Meningitis criptocócica asociada a hidrocefalia en un paciente inmunocompetente / Cryptococcal meningitis associated with hydrocephalus in an immunocompetent patient

La meningitis criptocócica es una infección infrecuente y con alta morbimortalidad, cuya presentación en pacientes inmunocompetentes es excepcional. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 67 años que ingresó por un cuadro subagudo de alteración de la marcha e incontinencia urinaria. El examen neurológico reveló incapacidad para mantenerse en pie y deterioro de la memoria. Las pruebas de imagen craneales mostraron hidrocefalia tetraventricular obstructiva con áreas de gliosis en los pedúnculos cerebelosos. Se realizó tratamiento endoscópico de la hidrocefalia, con toma de muestras de líquido cefalorraquídeo en las que se observó crecimiento de Cryptococcus neoformans. El paciente mejoró con el tratamiento endoscópico y tras completar la terapia antifúngica intravenosa con anfotericina B liposomal y fluconazol durante diez semanas. La meningitis criptocócica en pacientes inmunocompetentes se trata con antifúngicos. En raras ocasiones se presenta con hidrocefalia, situación que requiere tratamiento quirúrgico mediante derivaciones del líquido cefalorraquídeo o técnicas endoscópicas. (AU)

Cryptococcal meningitis is an infrequent infection with high morbidity and mortality. Its presentation in immuno-competent patients is rare.We present the case of a 67-year-old male who was admitted for subacute symptoms of gait disturbance and urinary incontinence. Neurological examination revealed inability to stand and memory impairment. Cranial im-aging showed obstructive tetraventricular hydrocephalus with areas of gliosis in the cerebellar peduncles. Endo-scopic treatment of hydrocephalus was performed and cerebrospinal fluid samples taken revealing the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans. The patient improved with the endoscopic treatment and after completing intravenous antifungal therapy with liposomal amphotericin B and flu-conazole for ten weeks.Antifungals are used to treat cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompetent patients. On rare occasions, it presents with hydrocephalus, a situation that requires surgical treat-ment using cerebrospinal fluid diversions or endoscopic techniques. (AU)

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in hydrocephalus secondary to vestibular schwannomas

Introduction: Treatment options for hydrocephalus related to posterior fossa tumors have been extensively studied in the pediatric population, but the value of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in hydrocephalus secondary to vestibular schwannoma in adults, is controversial. A systematic search of the medical literature was carried out in Pubmed/Medline and SciElo for the identification and inclusion of articles, in addition to the preprint servers bioRxiv and medRxiv. The following descriptors were used: "hydrocephalus" and "vestibular schwannomas" or "acoustic neuromas" or "acoustic neurinomas" and "endoscopic third ventriculostomy". The initial search found 195 articles. After selection, 5 articles were chosen for the study. Objective: To specify the role of the endoscopic third ventriculostomy in hydrocephalus secondary to vestibular schwannomas. Development: The articles included a total of 82 patients, in which an improvement of the symptoms was achieved in 86.6% of the cases. The decrease in ventricular diameter was reported in 82.9% of the cases and was only found explicit in 3 articles. Although the failure criteria used were varied, 2 of them predominated: the persistence of progressive symptomatic hydrocephalus and/or the need for shunt placement. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy failure only represented 14.6%. Conclusions: Third ventriculostomy is an acceptable technique with relative success for the treatment of symptomatic obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to vestibular schwannomas.

Introducción: Las opciones de tratamiento para la hidrocefalia relacionada con tumores de fosa posterior han sido ampliamente estudiadas en la población pediátrica, pero es controvertido el valor de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica, en la hidrocefalia secundaria a schwanoma vestibular en adultos, previo a la resección del tumor. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura médica en Pubmed/Medline y SciElo para la identificación e inclusión de artículos, además de los servidores de preprint bioRxiv y medRxiv. Se utilizaron los siguientes descriptores: "hydrocephalus" y "vestibular schwannomas" o "acoustic neuromas" o "acoustic neurinomas" y "endoscopic third ventriculostomy". La búsqueda inicial encontró 195 artículos. Después de la selección, se eligieron 5 artículos para el estudio. Objetivo: Especificar el papel de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica en la hidrocefalia secundaria a schwanomas vestibulares. Desarrollo: Los artículos incluyeron un total de 82 pacientes, en los que se logró una mejoría de los síntomas en el 86,6 % de los casos. La disminución del diámetro ventricular se reportó en el 82,9 % de los casos y solo se encontró explícita en 3 artículos. Aunque los criterios de fracaso utilizados fueron variados, predominaron dos de ellos: la persistencia de hidrocefalia sintomática progresiva o la necesidad de colocación de derivación. La falla de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica solo representó el 14,6 %. Conclusiones: La tercera ventriculostomía endoscópica es una técnica aceptable y con relativo éxito para el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia obstructiva sintomática secundaria a schwanomas vestibulares.

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy limited by artery of Percheron / Ventriculostomía endoscópica limitada por arteria de Percheron

The irrigation of the thalamus depends mainly on the thalamoperforating arteries. There are many anatomical variations in these arteries, the best known being the artery of Percheron. We report a case of a 13-year-old male presented with headache and decline in his mental status. Imaging features showed obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to a mass at the level of the mesencephalon so an endoscopic third ventriculostomy was performed. During the procedure a thalamoperforating artery was encountered at the level of the tuber cinereum limiting the perforation of the third ventricle floor. The present case emphasizes the importance of knowing the anatomy of these arteries and the identification of their main variants during neurosurgical procedures (AU)

La irrigación talámica depende principalmente de las arterias talamoperforantes. Existen muchas variantes anatómicas en el origen y disposición de estas arterias siendo la más conocida la denominada arteria de Percheron. En este artículo presentamos el caso de un varón de 13 años que acudió a urgencias por cefalea y deterioro del nivel de consciencia. En las pruebas de imagen se evidenció una hidrocefalia obstructiva secundaria a una tumoración mesencefálica, motivo por el cual se decidió realizar una ventriculostomía endoscópica. Durante el procedimiento se evidenció una arteria talamoperforante a nivel del tuber cinereum que limitó la fenestración del suelo del tercer ventrículo. A partir de este caso destacamos la importancia de conocer la anatomía de estas arterias con sus posibles variantes y su identificación durante los procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos (AU)

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy limited by artery of Percheron.

