Protein Quality and Sensory Perception of Hamburgers Based on Quinoa, Lupin and Corn.

The need for partial or total substitution of animal protein sources by vegetable sources of high protein quality with good sensory acceptance is a promising alternative. The objective was to develop a hamburger with vegetable protein using a mixture design based on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), Peruvian Andean corn (Zea mays) and Andean lupine (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet). The design of these mixtures allowed obtaining eleven formulations, three of which were selected for complying with the amino acid intake for adults recommended by FAO. Then, a completely randomized design was applied to the selected samples plus a commercial product. Proximal composition was measured on a dry basis (protein, fat, carbohydrates, and ash), calculation of the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) and a sensory analysis was carried out using the Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) method with acceptability in 132 regular consumers of vegetarian products. Protein, fat, carbohydrate, and ash contents ranged from 18.5-24.5, 4.1-7.5, 65.4-72.1 and 2.8-5.9%, respectively. The use of Andean crops favored the protein content and the contribution of sulfur amino acids (SAA) and tryptophan from quinoa and lysine and threonine from lupin. The samples with Andean crops were described as easy to cut, soft, good, healthy, legume flavor, tasty and light brown, however the commercial sample was characterized as difficult to cut, hard, dark brown, uneven color, dry and grainy. The sample with 50% quinoa and 50% lupin was the most acceptable and reached a digestibility of 0.92. It complied with the lysine, threonine, and tryptophan intake, with the exception of SAA, according to the essential amino acid pattern proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Productivity and nutritional characteristics of ramie (Boehmeria nívea cv Myasaki) in four cutting frequencies fertilized with mineral or organic nitrogen / Efeito de fontes de adubo nitrogenado e frequências de corte na produção e características nutricionais do rami (Boehmeria nivea cv Myasaki)

This work was conducted in the Development Research Unit, in Itapetininga (23º35"30""S, 48º03"11""W and 670 m altitude), SP, Brazil, in a red darkness latosol, the Rami (Boehmeria nivea cv. Myasaki) was evaluated under two nitrogen sources (mineral: ammonium sulphate; organic: manure) and four cutting frequencies (28, 35, 42 and 49 days). Each N source, application in the basis of 100 kg/ha/year of N, was made after each cut. From May 2006 to May 2007, after the uniformity cut 13, 10, 8 and 7 cuts were made at 28; 35; 42 and 49 days interval. Fresh matter (FM), dry matter at 65ºC (DM at 65ºC), dry matter (DM), digestible dry matter, crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) yields, as well quantities of calcium extracted (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were evaluated. There weren"t statistical significantly between two N sources in the studied variables. Dry matter production increased in a positive linear way with increased cutting interval. Year production of FM, DM at 65ºC, DM and CP reached 132.37; 19.24; 17.71 and 3.4 t ha-1, respectively. Ramie CP and DM yield were higher than quoted by a good quality tree legume, and their nutritional characteristics slowed conditions to satisfactory attend small ruminant"s requirements.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produção e características nutricionais do rami, sob quatro frequências de corte, cada uma delas submetidas a duas fontes de nitrogênio (mineral e orgânico). De maio de 2006 a maio de 2007 foram realizados 13, 10, 8 e 7 cortes nas frequências 28, 35, 42 e 49 dias, respectivamente, adubadas após cada corte, com nitrogênio mineral (sulfato de amônio) ou orgânico (resíduo de limpeza de piso aviário), na dosagem de 100 kg ha-1 de N, parcelada pelo número de cortes. Após o corte de uniformização do rami, tendo sido aplicado o calcário dolomítico e adubado com P, K e N, a área foi submetida a um pisoteio animal e irrigada para melhor incorporação do corretivo. Determinaram-se as produções de matéria verde (MV), matéria seca parcial (MS a 65ºC), matéria seca total (MS), matéria seca digestível (MS digestível), proteína bruta (PB) e fibra bruta (FB), bem como as quantidades de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) removidas. As duas fontes de N não proporcionaram diferenças estatísticas significativas nas variáveis estudadas. Na produção de MS, a variação da frequência de corte de 28 dias para a de 49 dias foi linearmente positiva (P 0,01). A produção anual de MV, MS a 65ºC, MS e PB atingiram valores de 132,37; 19,24; 17,71 e 3,40 t ha-1, respectivamente. As características nutricionais podem atender de forma satisfatória os requerimentos de pequenos ruminantes.

