Yolk color and sensory analysis of eggs of common quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) fed sorghum-based diet with the addition of annatto seed meal (Bixa orellana L) / Coloração da gema e análise sensorial de ovos de codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) alimentadas com ração à base de sorgo com adição de farelo de urucum (Bixa orellana L)

This study has aimed to assess the effect of increasing levels of annatto (Bixa orellana L.) seed meal (AM) on yolk pigmentation and the sensory analysis of eggs of common quails fed sorghum-based diets when compared tocorn. Eighty female common quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) in the laying phase were used, being them aged from 251 to 316 days. There were three experimental periods of 21 days each (251-272; 273-294; 295-316 days). The quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments (T1 - corn-based feed; T2 - feed with 100% of sorghum instead of corn without the addition of AM; T3, T4, and T5 - feed with 100% of sorghum replacing corn with the addition of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% AM, respectively) and four repetitions. One hundred eggs from each treatment were used for analysis. Sensory evaluation was applied with an untrained panel with 20 evaluators. The eggs were boiled, peeled, and served. The panelists assessed the appearance, flavor, color, aroma, texture, and overall evaluation of the eggs. Annatto seed meal added to sorghum-based diets promoted linear increases in appearance, flavor, color, aroma, texture, and overall evaluation, evaluated during the sensory analysis (p=0.001). The addition of 1.5% AM in the sorghum-based diets of the common quails benefited the characteristics of appearance (4.50), flavor (4.50), color (4.55), aroma (4.25), and texture (4.55) of the assessed quail eggs, being considered more attractive and with greater acceptance (overall evaluation = 5.97) in relation to the other treatments tested. The inclusion of AM in the sorghum-based diets improved the yolk pigmentation of quail eggs in relation to the control treatments. The AM triggers positive effects on yolk pigmentation and sensory characteristics of common quail eggs.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis crescentes do farelo do resíduo da semente de urucum (Bixa orellana L.) (FU), sobre a pigmentação da gema e análise sensorial dos ovos de codornas europeias alimentadas com dietas à base de sorgo em substituição ao milho. Foram utilizadas 80 codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) fêmeas, na fase de postura, no período de 251 a 316 dias de idade. Foram três períodos experimentais de 21 dias cada (251-272; 273-294; 295-316 dias). As codornas foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (T1 - ração à base de milho; T2 - ração com 100% de sorgo em substituição ao milho sem a adição de FU; T3, T4 e T5 ­ ração com 100% de sorgo em substituição ao milho com a adição de 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5% de FU) e quatro repetições. Cem ovos de cada tratamento foram utilizados para a análise. A avaliação sensorial foi aplicada em painel não treinado de 20 avaliadores. Os ovos foram cozidos, descascados e servidos. A aparência, sabor, cor, odor, textura e avaliação global, foram avaliadas pelos painelistas. A farinha de semente de urucum adicionada à ração à base de sorgo promoveu aumentos lineares nos atributos aparência, sabor, cor, odor, textura e avaliação global, avaliados durante a análise sensorial (p=0,001). A adição de 1,5% de FU em dietas a base de sorgo beneficiou as características de aparência (4,50), sabor (4,50) cor (4,55), aroma (4,25) e textura (4,55) dos ovos de codorna avaliados, sendo considerados mais atrativos e com maior aceitação (avaliação global = 5,97), em relação aos demais tratamentos testados. A inclusão do FU nas rações à base de sorgo melhorou a pigmentação da gema dos ovos de codorna em relação aos tratamentos controle. O AM desencadeia efeitos positivos na pigmentação da gema e nas características sensoriais de ovos de codornas comuns.(AU)

Nutritional value and inclusion levels of residual annatto seed meal in diets for Japanese quails / Valor nutricional y niveles de inclusión de harina residual de semilla de achiote en dietas para codorniz Japonesa / Valor nutritivo e níveis de inclusão do farelo residual da semente de urucum em dietas para codornas Japonesas