The irrigation of the thalamus depends mainly on the thalamoperforating arteries. There are many anatomical variations in these arteries, the best known being the artery of Percheron. We report a case of a 13-year-old male presented with headache and decline in his mental status. Imaging features showed obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to a mass at the level of the mesencephalon so an endoscopic third ventriculostomy was performed. During the procedure a thalamoperforating artery was encountered at the level of the tuber cinereum limiting the perforation of the third ventricle floor. The present case emphasizes the importance of knowing the anatomy of these arteries and the identification of their main variants during neurosurgical procedures.

Evaluation of third ventriculostomy outcome by measuring optic nerve sheath diameter in adult hdyrocephalus / Evaluación del resultado de la ventriculostomía endoscópica midiendo el diámetro de la vaina del nervio óptico en la hidrocefalia adulta

Objective: It is difficult to demonstrate the success of the procedure in patients with third ventriculostomy. We evaluated that optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement, which can reflect intracranial pressure, may be a criterion for decision of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) success. Methods: 28 adult patients suffering long overt standing ventriculomegaly (LOVA) who performed ETV were included in this retrospective study. The patients were divided into two groups as successful (group A) and failed ETV group (group B) according to their postoperative evaluation. ONSD was measured on pre- and post-operative computed tomography (CT) and Evan's index (EI), diameter of third ventricule (V3), the patency of ETV stoma and periventricular edema were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: The mean ONSD was measured as 6.39±0.92mm for the right eye, 6.50±0.91mm for the left eye on preoperative CT. The mean ONSD by CT (after surgery) was 4.89±0.87mm for the right eye, 5.02±0.1mm for the left eye (p<0.05). Postoperative group A and group B were compared according to ONSD measurement; mean ONSD in group A was 4.52±0.69mm for the right and 4.59±0.9mm for the left, mean ONSD in group B was 5.82±0.51mm for the right and 6.1±0.32mm for the left (p<0.05). The best ONSD value for detecting failed ETV was 5.40mm (sensitivity 90%, specifity 75%, AUROC 0.938) for right and 5.91mm (sensitivity 90%, specifity 75%, AUROC 0.950) for left. EE was measured as 0.39±0.12mm on preoperative MRI and 0.39±0.12mm on postoperative MRI (p=0.3). V3 was measured as 14.7±2.47mm on preoperative MRI and 10.47±1.99mm on postoperative MRI (p<0.05). Conclusion: The statistical values obtained from study show that the ONSD measurement can help in the postoperative evaluation of patients, who had a ETV surgery (AU)

Objetivo: Es difícil demostrar el éxito del procedimiento en pacientes con ventriculostomía premamilar. Evaluamos que la medición del diámetro de la vaina del nervio óptico (ONSD), que puede reflejar la presión intracraneal, puede ser un criterio para la decisión del éxito de la ventriculostomía endoscópica (VE). Métodos: En este estudio retrospectivo se incluyeron 28 pacientes adultos que sufrían ventriculomegalia marcada de larga evolución (LOVA) que realizaron VE. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos, según su evaluación postoperatoria: el grupo de ETV exitosa y el grupo fallido. La ONSD se midió en tomografía computarizada (TC) pre- y postoperatoria, y el índice de Evan (IE), el diámetro del tercer ventrículo (V3), la permeabilidad del estoma VE y el edema periventricular se evaluaron mediante imágenes de resonancia magnética (IRM). Resultados: La ONSD media se midió como 6,39±0,92mm para el ojo derecho, 6,50±0,91mm para el ojo izquierdo en la TC preoperatoria. La ONSD media por TC (después de la cirugía) fue de 4,89±0,87mm para el ojo derecho, 5,02±0,1mm para el ojo izquierdo (p<0,05). El grupo postoperatorio A y el grupo B se compararon según la medición ONSD. La media de ONSD en el grupo A fue de 4,52±0,69mm para el derecho y de 4,59±0,9mm para el izquierdo; la media de ONSD en el grupo B fue de 5,82±0,51mm para el derecho y 6,1±0,32mm para el izquierdo (p<0,05). El mejor valor de ONSD para detectar VE fallida fue de 5,40mm (sensibilidad 90%, especificidad 75%, AUROC 0,938) para el derecho y 5,91mm (sensibilidad 90%, especificidad 75%, AUROC 0,950) para el izquierdo. IE se midió como 0,39±0,12mm en la IRM preoperatoria y 0,39±0,12mm en la IRM postoperatoria (p=0,3). V3 se midió como 14,7±2,47mm en la IRM preoperatoria y 10,47±1,99mm en la RM postoperatoria (p<0,05) (AU)

Evaluation of third ventriculostomy outcome by measuring optic nerve sheath diameter in adult hdyrocephalus.

OBJECTIVE: It is difficult to demonstrate the success of the procedure in patients with third ventriculostomy. We evaluated that optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement, which can reflect intracranial pressure, may be a criterion for decision of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) success. METHODS: 28 adult patients suffering long overt standing ventriculomegaly (LOVA) who performed ETV were included in this retrospective study. The patients were divided into two groups as successful (group A) and failed ETV group (group B) according to their postoperative evaluation. ONSD was measured on pre- and post-operative computed tomography (CT) and Evan's index (EI), diameter of third ventricule (V3), the patency of ETV stoma and periventricular edema were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: The mean ONSD was measured as 6.39±0.92mm for the right eye, 6.50±0.91mm for the left eye on preoperative CT. The mean ONSD by CT (after surgery) was 4.89±0.87mm for the right eye, 5.02±0.1mm for the left eye (p<0.05). Postoperative group A and group B were compared according to ONSD measurement; mean ONSD in group A was 4.52±0.69mm for the right and 4.59±0.9mm for the left, mean ONSD in group B was 5.82±0.51mm for the right and 6.1±0.32mm for the left (p<0.05). The best ONSD value for detecting failed ETV was 5.40mm (sensitivity 90%, specifity 75%, AUROC 0.938) for right and 5.91mm (sensitivity 90%, specifity 75%, AUROC 0.950) for left. EE was measured as 0.39±0.12mm on preoperative MRI and 0.39±0.12mm on postoperative MRI (p=0.3). V3 was measured as 14.7±2.47mm on preoperative MRI and 10.47±1.99mm on postoperative MRI (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The statistical values obtained from study show that the ONSD measurement can help in the postoperative evaluation of patients, who had a ETV surgery.

