Prevalence of Specific Mood Profile Clusters among Elite and Youth Athletes at a Brazilian Sports Club.

Those responsible for elite and youth athletes are increasingly aware of the need to balance the quest for superior performance with the need to protect the physical and psychological wellbeing of athletes. As a result, regular assessment of risks to mental health is a common feature in sports organisations. In the present study, the Brazil Mood Scale (BRAMS) was administered to 898 athletes (387 female, 511 male, age range: 12-44 years) at a leading sports club in Rio de Janeiro using either "past week" or "right now" response timeframes. Using seeded k-means cluster analysis, six distinct mood profile clusters were identified, referred to as the iceberg, surface, submerged, shark fin, inverse iceberg, and inverse Everest profiles. The latter three profiles, which are associated with varying degrees of increased risk to mental health, were reported by 238 athletes (26.5%). The prevalence of these three mood clusters varied according to the response timeframe (past week > right now) and the sex of the athletes (female > male). The prevalence of the iceberg profile varied by athlete sex (male > female), and age (12-17 years > 18+ years). Findings supported use of the BRAMS as a screening tool for the risk of psychological issues among athletes in Brazilian sports organisations.

Engagement in Youth Athletes as a Positive Experience in Sport: Implications of Gender, Age, and Competitive Level.

The aim of this study was to examine athlete engagement and its relationships with indicators of the quality of the athlete's sport experience, exploring potential differences according to gender, age, and competitive level. Furthermore, this study validated the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) in young athletes and confirmed its factor structure. A total of 1188 athletes (43.90% girls) from Argentina participated in the study, with a mean age of 15.92 (SD = 2.50). The participants completed the AEQ along with other measures of athletes' quality of experience, such as motivation, enjoyment, and burnout. This study confirmed the multidimensional nature of engagement, showing positive associations with high-quality athlete experiences and revalidating the inverse relationship with burnout. Moreover, the study found differences in engagement dimensions (i.e., confidence, vigor, dedication, and enthusiasm) based on the interplay of gender, age, and competitive level. In general, male athletes, younger athletes, and those with a higher competitive level showed more engagement and interactions between these sociodemographic variables. The Argentinian version of AEQ exhibited optimal fit and reliability and good indexes of measurement invariance across gender, age, and competitive level. These findings validate the AEQ as a reliable tool for evaluating sport engagement among adolescents in Argentina. Engagement constitutes an indicator of an optimal experience linked to positive youth development through sports participation.

Dual-Tasks in Soccer: Effects of Players' Experience and Task Condition on Physical Performance.

In this study, we examined whether experience level and various dual motor and cognitive or single tasks influenced young soccer players' physical performance during small-sided games. Participants were 72 players from U-13 (n = 36) and U-17 (n = 36) groups who participated in 3-to-a-side small-sided games under four experimental conditions: control, a secondary motor task, an additional related secondary cognitive task, and an additional secondary non-specific task. We used GPS devices to measure physical performance in terms of distances covered and accelerations at different thresholds. We found no significant interaction effect between player experience and task condition (p = .540), meaning that dual tasks had comparable effects on players of different experience levels. There were significant main effects of both experience level (p < .001) and condition (p < .001) on most physically related variables. Older players outperformed younger ones, particularly in high-intensity actions. While secondary motor tasks decreased physical performance, secondary cognitive tasks, irrespective of specificity, did not impair players' performances. In conclusion, experience level did not influence the players' physical response to dual tasks, and a secondary motor task was more disruptive to physical performance than either of two types of secondary cognitive tasks. Cognitive tasks can be incorporated into soccer training without compromising physical performance.

