AU represented a major portion of the global hospital AU. Despite high QP rates, prophylactic and broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens were optimizable.