Re-ventriculostomía endoscópica de tercer ventrículo. Análisis retrospectivo de una serie de 13 casos / Re-Do endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Retrospective analysis of 13 patients

Objetivos: La indicación de ventriculostomía endoscópica de tercer ventrículo (VET) en el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia no comunicante está extensamente aceptada. Existe controversia respecto a la indicación de un segundo procedimiento (re-VET) cuando el primero ha fallado. El objetivo de este trabajo es recoger los fallos de VET en una serie propia en los que se realizó re-VET y describir los factores relacionados con su pronóstico.MétodoEstudio retrospectivo de pacientes pediátricos con fallo de VET tratados mediante una re-VET entre 2003 y 2018. Se registró género, edad en primera y segunda VET, tiempo hasta fallo de primera VET, etiología de hidrocefalia, presencia previa de DVP, ETV-SS en primera y segunda VET, hallazgos intraoperatorios, éxito del segundo procedimiento y seguimiento. El resultado de ETV-SS se agrupó en puntuación alta (≥80), moderada (50-70) o baja (≤40). Se consideró fallo de procedimiento endoscópico el deterioro clínico o la ausencia de criterios radiológicos de mejoría (reducción de tamaño ventricular o presencia de artefacto de flujo de VET en área premamilar).ResultadosDe 97 VET realizadas en este periodo, se registraron 47 fallos, llevándose a cabo 13 re-VET. De ellas, 8 fueron clasificadas como éxito (61,53%). La re-VET fue exitosa en 4/4 casos cuya etiología fue tumoración tectal o estenosis de acueducto. En el grupo de alta puntuación ETV-SS hubo mayor porcentaje de éxito (75%) que en el grupo de moderada puntuación (40%). Nueve pacientes presentaban DVP previa a la primera VET y en ellos, el éxito fue del 66,6% frente al 50% en el grupo sin DVP previa. Todas las re-VET se llevaron a cabo sin complicaciones. En 11 de los 13 procedimientos se encontró una membrana premamilar cerrada y en los 2 casos restantes una apertura puntiforme. El seguimiento medio tras re-VET fue de 61,23 meses.ConclusiónLa re-VET es un procedimiento seguro y con una tasa de éxito del 61,5% en nuestra serie...(AU)

Objetives: Indication for endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in the treatment for noncommunicating hydrocephalus is widely accepted. There is controversy regarding the indication of a second procedure (re-ETV) when the first has failed. The objective of this work is to revise ETV failures in a series in which re-ETV was performed and to describe the factors related to its prognosis.MethodRetrospective study of pediatric patients with ETV failure treated by re-ETV between 2003 and 2018. Gender, age in first and second ETV, time to failure of first ETV, etiology of hydrocephalus, previous presence of shunt, ETV-SS in the first and second ETV, intraoperative findings, success of the second procedure and follow-up were collected. The ETV-SS result was grouped into high (≥80), moderate (50-70) or low (≤40) scores. Endoscopic procedure failure was considered clinical worsening or the absence of radiological criteria for improvement (reduction in ventricular size or presence of ETV flow artifact in the floor of third ventricle).ResultsOf 97 ETV carried out in this period, 47 failures were registered, with 13 re-ETV performed. Of these, 8 were classified as successful (61.53%). Re-ETV was successful in 4/4 cases in which etiology was tectal tumor or aqueduct stenosis. In the group with a high ETV-SS score there was a higher rate of success (75%) than in the group with a moderate score (40%). 9 patients presented shunt prior to first ETV and in them, success was 66.6% compared to 50% in the group without prior shunt. All re-ETV were performed without complications. In 11 of the 13 procedures a closed stoma was found and the remaining 2 cases, we found a punctate opening. The mean follow-up after re-ETV was 61.23 months.ConclusionThe selection of patients for re-VET should be cautious. Factors such as age, etiology, and previous shunt (ETV-SS factors) have prognostic influence. However... (AU)

Re-Do endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Retrospective analysis of 13 patients.

OBJETIVES: Indication for endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in the treatment for noncommunicating hydrocephalus is widely accepted. There is controversy regarding the indication of a second procedure (re-ETV) when the first has failed. The objective of this work is to revise ETV failures in a series in which re-ETV was performed and to describe the factors related to its prognosis. METHOD: Retrospective study of pediatric patients with ETV failure treated by re-ETV between 2003 and 2018. Gender, age in first and second ETV, time to failure of first ETV, etiology of hydrocephalus, previous presence of shunt, ETV-SS in the first and second ETV, intraoperative findings, success of the second procedure and follow-up were collected. The ETV-SS result was grouped into high (≥ 80), moderate (50-70) or low (≤ 40) scores. Endoscopic procedure failure was considered clinical worsening or the absence of radiological criteria for improvement (reduction in ventricular size or presence of ETV flow artifact in the floor of third ventricle). RESULTS: Of 97 ETV carried out in this period, 47 failures were registered, with 13 re-ETV performed. Of these, 8 were classified as successful (61.53%). Re-ETV was successful in 4/4 cases in which etiology was tectal tumor or aqueduct stenosis. In the group with a high ETV-SS score there was a higher rate of success (75%) than in the group with a moderate score (40%). 9 patients presented shunt prior to first ETV and in them, success was 66.6% compared to 50% in the group without prior shunt. All re-ETV were performed without complications. In 11 of the 13 procedures a closed stoma was found and the remaining 2 cases, we found a punctate opening. The mean follow-up after re-ETV was 61.23 months. CONCLUSION: The selection of patients for re-VET should be cautious. Factors such as age, etiology, and previous shunt (ETV-SS factors) have prognostic influence. However, there are specific factors which indicate favorable prognostic for re-VET such as a longer time to failure of the first procedure, the finding of a closed/punctate stoma or the loss of flow artifact in the follow-up MRI.