An integrative review of parent education approaches in sport: Considerations for program planning and evaluation.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the delivery and evaluation of parent education programs within youth sport. Subsequently, some recent reviews of these programs have been conducted. However, one consistent issue across many of the programs and associated review papers is the lack of an appropriate evaluation framework to guide the planning or associated reporting of the outcomes of the interventions. This has limited understanding of the overall impact of sport parenting interventions. Thus, the purposes of the current study were as follows: (a) to identify commonalities in the reporting and evaluation of parent education programs; (b) to identify gaps in the reporting and evaluation of parent education programs; (c) to draw these insights together to provide suggestions regarding how the RE-AIM could be used to enhance planning and evaluation of evidence-based programs for parent education in sport. Specifically, utilizing the RE-AIM framework to provide insights into pertinent evaluation metrics, this integrative review aimed to identify commonalities and gaps in the reporting of parent education programs. The RE-AIM framework considers the essential elements to assess the external and internal validity of interventions through five dimensions: Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (Am J Public Health. 1999;89(9):1322-1327). Subsequently, the review aimed to provide suggestions regarding strategies to enhance the planning and evaluation of evidence-based programs for parent education in sport. Overall, the analysis demonstrated that most studies presented some pertinent evaluation information related to the RE-AIM framework, such as the number of participants and contacts made, the measures used, and the program level. However, the studies also lacked information on participant exclusion criteria, the method used to select the delivery agent (e.g., parents engaged in the program), and cost measures. Overall, the current study identified various areas where programs could be enhanced, specifically related to reporting procedural elements (e.g., program design, target population, and costs) pertaining to the implementation of parent education programs.

Is the Field Test of FUT-SAT a Better Experimental Design to Identify the Specific Characteristics of Tactical Performance according to Youth Male Soccer Players' Positional Roles?

This study aimed to compare soccer players' tactical performance according to their positional roles in the field test of FUT-SAT. The sample consisted of 54 male players from elite youth clubs (Medellín-Colombia), U16 and U17 categories. Participants trained five times per week (Tier 3). We used the System of Tactical Assessment (FUT-SAT), which evaluates tactical behaviour and performance through core tactical principles of soccer. The field test is structured in a numerical configuration of a goalkeeper + 3 players vs. 3 players + a goalkeeper played during 4 min on a playing field 36 m long by 27 m wide. All teams were structured with one player in each positional role (one defender, one midfielder, and one forward).To determine the differences between the positional roles, the following factors were analysed: the number of actions, the percentage of correct actions, the place of action related to the principles, and the Tactical Performance Index of core tactical principles. A total of 2891 tactical actions distributed in nine games were analysed. A Kruskal-Wallis test for the independent groups (defenders, midfielders, and forwards) or a one-way ANOVA was used. There was no difference in soccer players' tactical performance and behaviour between players of different positional roles in the field test of FUT-SAT.Therefore, teams need to be evaluated with the system of play with players in all field sectors in medium or large sided games. The system of play can be chosen according to the category given that competitions are held in reduced spaces and with fewer players.

Psychometric Characteristics of the Brazil Mood Scale among Youth and Elite Athletes Using Two Response Time Frames.

Regular assessment of the mood construct as an indicator of psychological wellbeing is used in Brazil to screen athletes for risk of mental health issues. The present study tested the psychometric characteristics of the Brazil Mood Scale (BRAMS) using both "right now" and "past week" response time frames and investigated between-group differences in mood based on athletes' sex, age, and social vulnerability. Participants were 898 athletes (511 male, 387 female, age range: 12-44 years) from eight sports. The factorial validity of the BRAMS was supported using both response time frames independently and in a multi-sample analysis. Subscale reliability was supported for both time frames. Fatigue, depression, and tension scores were higher using the "past week" time frame than the "right now" time frame. Males reported higher vigor scores than females, and younger participants (<18 years) reported lower scores for anger and depression than older participants (18+ years). No significant differences in mood (p > 0.05) were found between participants identified as socially vulnerable and those who were not socially vulnerable. Findings supported the psychometric integrity of the BRAMS and its use as a screening measure for psychological wellbeing among youth and elite athletes in Brazil.