Abstract Background: Residual annatto seed meal (RASM) is a byproduct after extraction of bixin in the cosmetic industry and may be used in animal diets. Objective: Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritive value and effect of RASM inclusion levels in the diets of Japanese quails. Methods: For the digestibility experiment, 160 Japanese quails were distributed in a randomized study with two treatments and 10 replicates with eight birds each. The treatments consisted of a reference diet and a test diet containing 75% of the reference diet and 25% of RASM. For the performance assay, 192 Japanese quails were used in a randomized study with six treatments and four replicates with eight birds each. Treatments consisted of a control corn-based diet (Contr1) and another diet based on sorghum + canthaxanthin (Contr2), and four diets based on sorghum with increasing inclusion levels of RASM (0, 3, 6, and 9%). Results: Digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, metabolization coefficient of gross energy, and retention of calcium and phosphorus were 41.05, 43.12, 47.97, 25.49, and 30.35%, respectively. RASM inclusion did not influence bird productivity; however, feed conversion worsened in treatments with 0-6% RASM inclusion relative to that in Contr1. Yolk color increased due to RASM treatment. Conclusion: RASM may be included in sorghum-based diets for quails at 9%, with improvement in yolk color and no negative effects on productivity and egg quality.

Resumen Antecedentes: La harina de la semilla de achiote (RASM) es un subproducto de la extracción de bixina por la industria cosmética y puede ser usada en alimentación animal. Objetivo: Se realizaron dos experimentos para determinar el valor nutritivo y los efectos de la inclusión de RASM en dietas para codorniz. Métodos: Para el experimento de digestibilidad, 160 codornices japonesas fueron distribuidas en un estudio al azar con dos tratamientos y 10 repeticiones con ocho aves cada uno. Los tratamientos consistieron en una dieta referencia y una dieta de prueba, la cual estuvo compuesta por 75% de la dieta referencia y 25% de RASM. Para el ensayo de desempeño, 192 codornices japonesas fueron usadas en un estudio al azar con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones con ocho aves cada uno. Los tratamientos consistieron en una dieta control a base de maíz (Contr1) y otra a base de sorgo + cantaxantina (Contr2) y cuatro dietas a base de sorgo con niveles de inclusión de RASM (0, 3, 6 y 9%). Resultados: Los coeficientes de digestibilidad de materia seca y proteína bruta, el coeficiente de metabolización de la energía bruta y la retención de calcio y fósforo fueron 41,05; 43,12; 47,97; 25,49 y 30,35%, respectivamente. La inclusión de RASM no influyó la productividad de las aves; entretanto la conversión alimenticia empeoró debido a los tratamientos con 0-6% RASM comparado con el tratamiento Contr1. El color de la yema aumentó debido a la RASM. Conclusión: RASM puede ser incluido en dietas a base de sorgo para codornices en un 9%, debido a la mejora en el color de la yema, además de no tener ningún efecto negativo en el desempeño productivo y calidad del huevo.

Resumo Antecedentes: O farelo residual da semente de urucum (RASM) é um subproduto da extração da bixina pela indústria cosmética e pode ser usado na alimentação animal. Objetivo: Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar o valor nutritivo e os efeitos de inclusão do FRSU em dietas para codornas Japonesas. Métodos: Para o experimento de digestibilidade, 160 codornas Japonesas foram distribuídas em um estudo casualizado com dois tratamentos e 10 repetições com oito aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta referência e uma dieta teste, a qual era composta por 75% da dieta referência e 25% de RASM. Para o ensaio de desempenho, 192 codornas Japonesas foram usadas em estudo ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições com oito aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta controle a base de milho (Contr1) e outra à base de sorgo com cantaxantina (Contr2) e quatro dietas a base de sorgo com níveis de inclusão de RASM (0, 3, 6 e 9%). Resultados: Os coeficientes de digestiblidade de matéria seca e proteína bruta, coeficiente de metabolização da energia bruta e retenção de cálcio e fósforo foram 41,05; 43,12; 47,97; 25,49 e 30,35%, respectivamente. A inclusão do FRSU não influenciou a produtividade das aves; entretanto, a conversão alimentar piorou devido aos tratamentos com 0-6% FRSU comparado com o tratamento Contr1. A cor da gema aumentou devido ao FRSU. Conclusão: RASM pode ser incluido em dietas baseadas em sorgo para codornas em 9%, devido a mehoria na cor da gema e nenhum efeito negativo no desempenho produtivo e qualidade de ovo.