Hidrocefalia aguda a presión negativa: propuesta de manejo y valor de la ventriculostomía temprana / Acute negative-pressure hydrocephalus: Management algorithm and value of early endoscopic ventriculostomy

La hidrocefalia aguda a presión negativa es una entidad poco frecuente, infradiagnosticada y asociada a una elevada morbimortalidad. Se propone un algoritmo diagnóstico-terapéutico para el manejo de esta patología, valorando la realización de una ventriculostomía endoscópica de manera precoz. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo observacional en el que se analizan los casos diagnosticados de hidrocefalia aguda a presión negativa en el periodo 2016-2020. Se recogieron los siguientes datos: edad, síntomas, causa primaria de hidrocefalia, existencia de derivación, infección o intervención quirúrgica previas, tiempo hasta la realización de la ventriculostomía, tratamiento definitivo de la hidrocefalia y estado clínico de los pacientes a los 6 meses. Se desarrolla el protocolo de manejo propuesto y se lleva a cabo una justificación fisiopatológica del mismo basada en una revisión bibliográfica. Resultados: Se identificaron 5 pacientes con diagnóstico de hidrocefalia aguda a presión negativa, en 4 de los cuales se aplicó el protocolo propuesto, llevándose a cabo un diagnóstico precoz y una ventriculostomía endoscópica temprana. Dos de ellos (50%) experimentaron una resolución completa de la hidrocefalia, mientras que en los otros 2 casos se apreció normalización de la presión intraventricular, aunque requirieron derivación permanente. Un paciente falleció por infección sistémica (20%), los otros 4 (80%) fueron dados de alta sin modificaciones reseñables en su estado clínico basal. Conclusiones:La rápida identificación de un estado de hidrocefalia aguda a presión negativa es crucial para el correcto manejo del paciente y para disminuir complicaciones. El empleo de un protocolo específico y la realización temprana de una ventriculostomía premamilar endoscópica podrían mejorar los resultados (AU)

Introduction: Acute negative-pressure hydrocephalus is an uncommon, underrecognized patology with a high morbidity and mortality. We propose an algorithm to facilitate the management of these patients, promoting the early diagnosis and the use of endoscopic third ventriculostomy as initial therapeutic option. Material and methods: We performed an observational retrospective study in which patients diagnosed with acute negative-pressure hydrocephalus were included. Patient age and symptoms, primary etiology of hydrocephalus, previous shunt, infection and surgical procedures, time from clinical deterioration to endoscopic procedure, definitive treatment and patient outcomes were recorded. Our management algortihm is exposed and justified. Results: We identified 5patients with diagnosis of acute negative-pressure hydrcephalus. In 4 of them the management algorithm was applied and early diagnosis and endoscopic ventriculostomy were performed. We observed complete succes of the endoscopic procedure in 2 patients (50%); the other 2required permanent shunt, nevertheless resolution of the low-pressure state was achieved. One patient died after systemic infection (20%), 80% of the patients experienced good outcome. Conclusions: The early identification of a negative-pressure hydrocephalic state is essential to reduce complications. Application of a specific management algortihm and early endoscopic third ventriculostomy could be advantageous to achieve better outcomes (AU)

Acute negative-pressure hydrocephalus: Management algorithm and value of early endoscopic ventriculostomy.

INTRODUCTION: Acute negative-pressure hydrocephalus is an uncommon, underrecognized patology with a high morbidity and mortality. We propose an algorithm to facilitate the management of these patients, promoting the early diagnosis and the use of endoscopic third ventriculostomy as initial therapeutic option. METHODS: We performed an observational retrospective study in which patients diagnosed with acute negative-pressure hydrocephalus were included. Patient age and symptoms, primary etiology of hydrocephalus, previous shunt, infection and surgical procedures, time from clinical deterioration to endoscopic procedure, definitive treatment and patient outcomes were recorded. Our management algortihm is exposed and justified. RESULTS: We identified five patients with diagnosis of acute negative-pressure hydrcephalus. In four of them the management algorithm was applied and early diagnosis and endoscopic ventriculostomy were performed. We observed complete succes of the endoscopic procedure in two patients (50%); the other two required permanent shunt, nevertheless resolution of the low-pressure state was achieved. One patient died after systemic infection (20%), 80% of the patients experienced good outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The early identification of a negative-pressure hydrocephalic state is essential to reduce complications. Application of a specific management algortihm and early endoscopic third ventriculostomy could be advantageous to achieve better outcomes.

Tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica en la hidrocefalia de presión normal idiopática / Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