Physical performance and somatic maturity in male and female judo athletes: An analysis in different age categories.

BACKGROUND: Maturity status is an important parameter to understand physical performance in young judo athletes, especially considering different age categories. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of each age category (U13, U15, and U18) on physical performance between and within the age groups. METHODS: Sixty-five male athletes from the U13 (n = 17), U15 (n = 30), and U18 categories (n = 18), and 28 female from the U13 (n = 9), U15 (n = 15), and U18 categories (n = 4) participated in this study. The assessments were performed at two moments separated by 48 h and included anthropometric measurements and physical tests (standing long jump, medicine ball throw, handgrip strength, Special Judo Fitness Test, and Judogi Grip Strength Test). The athletes also provided their date of birth and judo experience. One-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation were used with significant level set at 5%. RESULTS: The main results showed higher values of somatic variables (maturity status and body size) and physical performance in the U18 compared to U15 and U13 in male and female (p < 0.05), but no differences between U15 and U13 (p > 0.05). In general, training experience, chronological age, and somatic variables were correlated (moderate to very large magnitude) with physical performance in all age categories for male (r = 0.40-0.66, p < 0.05) and female groups (r = 0.49-0.73, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: We concluded that U18 athletes showed higher values of somatic maturity, training experience, and physical performance compared to U13 and U15 categories, with no differences between U13 and U15. In general, training experience, chronological age, and somatic variables were correlated with physical performance in all age categories.

Relative age effects on speed trials in Brazilian athletics.

BACKGROUND: Relative age effect (RAE) is a concept related to the possible advantage that older athletes would have over younger ones within the same category. Although many studies have approached this subject in individual sports, there are few clippings by events within the sport. More detailed analyses are necessary for a better understanding of how RAE behaves in sports, especially in athletics, the subject of this study. The objective of this study was to analyze the RAE on speed in track and field events as a whole, separating the flat races from the hurdles races. METHODS: The Brazilian Ranking of Brazilian Athletics Confederation was used for data analysis, and the sample was composed of the 50 best-placed marks in the ranking of speed events in athletics in the categories Under(U)-16 and U-18 (female and male). Statistical analysis was calculated by chi-square, and the effect size was checked by Cramer's V. Likelihood-ratio test (L-Ratio) assessed the probability of the RAE occurring in the total sample and by age groups. RESULTS: In the total sample the results pointed to the emergence of RAE in males in both categories (U-16: p < 0.001; V: 0.13; L-Ratio: 3.64, U-18: p < 0.001; V: 0.13; L-Ratio: 3.80), whereas in females no such effect was found in any category (U-16: p = 0.6; V: 0.09; L-Ratio: 0.09, U-18: p = 0.6; V: 0.07; L-Ratio: 0.12). When the results were separated by type of event, there was only a RAE in the shallow event in the U-18 female category (p = 0.3; V: 0.11; L-Ratio: 8.72). CONCLUSION: The results allow us to conclude that there is a RAE in the speed trials of Brazilian athletics in the U16 and U18 categories for men, while this effect appears only in the shallow trials of the U18 category for women, indicating that the RAE has incidence when there is more participation and competition in the sport.

A família faz parte da equipe: ampliando o diálogo sobre a presença dos pais no esporte / The family is part of the team: expanding the dialogue about the presence of parents in sports / La familia forma parte del equipo: ampliar el diálogo so-bre la presencia de los padres en el deporte

A presença dos pais em ambientes esportivos é apontada como de grande influência na participação esportiva dos filhos. Contudo, mais do que intervir na trajetória dos filhos, os pais precisam lidar com demandas específicas do esporte que, ao mesmo tempo, influenciam diretamente a maneira como genitores oferecem suporte. Embora a agenda investigativa internacional ofereça contribuições sobre o envolvimento parental, as evidências ainda são pouco sistematizadas no cenário de investigação esportiva nacional. Diante do exposto, o objetivo foi apresentar o papel da família e dos pais como parte de um sistema esportivo integrado baseados na mútua influência dos indivíduos.