Paprika and/or marigold extracts improve productivity and yolk color in egg-laying quails / Extratos de páprica e/ou marigold melhora produtividade e cor de gema em codornas de postura

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of paprika and marigold extracts on the productivity of Japanese quails, quality and sensorial analysis of eggs. Japanese quails were allocated in a completely randomized design and factorial arrangement 2 × 2 + 1, and four replicates. Diets were formulated based on: 1) corn (control), and 2) sorghum (S) without pigments, 3) S + 0.06% paprika extract (PE), 4) S + 0.01% marigold extract (ME), and 5) S + 0.06% PE and 0.01% ME. There was no effect of the control and factorial interaction on feed intake, egg-laying rate, or egg mass; however, the feed: gain ratio was lower among quail fed with diets containing both extracts. The inclusion of PE and ME in the diets improved the feed: gain ratio and yolk color; the inclusion of PE reduced the feed intake and specific weight of the eggs. Compared to the control, treatments based on sorghum or sorghum + PE led to a difference in egg taste and yolk color in the sensorial visit the website to get the how analysis. It was concluded that paprika and marigold extracts could be included in quail diets because of improvements in feed: gain ratio and yolk color.

Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos dos extratos de páprica e marigold sobre a produtividade de codornas Japonesas, qualidade e análise sensorial dos ovos. Codornas Japonesas foram alocadas em delineamento completamente ao acaso e arranjo fatorial 2 × 2 + 1, e quatro repetições. As dietas foram formuladas baseadas em: 1) milho (controle) e 2) sorgo (S) sem pigmentos, 3) S + 0,06% de extrato de páprica (EP), 4) S + 0,01% de extrato de marigold (EM) e 5) S + 0,06% EP + 0,01% EM. Não houve efeito da interação controle e fatorial sobre consumo de ração, taxa de postura ou massa de ovo; entretanto, a conversão alimentar foi menor entre codornas alimentadas com dietas contendo ambos os extratos. A inclusão de EP e EM nas dietas melhorou a conversão alimentar e a cor de gema; a inclusão de EP reduziu o consumo de ração e o peso específico dos ovos. Comparado com o controle, os tratamentos baseados em sorgo ou sorgo + EP levaram à diferença no sabor do ovo e na cor da gema na análise sensorial. Concluiu-se que os extratos de páprica e marigold poderiam ser incluídos em dietas para codornas por melhorar a conversão alimentar e a cor de gema.

Paprika and/or marigold extracts improve productivity and yolk color in egg-laying quails / Extratos de páprica e/ou marigold melhora produtividade e cor de gema em codornas de postura

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of paprika and marigold extracts on the productivity of Japanese quails, quality and sensorial analysis of eggs. Japanese quails were allocated in a completely randomized design and factorial arrangement 2 × 2 + 1, and four replicates. Diets were formulated based on: 1) corn (control), and 2) sorghum (S) without pigments, 3) S + 0.06% paprika extract (PE), 4) S + 0.01% marigold extract (ME), and 5) S + 0.06% PE and 0.01% ME. There was no effect of the control and factorial interaction on feed intake, egg-laying rate, or egg mass; however, the feed: gain ratio was lower among quail fed with diets containing both extracts. The inclusion of PE and ME in the diets improved the feed: gain ratio and yolk color; the inclusion of PE reduced the feed intake and specific weight of the eggs. Compared to the control, treatments based on sorghum or sorghum + PE led to a difference in egg taste and yolk color in the sensorial visit the website to get the how analysis. It was concluded that paprika and marigold extracts could be included in quail diets because of improvements in feed: gain ratio and yolk color.(AU)

Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos dos extratos de páprica e marigold sobre a produtividade de codornas Japonesas, qualidade e análise sensorial dos ovos. Codornas Japonesas foram alocadas em delineamento completamente ao acaso e arranjo fatorial 2 × 2 + 1, e quatro repetições. As dietas foram formuladas baseadas em: 1) milho (controle) e 2) sorgo (S) sem pigmentos, 3) S + 0,06% de extrato de páprica (EP), 4) S + 0,01% de extrato de marigold (EM) e 5) S + 0,06% EP + 0,01% EM. Não houve efeito da interação controle e fatorial sobre consumo de ração, taxa de postura ou massa de ovo; entretanto, a conversão alimentar foi menor entre codornas alimentadas com dietas contendo ambos os extratos. A inclusão de EP e EM nas dietas melhorou a conversão alimentar e a cor de gema; a inclusão de EP reduziu o consumo de ração e o peso específico dos ovos. Comparado com o controle, os tratamentos baseados em sorgo ou sorgo + EP levaram à diferença no sabor do ovo e na cor da gema na análise sensorial. Concluiu-se que os extratos de páprica e marigold poderiam ser incluídos em dietas para codornas por melhorar a conversão alimentar e a cor de gema.(AU)

Production, egg quality, and intestinal morphometry of laying hens fed marine microalga

The objective of the present study was to evaluate production and egg quality as well as the intestinal morphometry of laying hens fed diets supplemented with marine microalga Dunaliella salina. Six hundred laying hens were allocated based on a completely randomized design into five treatments (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1% inclusion of D. salina biomass) with 12 replicates of 10 hens per treatment. The experiment was divided into three periods of four weeks each, totaling 84 days. During this period, the productive performance of laying hens, the physical-chemical quality of the eggs, and the morphometric alterations of the small intestine and liver were determined. The inclusion levels of D. salina biomass had a linear effect on the performance (egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion), qualitative parameters (yolk weight and yolk index), and physicochemical parameters of eggs (total carotenoids, TBARS, and yolk color). At the same time, villi lengths and the villus:crypt ratio of the duodenum and ileum segments and the metabolization of carotenoids in the liver were increased as an effect of Dunaliella salina dietary supplementation. Thus, the inclusion of marine microalgae D. salina biomass in experimental diets for laying hens improves the performance, the intestinal health, the physical-chemical quality of the eggs, and at the same time increases carotenoid content and improves egg oxidative stability.(AU)

Duckweed in Irrigation Water as a Replacement of Soybean Meal in the Laying Hens Diet

Water lentils (Duckweed [DW])(Lemna gibba), in irrigation ponds, was evaluated by replacing two levels of soybean meal (SBM) on performance and egg quality of laying hens of 54 weeks of age. A total of 72 white Lohmann laying hens were randomly allocated into 3 treatments with 6 replicates/treatment, 4 hens/replicate in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: control group (DW0%) with (SBM) as the main source of protein, T1 (DW10%) and T2 (DW20%), where duckweed replaced 10% and 20% of SBM for 9 weeks. No significant differences were observed among the dietary treatments in body weight change, feed conversion ratio, egg weight and mortality rate. Replacement with (DW20%) decreased (p 0.05) feed intake, egg laying rate and egg mass. The dry albuminin (DW10%) decreased (p 0.05) from 7 to 9 weeks and in the total period. Yolk pigmentation was highly (p 0.001) improved by the replacement. Blood spots were increased (p 0.05) with (DW20%). Duckweed grown in good quality irrigation water can replace up to 10% of the SBM as a source of protein without adverse effects on hen performance and egg quality in addition to profitability.(AU)

Duckweed in Irrigation Water as a Replacement of Soybean Meal in the Laying Hens Diet