RESUMEN Introducción: La hidrocefalia de presión normal idiopática es un complejo sintomático caracterizado por afectación de la marcha, incontinencia urinaria y deterioro del estado mental. En la actualidad no existe un esquema diagnóstico estandarizado. La tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica se comenzó a utilizar hace unos años ante la elevada tasa de complicaciones de los sistemas derivativos pero aún no se definen con claridad los factores pronósticos de su éxito y se cuestiona su indicación. Objetivo: Describir el rol de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica en la hidrocefalia de presión normal idiopática. Métodos: Se realizó la revisión de la literatura en bases de datos PUBMED, además de literatura gris en los servidores de preprints BioRxiv, MedRxiv y preprint.org. Se seleccionaron los artículos de los últimos 15 años sin aplicación de filtros idiomáticos. Se usaron los siguientes descriptores Normal pressure hydrocephalus AND Endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Fueron seleccionados solo aquellos artículos con texto completo disponible. Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 430 artículos. Se analizaron 10 investigaciones sobre tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica en la hidrocefalia de presión normal idiopática, ocho fueron estudios retrospectivos con el 62,5 % de los mismos con una muestra inferior a 15 pacientes, además de dos estudios de cohorte. Conclusiones: La tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica ha tenido relativo éxito en el tratamiento de pacientes cuidadosamente seleccionados con hidrocefalia de presión normal idiopática. Es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo, encaminado a mejorar la compliance intracraneal a través de la restauración de la pulsatilidad cerebral, y la influencia de la misma en la dinámica del líquido cerebroespinal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is a clinical complex characterized by impaired gait, urinary incontinence and deterioration of mental status. Currently, there is not a standardized diagnostic scheme. The endoscopic third ventriculostomy began to be used a few years ago due to the high rate of complications of the derivative systems, but the prognostic factors of its success have not yet been clearly defined, and its indication is questioned. Objective: To describe role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Methods: A literature review was performed in PUBMED and preprint servers BioRxiv, MedRxiv and preprint.org. Articles from the last 15 years were selected without the application of language filters. The following descriptors Normal pressure hydrocephalus AND Endoscopic third ventriculostomy were used. Only those articles with the full text available were selected. Results: A total of 430 articles were identified. Ten investigations about endoscopic third ventriculostomy in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus were analyzed, 8 were retrospective studies with 62.5% of them with a sample of less than 15 patients, in addition to two cohort studies. Conclusions: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy has been relatively successful in treating carefully selected patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. It is a safe and effective procedure, aimed at improving intracranial compliance through the restoration of cerebral pulsatility, and its influence on the dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid.

Avaliação dos fatores relacionados ao sucesso da terceiro ventriculostomia endoscópica na hidrocefalia associada à mielomeningocele / Evaluation of factors related to the success of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in hydrocephalus associated with myelomeningocele

Introdução: A mielomeningocele (MMC) é o defeito do tubo neural compatível com a vida mais comum, e uma de suas complicações mais frequentes é a ocorrência de hidrocefalia, principalmente em pacientes cuja correção do defeito se deu no período pós-natal. O tratamento padrão para esta população ainda é a inserção de uma derivação ventrículo-peritoneal (DVP), associada a complicações e maior morbimortalidade. Alternativamente à DVP, destaca-se a terceiro ventriculostomia endoscópica (TVE), procedimento sem a necessidade de dispositivo implantável, mas que apresenta uma taxa de sucesso muito variável na literatura médica. Objetivos: Avaliar a taxa de sucesso da TVE no tratamento da hidrocefalia associada à MMC, identificar possíveis fatores clínicos e/ou radiológicos relacionados ao sucesso do procedimento e identificar se o sucesso estimado pelo Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Success Score (ETVSS) foi comparável à real taxa de sucesso. Método: Vinte e um pacientes com o diagnóstico de MMC, nascidos entre 2015 e 2021 e submetidos a TVE para o tratamento da hidrocefalia foram incluídos nesse estudo. Pacientes com correção fetal da MMC foram excluídos. Dados clínicos como o perímetro cefálico ao nascimento e no pré-operatório prematuridade, presença de DVP, número de revisões e presença de infecção prévias, idade no momento da TVE, além de fatores radiológicos como o índice de Evans, ângulo clivo-occipital, volume estimado da fossa posterior e volume estimado do compartimento supratentorial foram analisados. Resultados: A taxa de sucesso em seis meses foi de 61,9%, a taxa geral de sucesso foi de 57,1% e o ETVSS médio calculado foi de 46,7%. O único fator com aparente relevância para o sucesso da TVE foi a idade, pacientes com mais de 6 meses completos apresentaram uma taxa de sucesso de 76,9% enquanto os mais novos apresentaram uma taxa de sucesso de 25% (OR: 0,03; IC 95% 0,01-0,35; p = 0,013). Não foi identificado nenhum fator radiológico associado ao sucesso do procedimento. Conclusões: O único fator de relevância estatística com o sucesso da TVE foi a idade, sendo que pacientes com idade inferior a 6 meses completos apresentaram uma probabilidade maior de falha. Já o ETVSS subestimou a taxa de sucesso do procedimento em 6 meses ­ o que demonstra a necessidade de modificações para seu aprimoramento em pacientes mais jovens.

Introduction: Myelomeningocele (MMC) is the most common neural tube defect compatible with life, and one of its most frequent complications is the occurrence of hydrocephalus (HCF), especially in patients whose defect correction took place in the postnatal period. The standard treatment for this population is still the insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS), but it is associated with complications and higher morbidity and mortality. As an alternative to DVP, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) stands out, it is a procedure without the need for an implantable device, but its success rate is inconsistent in the medical literature. Objectives: To evaluate the success rate of EVT in the treatment of hydrocephalus associated with MMC and to identify possible clinical and/or radiological features associated with ETV success. Methods: Twenty-one patients with myelomeningocele, born between 2015 and 2021, that underwent EVT for hydrocephalus were included in this study. Patients with fetal MMC correction were excluded. Clinical data such as head circumference at birth and preoperatively, prematurity, presence of previous VPS, number of previous revisions, presence of a previous infection, age at the time of ETV, in addition to radiological factors such as the Evans index, clivo-occipital angle, the estimated volume of the posterior fossa and estimated volume of the supratentorial compartment were analyzed. Results: The six-month success rate was 61.9%, the overall success rate was 57.1%, and the mean calculated ETVSS was 46.7%. The only factor with apparent relevance to the success of ETV was age: the patients older than six full months had a success rate of 76.9%, while the younger ones had a success rate of 25% (OR: 0.03; 95% CI 0.01-0.35; p = 0.013). No radiological features were identified as associated with the procedure's success. Conclusions: The only factor of statistical relevance with the success of TVE was age, with patients younger than six full months of age having a higher probability of failure. The ETVSS, on the other hand, underestimated the procedure's success rate at six months, which shows a need for modifications to improve its results when applied in younger patients.