The presence of parents in sporting environments is pointed out as having a significant influence on the sport participation of their children. However, more than influencing the trajectory of their children, parents need to deal with specific demands of sports that, at the same time, directly affect how they offer support. Although the international research agenda contributes to parental development, the evidence is still little systematized in the national sports research scenario. Given the above, the aim was to present the role of family and parents as part of an integrated sport system based on the mutual influence of individuals.

Se señala que la presencia de los padres en entornos deportivos tiene una gran influencia en la participación deportiva de sus hijos. Sin embargo, más que influir en la trayectoria de sus hijos, los padres necesitan lidiar con demandas específicas del deporte que, al mismo tiempo, influyen directamente en la forma en que ofrecen apoyo. Aunque la agenda investigativa internacional ofrezca contribuciones sobre el desarrollo parental, las evidencias aún están poco sistematizadas en el escenario de la investigación deportiva nacional. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, el objetivo fue presentar el papel de la familia y los padres como parte de un sistema deportivo integrado basado en la influencia mutua de los individuos.

Do gender and type of sport matter in the association between basic psychological needs satisfaction and life skills development? / Gênero e o tipo de esporte importam na associação entre a satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas e o desenvolvimento de competências para a vida?

Abstract This study examined how basic psychological needs satisfaction can predict youth participants' life skills development according to gender and sport type. A sample of 461 Brazilian youth sport participants (325 boys and 136 girls) ranging between 10 and 17 years was included. Data collection was conducted through the Life Skills Scale for Sport and Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale. Overall, the three subscales of basic psychological needs satisfaction explained a significant amount of the variance in eight life skills (R2 range = .02 to .08 p < .05) and total life skills (R2 = .07; p < .001) in male athletes. Concerning female athletes, multiple regression analyses revealed significant variance only for teamwork (R2=.09; p<.01) and goal setting (R2= .06; p<.05). Regarding the type of sport, the model presented a significant amount of the variance in eight life skills (R2 range = .02 to .05 p < .05) and total life skills (R2 = .08; p < .001) in team sports. Lastly, in individual sports, multiple regression analyses revealed significant variance only on goal setting (R2= .04; p<.05). Findings showed that youth sport coaches could focus on youth participants' basic psychological needs when trying to foster life skills development across sport contexts. Based on these findings, several suggestions for improving future research and practice in this area are presented.

Resumo Este estudo examinou como a satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas pode prever o desenvolvimento de competências para a vida dos jovens participantes de acordo com o género e o tipo de desporto. Foi incluída uma amostra de 461 atletas juvenis brasileiros (325 meninos e 136 meninas) com idades entre 10 e 17 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da Escala de Habilidades para a Vida no Esporte e da Escala de Satisfação de Necessidades Psicológicas Básicas no Esporte. No geral, as três subescalas de satisfação de necessidades psicológicas básicas explicaram uma quantidade significativa da variância em oito habilidades para a vida (faixa R2 = 0,02 a 0,08 p < 0,05) e habilidades para a vida totais (R2 = 0,07; p < 0,001) em atletas masculinos. Em relação às atletas femininas, as análises de regressão múltipla revelaram variância significativa apenas para trabalho em equipe (R2=0,09; p<0,01) e estabelecimento de metas (R2= 0,06; p<0,05). Em relação ao tipo de esporte, o modelo apresentou uma quantidade significativa de variância em oito habilidades para a vida (faixa R2 = 0,02 a 0,05 p < 0,05) e habilidades para a vida totais (R2 = 0,08; p < 0,001) em equipes. Esportes. Por último, nos desportos individuais, as análises de regressão múltipla revelaram variância significativa apenas no estabelecimento de metas (R2= 0,04; p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que os treinadores desportivos juvenis podem concentrar-se nas necessidades psicológicas básicas dos jovens participantes ao tentarem promover o desenvolvimento de competências para a vida em contextos desportivos. Com base nestas conclusões, são apresentadas uma série de sugestões para melhorar futuras pesquisas e práticas nesta área.