Water lentils (Duckweed [DW])(Lemna gibba), in irrigation ponds, was evaluated by replacing two levels of soybean meal (SBM) on performance and egg quality of laying hens of 54 weeks of age. A total of 72 white Lohmann laying hens were randomly allocated into 3 treatments with 6 replicates/treatment, 4 hens/replicate in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: control group (DW0%) with (SBM) as the main source of protein, T1 (DW10%) and T2 (DW20%), where duckweed replaced 10% and 20% of SBM for 9 weeks. No significant differences were observed among the dietary treatments in body weight change, feed conversion ratio, egg weight and mortality rate. Replacement with (DW20%) decreased (p 0.05) feed intake, egg laying rate and egg mass. The dry albuminin (DW10%) decreased (p 0.05) from 7 to 9 weeks and in the total period. Yolk pigmentation was highly (p 0.001) improved by the replacement. Blood spots were increased (p 0.05) with (DW20%). Duckweed grown in good quality irrigation water can replace up to 10% of the SBM as a source of protein without adverse effects on hen performance and egg quality in addition to profitability.

Effects of Pistacia terebinthus seed meal and different storage times on egg quality of laying hens

The present study examined the effect of supplementing the diets of laying hens with Pistacia terebinthus seed meal on egg quality during different storage intervals. A total of 192 laying hens (Babcock) were divided into six groups, and each group was further divided into four subgroups with eight hens each. Pistacia terebinthus seed meal was added to the diets of laying hens in the experimental groups at a rate of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g kg−1 of feed. At the end of the study (56 days), a total of 288 eggs (48 eggs from each group) were collected randomly. Seventy-two eggs were analyzed on day zero of storage, while the other eggs were stored at a temperature of 4 °C. The remaining eggs were analyzed after 10, 20, and 30 days of storage. The result revealed that, at 30 days of storage, the supplementation of terebinthus had a significant effect on the Haugh unit on inclusion levels of 20 and 40 g kg−1. Likewise, the inclusion level of 30 g kg−1 manifested a significant impact on yolk color at 20 days of storage. Eggshell breaking strength and egg weight remained unaffected. Terebinthus seed could be used to extend the storage time of eggs without any adverse effect on egg quality.(AU)

Duckweed in Irrigation Water as a Replacement of Soybean Meal in the Laying Hens Diet

ABSTRACT Water lentils (Duckweed [DW])(Lemna gibba), in irrigation ponds, was evaluated by replacing two levels of soybean meal (SBM) on performance and egg quality of laying hens of 54 weeks of age. A total of 72 white Lohmann laying hens were randomly allocated into 3 treatments with 6 replicates/treatment, 4 hens/replicate in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: control group (DW0%) with (SBM) as the main source of protein, T1 (DW10%) and T2 (DW20%), where duckweed replaced 10% and 20% of SBM for 9 weeks. No significant differences were observed among the dietary treatments in body weight change, feed conversion ratio, egg weight and mortality rate. Replacement with (DW20%) decreased (p 0.05) feed intake, egg laying rate and egg mass. The dry albuminin (DW10%) decreased (p 0.05) from 7 to 9 weeks and in the total period. Yolk pigmentation was highly (p 0.001) improved by the replacement. Blood spots were increased (p 0.05) with (DW20%). Duckweed grown in good quality irrigation water can replace up to 10% of the SBM as a source of protein without adverse effects on hen performance and egg quality in addition to profitability.

Effect of Feeding Low-Oil Ddgs to Laying Hens and Broiler Chickens on Performance and Egg Yolk and Skin Pigmentation

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of two sources of low-oil distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and their pigmenting ability for broiler chicken skin and egg yolks. In Experiment 1, 360 Bovan-White hens between 69 and 77 weeks of age were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 12 hens each. In Experiment 2, 375 Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five treatments with three replicates of 25 birds each. The chickens were fed the experimental diets from one to 42 d of age. In both experiments, treatments consisted of a basal diet with no DDGS, and diets with 6% or 12% inclusion of DDGS from two sources. In Experiment 1, no significant differences in performance were detected among treatments (p> 0.05). Egg yolk pigmentation, according to CR-400 Minolta Colorimeter redness (a) and yellowness (b), linearly increased (p 0.05) with DDGS inclusions. In Experiment 2, no significant differences (p>0.05) were detected among treatments in growth performance, carcass yield, or abdominal fat at 42 d of age. Yellowness linearly increased (p 0.05) in the skin and abdominal fat of the birds that consumed diets with DDGS. The results of the current study indicate that feeding two sources of low-oil DDGS to broiler chicks or laying hens does not negatively affect egg production or growth performance while improves egg yolk and skin yellowness.(AU)