Evaluation of third ventriculostomy outcome by measuring optic nerve sheath diameter in adult hdyrocephalus.

OBJECTIVE: It is difficult to demonstrate the success of the procedure in patients with third ventriculostomy. We evaluated that optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement, which can reflect intracranial pressure, may be a criterion for decision of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) success. METHODS: 28 adult patients suffering long overt standing ventriculomegaly (LOVA) who performed ETV were included in this retrospective study. The patients were divided into two groups as successful (group A) and failed ETV group (group B) according to their postoperative evaluation. ONSD was measured on pre- and post-operative computed tomography (CT) and Evan's index (EI), diameter of third ventricule (V3), the patency of ETV stoma and periventricular edema were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: The mean ONSD was measured as 6.39±0.92mm for the right eye, 6.50±0.91mm for the left eye on preoperative CT. The mean ONSD by CT (after surgery) was 4.89±0.87mm for the right eye, 5.02±0.1mm for the left eye (p<0.05). Postoperative group A and group B were compared according to ONSD measurement; mean ONSD in group A was 4.52±0.69mm for the right and 4.59±0.9mm for the left, mean ONSD in group B was 5.82±0.51mm for the right and 6.1±0.32mm for the left (p<0.05). The best ONSD value for detecting failed ETV was 5.40mm (sensitivity 90%, specifity 75%, AUROC 0.938) for right and 5.91mm (sensitivity 90%, specifity 75%, AUROC 0.950) for left. EE was measured as 0.39±0.12mm on preoperative MRI and 0.39±0.12mm on postoperative MRI (p=0.3). V3 was measured as 14.7±2.47mm on preoperative MRI and 10.47±1.99mm on postoperative MRI (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The statistical values obtained from study show that the ONSD measurement can help in the postoperative evaluation of patients, who had a ETV surgery.

Re-Do endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Retrospective analysis of 13 patients. / Re-ventriculostomía endoscópica de tercer ventrículo. Análisis retrospectivo de una serie de 13 casos.

OBJETIVES: Indication for endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in the treatment for noncommunicating hydrocephalus is widely accepted. There is controversy regarding the indication of a second procedure (re-ETV) when the first has failed. The objective of this work is to revise ETV failures in a series in which re-ETV was performed and to describe the factors related to its prognosis. METHOD: Retrospective study of pediatric patients with ETV failure treated by re-ETV between 2003 and 2018. Gender, age in first and second ETV, time to failure of first ETV, etiology of hydrocephalus, previous presence of shunt, ETV-SS in the first and second ETV, intraoperative findings, success of the second procedure and follow-up were collected. The ETV-SS result was grouped into high (≥80), moderate (50-70) or low (≤40) scores. Endoscopic procedure failure was considered clinical worsening or the absence of radiological criteria for improvement (reduction in ventricular size or presence of ETV flow artifact in the floor of third ventricle). RESULTS: Of 97 ETV carried out in this period, 47 failures were registered, with 13 re-ETV performed. Of these, 8 were classified as successful (61.53%). Re-ETV was successful in 4/4 cases in which etiology was tectal tumor or aqueduct stenosis. In the group with a high ETV-SS score there was a higher rate of success (75%) than in the group with a moderate score (40%). 9 patients presented shunt prior to first ETV and in them, success was 66.6% compared to 50% in the group without prior shunt. All re-ETV were performed without complications. In 11 of the 13 procedures a closed stoma was found and the remaining 2 cases, we found a punctate opening. The mean follow-up after re-ETV was 61.23 months. CONCLUSION: The selection of patients for re-VET should be cautious. Factors such as age, etiology, and previous shunt (ETV-SS factors) have prognostic influence. However, there are specific factors which indicate favorable prognostic for re-VET such as a longer time to failure of the first procedure, the finding of a closed/punctate stoma or the loss of flow artifact in the follow-up MRI.

Acute negative-pressure hydrocephalus: Management algorithm and value of early endoscopic ventriculostomy. / Hidrocefalia aguda a presión negativa: propuesta de manejo y valor de la ventriculostomía temprana.

INTRODUCTION: Acute negative-pressure hydrocephalus is an uncommon, underrecognized patology with a high morbidity and mortality. We propose an algorithm to facilitate the management of these patients, promoting the early diagnosis and the use of endoscopic third ventriculostomy as initial therapeutic option. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed an observational retrospective study in which patients diagnosed with acute negative-pressure hydrocephalus were included. Patient age and symptoms, primary etiology of hydrocephalus, previous shunt, infection and surgical procedures, time from clinical deterioration to endoscopic procedure, definitive treatment and patient outcomes were recorded. Our management algortihm is exposed and justified. RESULTS: We identified 5patients with diagnosis of acute negative-pressure hydrcephalus. In 4 of them the management algorithm was applied and early diagnosis and endoscopic ventriculostomy were performed. We observed complete succes of the endoscopic procedure in 2 patients (50%); the other 2required permanent shunt, nevertheless resolution of the low-pressure state was achieved. One patient died after systemic infection (20%), 80% of the patients experienced good outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The early identification of a negative-pressure hydrocephalic state is essential to reduce complications. Application of a specific management algortihm and early endoscopic third ventriculostomy could be advantageous to achieve better outcomes.

Ventriculostomy and endoscopic biopsy of pineal mass with hydrocephalus and unexpected definitive diagnosis. / Ventriculostomía y biopsia endoscópica de una masa pineal con hidrocefalia y diagnóstico final inesperado.

A 72-year-old female with no relevant medical history consulted in the emergency room for a two-week history of headache, vomiting and gait disturbance. Head CT scan revealed obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to a pineal mass with compression of the third ventricle. Magnetic Resonance showed another mass located in the right Lushcka foramen. Endoscopic third-ventriculostomy and biopsy of pineal mass were performed. Pathological analysis was consistent with metastasis of carcinoma. Full-body CT scan showed a lung mass related to primary carcinoma. The patient received systemic treatment for metastatic lung cancer. She died two months after diagnosis.