Productivity and nutritional characteristics of ramie (Boehmeria nívea cv Myasaki) in four cutting frequencies fertilized with mineral or organic nitrogen / Efeito de fontes de adubo nitrogenado e frequências de corte na produção e características nutricionais do rami (Boehmeria nivea cv Myasaki)

This work was conducted in the Development Research Unit, in Itapetininga (23º35"30""S, 48º03"11""W and 670 m altitude), SP, Brazil, in a red darkness latosol, the Rami (Boehmeria nivea cv. Myasaki) was evaluated under two nitrogen sources (mineral: ammonium sulphate; organic: manure) and four cutting frequencies (28, 35, 42 and 49 days). Each N source, application in the basis of 100 kg/ha/year of N, was made after each cut. From May 2006 to May 2007, after the uniformity cut 13, 10, 8 and 7 cuts were made at 28; 35; 42 and 49 days interval. Fresh matter (FM), dry matter at 65ºC (DM at 65ºC), dry matter (DM), digestible dry matter, crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) yields, as well quantities of calcium extracted (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were evaluated. There weren"t statistical significantly between two N sources in the studied variables. Dry matter production increased in a positive linear way with increased cutting interval. Year production of FM, DM at 65ºC, DM and CP reached 132.37; 19.24; 17.71 and 3.4 t ha-1, respectively. Ramie CP and DM yield were higher than quoted by a good quality tree legume, and their nutritional characteristics slowed conditions to satisfactory attend small ruminant"s requirements.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produção e características nutricionais do rami, sob quatro frequências de corte, cada uma delas submetidas a duas fontes de nitrogênio (mineral e orgânico). De maio de 2006 a maio de 2007 foram realizados 13, 10, 8 e 7 cortes nas frequências 28, 35, 42 e 49 dias, respectivamente, adubadas após cada corte, com nitrogênio mineral (sulfato de amônio) ou orgânico (resíduo de limpeza de piso aviário), na dosagem de 100 kg ha-1 de N, parcelada pelo número de cortes. Após o corte de uniformização do rami, tendo sido aplicado o calcário dolomítico e adubado com P, K e N, a área foi submetida a um pisoteio animal e irrigada para melhor incorporação do corretivo. Determinaram-se as produções de matéria verde (MV), matéria seca parcial (MS a 65ºC), matéria seca total (MS), matéria seca digestível (MS digestível), proteína bruta (PB) e fibra bruta (FB), bem como as quantidades de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) removidas. As duas fontes de N não proporcionaram diferenças estatísticas significativas nas variáveis estudadas. Na produção de MS, a variação da frequência de corte de 28 dias para a de 49 dias foi linearmente positiva (P 0,01). A produção anual de MV, MS a 65ºC, MS e PB atingiram valores de 132,37; 19,24; 17,71 e 3,40 t ha-1, respectivamente. As características nutricionais podem atender de forma satisfatória os requerimentos de pequenos rumi

Variação sazonal de micronutrientes em folhas de aceroleira (Malpighia emarginata DC.) / Micronutrients seasonal variation in acerola leaves (Malpighia emarginata DC.)

Os teores de micronutrientes nas folhas necessários para obter boa produtividade e qualidade de frutos de aceroleira (Malpighia emarginata DC.) e sua variação sazonal são pouco conhecidas. Para melhor entendimento da dinâmica de absorção de nutrientes e o desenvolvimento dessa frutífera avaliaram-se teores foliares de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, em seis progênies de aceroleira no período de dezembro de 1999 a outubro de 2000. O estudo foi conduzido na Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, em Pacajus, e envolveu 6 progênies (P52, P66, P78, P91, P93 e P97) e 6 épocas de amostragem das folhas (dezembro, fevereiro, abril, junho, agosto e outubro de 2000). A variação sazonal foi confirmada para os teores de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn nas folhas, enquanto o Zn não sofreu alteração significativa nas progênies consideradas pela pesquisa. Os teores de Cu foram superiores em fevereiro, e os de Fe e Mn em agosto. As progênies apresentaram habilidade diferenciada na manutenção das concentrações de Cu, Mn e Zn nas folhas. A melhor época para amostragem de folhas e diagnóstico do estado nutricional foi em outubro, início do florescimento das aceroleiras, quando os teores de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn devem ser superiores a 3, 125, 80 e 15 mg/kg.

Micronutrients seasonal variation in leaves that are necessary to get good productivity and quality in (Malpighia emarginata DC.) (Acerola) fruits are little known. For better acquaintance of the dynamics or absorption and the of this plant, foliar amount of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn was evaluated in six lineages of acerola plant from December,1999 to October,2000. Field experiments were carried out at the Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry, Pacajus experimental field, with 6 lineages (P52, P66, P78, P91, P93 and P97) and 6-leaf-sampling (December, February, April, June, August and October of 2000). The seasonal variation was confirmed in leaves for amounts of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The amount of Zn did not suffer significant alteration in the lineages considered for the research. The amount of Cu was higher in February, while Fe and Mn in August. The lineages presented different abilities to keep Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations in leaves. For diagnosis of the plant nutritional state, the best time for leaf sampling was at the beginning of the bloom, during October, when the amount of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn reached the contends of than 3, 125, 80 and 15 mg/kg.