Effect of Feeding Low-Oil Ddgs to Laying Hens and Broiler Chickens on Performance and Egg Yolk and Skin Pigmentation

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of two sources of low-oil distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and their pigmenting ability for broiler chicken skin and egg yolks. In Experiment 1, 360 Bovan-White hens between 69 and 77 weeks of age were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 12 hens each. In Experiment 2, 375 Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five treatments with three replicates of 25 birds each. The chickens were fed the experimental diets from one to 42 d of age. In both experiments, treatments consisted of a basal diet with no DDGS, and diets with 6% or 12% inclusion of DDGS from two sources. In Experiment 1, no significant differences in performance were detected among treatments (p> 0.05). Egg yolk pigmentation, according to CR-400 Minolta Colorimeter redness (a) and yellowness (b), linearly increased (p 0.05) with DDGS inclusions. In Experiment 2, no significant differences (p>0.05) were detected among treatments in growth performance, carcass yield, or abdominal fat at 42 d of age. Yellowness linearly increased (p 0.05) in the skin and abdominal fat of the birds that consumed diets with DDGS. The results of the current study indicate that feeding two sources of low-oil DDGS to broiler chicks or laying hens does not negatively affect egg production or growth performance while improves egg yolk and skin yellowness.

Ground annatto seeds (Bixa orellana L.) in sorghum-based commercial layer diets and their effects on performance, egg quality, and yolk pigmentation

Consumer demands for healthy foods have stimulated the research on the use of natural products in animal nutrition. Annatto can be used a pigmentation source to improve yolk color of commercial eggs. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of the inclusion of ground annatto seeds on the performance and egg quality of layers fed sorghum-based diets. A total of 336 40-w-old hens were distributed according to randomized blocks into seven treatments with six replicates of eight birds each. The following treatments were applied: T1- egg production feed based on corn and soybean meal; T2- egg production feed based on sorghum and soybean meal; T3, T4, T5, T6, and T7- egg production feed based on sorghum supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% ground annatto seeds, respectively. As to performance parameters, only egg production was influenced, with hens fed the corn-based diet producing more eggs than those fed the sorghum-based diet with inclusion of 1.5 and 2.5% de annatto. The only egg quality parameter affected by treatments was the color of yolk, which pigmentation increased with increasing levels of ground annatto seeds. It is concluded that ground annatto seeds can be supplemented in sorghum-based production feeds for layers, and that the inclusion level of 0.89% is sufficient to promote the same yolk pigmentation as that obtained with corn-based diets.

Ground annatto seeds (Bixa orellana L.) in sorghum-based commercial layer diets and their effects on performance, egg quality, and yolk pigmentation

Consumer demands for healthy foods have stimulated the research on the use of natural products in animal nutrition. Annatto can be used a pigmentation source to improve yolk color of commercial eggs. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of the inclusion of ground annatto seeds on the performance and egg quality of layers fed sorghum-based diets. A total of 336 40-w-old hens were distributed according to randomized blocks into seven treatments with six replicates of eight birds each. The following treatments were applied: T1- egg production feed based on corn and soybean meal; T2- egg production feed based on sorghum and soybean meal; T3, T4, T5, T6, and T7- egg production feed based on sorghum supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% ground annatto seeds, respectively. As to performance parameters, only egg production was influenced, with hens fed the corn-based diet producing more eggs than those fed the sorghum-based diet with inclusion of 1.5 and 2.5% de annatto. The only egg quality parameter affected by treatments was the color of yolk, which pigmentation increased with increasing levels of ground annatto seeds. It is concluded that ground annatto seeds can be supplemented in sorghum-based production feeds for layers, and that the inclusion level of 0.89% is sufficient to promote the same yolk pigmentation as that obtained with corn-based diets.