Ventriculitis associated with extraventricular drainage: etiology, diagnosis and treatment focused on neurocritic care units.

Ventriculitis after extraventricular drainage is a very important neurosurgical complication in neurocritical care units. It is necessary to make an early diagnosis, given that the morbidity and mortality secondary to it can be variable, and complicate the evolution of neurocritical patients. Despite this, ventriculostomy continues to be an important pillar in monitoring and treatment. Given the urgency of ventriculitis associated with multiresistant germs, new antimicrobial drugs have emerged as part of the treatment, as intraventricular routes have been proposed within the new investigations. However, the foregoing does not yet have sufficient bases to be able to support it. The present review was carried out with the aim of contributing to an early diagnosis and treatment of ventriculitis associated with extra ventricular drainage in neurocritical patients, and in this way to contribute to improve survival and prevent fatal outcomes in these patients.

La ventriculitis posterior a un drenaje extraventicular constituye una complicación neuroquirúrgica muy importante en las unidades de cuidados neurocríticos. Se hace necesario realizar un diagnóstico precoz, dado que la morbimortalidad secundaria a esta puede ser variable y complicar la evolución de los pacientes neurocríticos. A pesar de esto, la ventriculostomía continúa siendo un pilar importante en el monitoreo y el tratamiento. Ante la urgencia de ventriculitis asociadas a gérmenes multirresistentes han surgido nuevos fármacos antimicrobianos como parte del tratamiento, al igual que se han propuesto vías intraventriculares dentro de las nuevas investigaciones. Sin embargo, lo anterior aún no tiene bases suficientes para poder ­sustentarlo. La presente revisión se realizó con el objetivo de contribuir a un diagnóstico precoz y al tratamiento de la ventriculitis asociada a drenaje extraventricular en pacientes neurocríticos, y de esta forma poder mejorar la sobrevida y prevenir desenlaces fatales en estos pacientes.

Repercussão de intervenção educativa no conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem sobre os cuidados no uso da derivação ventricular externa em pediatria / Repercussion of an educational intervention on the knowledge of the nursing team regarding the use of external ventricular drains in pediatrics / Repercusión de la intervención educativa en el conocimiento del personal de enfermería sobre cuidados en el manejo del drenaje ventricular externo en pediatría

Objetivo: este estudo objetivou analisar a repercussão de intervenção educativa no conhecimento teórico da equipe de Enfermagem sobre os cuidados no uso da derivação ventricular externa em Pediatria. Trata-se de estudo de intervenção não controlado, com delineamento do tipo antes e depois. Método: procedeu-se à aplicação de pré e pós-teste para a coleta de informações sobre os conhecimentos dos profissionais sobre os cuidados aos pacientes pediátricos com derivação ventricular externa. Entre o pré e o pós-teste realizou-se intervenção educativa usando-se a simulação clínica como estratégia de ensino. Participaram do estudo 41 profissionais de Enfermagem. Constatou-se mais assertividade após a intervenção educativa, principalmente na questão que versa sobre o uso da técnica asséptica para esvaziamento da bolsa coletora (p=0,021). As análises de correlação no préteste revelaram que o maior número de erros não esteve correlacionado a qualquer das variáveis sociodemográficas. Contudo, no pós-teste, identificou-se correlação significativa entre o número de erros com a idade dos profissionais (rho=0,340; p=0,015); tempo de formação dos profissionais (rho= 0,414; p=0,004); e tempo de atuação na unidade (rho=0,428; p=0,004). O resultado sinaliza, portanto, que profissionais com idades mais elevadas, mais tempo de profissão e de atuação na unidade tiveram menos aproveitamento da intervenção educativa, apresentando maior número de erros. A intervenção educativa usando a estratégia da simulação clínica possibilitou incremento no conhecimento dos participantes, podendo ser utilizado para a educação permanente, melhorando a qualidade da assistência.(AU)

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the repercussion of an educational intervention on the theoretical knowledge of the Nursing team regarding the use of external ventricular drains in Pediatrics. This is an uncontrolled intervention study, with a before and after study design. Method: A pre- and post-test was applied to collect information on the nurses' knowledge regarding the care of pediatric patients with external ventricular drains. Between the pre- and post-test, an educational intervention was performed using clinical simulation as a teaching strategy. 41 nursing professionals participated in the study. The professionals were more assertive after the educational intervention, especially regarding the use of an aseptic technique for emptying the collection bag (p=0.021). Correlation analyses in the pre-test revealed that the greatest number of errors was not correlated to any of the socio-demographic variables. However, in the post-test, a significant correlation was identified between the number of errors and the participants' age (rho=0.340; p=0.015); years since graduation (rho=0.414; p=0.004); and years of professional experience in the unit (rho=0.428; p=0.004). Therefore, the result shows that older professionals, with more...(AU)

Objetivo: analizar la repercusión de la intervención educativa en el conocimiento teórico del personal de enfermería sobre cuidados en el manejo del drenaje ventricular externo en pediatría. Estudio de intervención no controlado, con diseño antes ­ después. Método: se aplicó la prueba antes y después para la recogida de datos sobre el conocimiento de los profesionales acerca de los cuidados de pacientes pediátricos con drenaje ventricular externo. Entre las pruebas antes y después se realizó la intervención educativa con simulación clínica como estratégia de enseñanza. En el estudio participaron 41 profesionales de enfermería. Se constató más asertividad después de la intervención educativa, principalmente en lo referente al uso de la técnica aséptica para realizar el vaciado de la bolsa recolectora (p=0,021). Los análisis de correlación de la prueba anterior revelaron no haber ninguna correlación entre la cantidad de errores y alguna de las variables sociodemográficas. Sin embargo, en la prueba posterior se identificó la correlación significativa entre la cantidad de errores y la edad de los profesionales (rho=0,340; p=0,015); el tiempo de graduación (rho= 0,414; p=0,004); y el tiempo de trabajo en la unidad (rho=0,428; p=0,004). El resultado indica que los profesionales con más edad, más tiempo de profesión y de trabajo en la unidad aprovecharon menos la intervención educativa y que cometieron más errores. La intervención educativa usando la estrategia de la simulación clínica ha permitido aumentar el conocimiento de los participantes y podría adoptarse en la educación permanente con miras a mejorar la calidad asistencial.(AU)

O papel da membrana de Liliequist na terceiro ventriculostomia endoscópica / The role of the Liliequist membrane in endoscopic third ventriculostomy

A Terceiro Ventriculostomia Endoscópica (TVE) é operação intracerebral que trata a hidrocefalia. Para sua realização é necessário conhecimento da anatomia cirúrgica da membrana aracnoidea de Liliequist, que deve ser aberta durante o procedimento. Porém, a anatomia do ponto de vista neuroendoscópico é pouco conhecida, já que os ângulos de abordagem são diferentes da anatomia descritiva clássica e mesmo da anatomia cirúrgica microscópica. Há discrepância na literatura quanto a eficácia da TVE, sobretudo em crianças, em que pode ocorrer a não abertura completa da membrana de Liliequist (ML). Para compreensão do comportamento da ML, a sua associação com o Tuber Cinereo (TC) e o assoalho do III Ventrículo (IIIVT) e outras peculiaridades, foi realizada, prospectivamente, a observação sistemática destas características durante 57 operações. Os dados foram registrados após o procedimento e posteriormente estudados. Os objetivos eram sistematizar as características anatômicas destas estruturas do ponto de vista neuroendoscópico, avaliar se as alterações seguiam algum padrão e se interferiam no procedimento técnico, correlacionando com a evolução. Pela análise dos dados percebeu-se que as características da ML são variáveis e dificultam, em uma percentagem considerável de vezes, a sua interpretação e seu manejo pelo neurocirurgião. Também, que o TC alterado e separado da ML são fatores associados à maior dificuldade de realização da TVE. Que as TVE realizadas nas hidrocefalias por malformações congênitas, processos inflamatórios e pós sangramento (prevalentes na infância) estão associadas a maior dificuldade de manejar a ML e podem explicar o índice de insucesso maior observado na literatura em crianças abaixo de 2 anos.

Endoscopic Third Endoscopic (ETV) is a neurosurgical procedure to treat hydrocephalus. To be fully performed it is necessary opening an arachnoid structure, the Liliequist Membrane (LM). However the LM surgical anatomy from the neuroendoscopic point of view is not yet completely studied, since approach angles are different from classics descriptive and microsurgical anatomies. There is a literature discrepancy regarding the ETV efficacy, especially in children over 2 years old, which may be due to LM incomplete opening. In order to understand the LM anatomical behavior, the relationship with tuber cinereo (TC), the floor of the III Ventricle and other peculiarities, a systematic prospective observation of these characteristics was performed during the 57 surgeries. Data were recorded after the procedure and studied. Objectives were to systematize LM anatomical characteristics from neuroendoscopic perspective, understand if anatomical changes follows a pattern interfering on the procedure, and if there is correlation with patients evolution. The data analysis shows that LM characteristics are variable, making difficult the neurosurgeon management. Whenever TC anatomy modifies, or when TC and ML are separated, difficulty to perform ETV increases. When hydrocephalies are due to congenital malformations, inflammatory processes and post bleeding (prevalent in childhood), LM management is much harder, witch may explain the higher failure rate in children under 2 years of age observed in literature.

Sonda uretral flexível como método alternativo para aferição invasiva da pressão intracraniana em trauma cranioencefálico induzido em coelhos / Flexible urethral catheter as alternative method to invasive measurement of intracranial pressure in induced head trauma in rabbits

O objetivo deste estudo foi utilizar a sonda uretral flexível como método alternativo para aferição da pressão intracraniana em coelhos com trauma cranioencefálico induzido pelo cateter de Fogarty 4 Fr (balão epidural) e comparar os dados obtidos com o método convencional de cateter de ventriculostomia. Foram utilizados 12 coelhos, machos, adultos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, denominados de G1: mensuração da PIC com cateter de ventriculostomia (n=6) e G2: mensuração com sonda uretral (n=6). Foram realizadas duas craniotomias na região parietal direita e esquerda para a implantação do cateter de ventriculostomia ou sonda uretral flexível e o balão epidural, respectivamente. A PAM, a PPC, a FC, a FR e a TR foram mensurados antes e após a craniotomia. A PIC foi avaliada após a craniotomia e a cada 10 minutos depois do preenchimento do balonete com 0,3mL de NaCl 0,9%, durante 40 minutos, e com 0,6mL, pelo mesmo período de tempo, totalizando 80 minutos. A PIC aumentou em ambos os grupos, sendo menores os valores registrados com a sonda uretral flexível. Foi possível reproduzir o aumento da PIC com o modelo experimental de TCE utilizando o cateter de Fogarty 4 Fr na região epidural e, embora haja a necessidade de outros estudos, a sonda uretral flexível demonstra ser um método alternativo de mensuração da PIC em coelhos com trauma cranioencefálico.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of flexible urethral catheter as an alternative method for measuring intracranial pressure in rabbits with head trauma induced by 4 F Fogarty catheter (epidural balloon) and compare the data obtained with the conventional method of ventriculostomy catheter. In this study, New Zealand rabbits were randomly distributed into two groups, G1: measuring the ICP with ventriculostomy catheter (n=6) and G2: measuring the ICP with urethral catheter (n=6). Two craniotomies were performed in the right and left parietal region for the implantation of a ventriculostomy catheter and/or flexible urethral catheter and epidural 4 Fr Fogarty arterial embolectomy catheter, respectively. MAP, CPP, HR, RF and RT values were measured before and after of the craniotomy. The ICP value was measured after craniotomy, every five minutes during 40 minutes after the balloon was inflated with 0.3 ml with NaCl and further 40 minutes after the balloon was inflated with 0.6 ml. The ICP value increased in both groups; however, the ICP values were lower in the flexible urethral catheter. The flexible urethral catheter can be used as an alternative method to measure ICP values in rabbits with head injury.(AU)