Programming Plyometric-Jump Training in Soccer: A Review.

The aim of this review was to describe and summarize the scientific literature on programming parameters related to jump or plyometric training in male and female soccer players of different ages and fitness levels. A literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus using keywords related to the main topic of this study (e.g., "ballistic" and "plyometric"). According to the PICOS framework, the population for the review was restricted to soccer players, involved in jump or plyometric training. Among 7556 identified studies, 90 were eligible for inclusion. Only 12 studies were found for females. Most studies (n = 52) were conducted with youth male players. Moreover, only 35 studies determined the effectiveness of a given jump training programming factor. Based on the limited available research, it seems that a dose of 7 weeks (1−2 sessions per week), with ~80 jumps (specific of combined types) per session, using near-maximal or maximal intensity, with adequate recovery between repetitions (<15 s), sets (≥30 s) and sessions (≥24−48 h), using progressive overload and taper strategies, using appropriate surfaces (e.g., grass), and applied in a well-rested state, when combined with other training methods, would increase the outcome of effective and safe plyometric-jump training interventions aimed at improving soccer players physical fitness. In conclusion, jump training is an effective and easy-to-administer training approach for youth, adult, male and female soccer players. However, optimal programming for plyometric-jump training in soccer is yet to be determined in future research.

Are life skills development within sport associated with coping strategies in young Brazilian athletes? / O desenvolvimento de habilidades para a vida está associado às estratégias de coping em jovens atletas brasileiros?

Abstract Playing sports during youth has been considered one of the main tools for the development of life skills. Thus, this cross-sectional study investigated the association between the development of life skills and coping strategies in 134 young athletes of both sexes in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The instruments used were the Sports Life Skills Scale and Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28BR). Data analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation and Multiple Regression (p<0.05). The results showed a significant (p<0.05) and positive correlation between the life skills subscales and coping strategies. Multiple regression analyses found that total life skills development (a summative score of all eight life skills scores) was positively related to coping skills-providing support for the "pile-up" effect. It was concluded that a range of life skills development is positively associated with the coping strategies of young athletes, possibly helping these young people to show more confidence and motivation to achieve better performances in training and competitions.

Resumo A prática de esportes durante a juventude tem sido considerada uma das principais ferramentas para o desenvolvimento de habilidades para a vida. Assim, esse estudo transversal investigou a associação entre o desenvolvimento de habilidades para vida e estratégias de coping em 134 jovens atletas de ambos os sexos do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala de Habilidades para a Vida Esportiva e Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28BR). A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da correlação de Pearson e Regressão Múltipla (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram correlação significativa (p<0,05) e positiva entre as subescalas de habilidades para a vida e as estratégias de coping. Análises de regressão múltipla encontradas que o desenvolvimento total de habilidades para a vida (uma pontuação somativa de todas as oito pontuações de habilidades para a vida) foi positivamente relacionado as habilidades de coping- fornecendo suporte para o efeito de "empilhamento". Concluiu-se que uma gama de desenvolvimento de habilidades para vida está positivamente associada às estratégias de coping dos jovens atletas, possivelmente contribuindo para que esses jovens se mostrem mais confiantes e motivados a conseguirem melhores desempenhos nos treinos e competições.

Life Skills Development Through Sport in Brazil: A Study Based on Self-Determination Theory.

This study investigated whether a large sample of youth participants' life skills development through sport was impacted by demographic variables and/or variables based on self-determination theory. Participants were 461 Brazilian youth sport (325 boys; 136 girls) aged 10-17 years (Mage = 15.12, SD = 1.44). Participants completed a self-report research survey to assess demographic variables, coach autonomy support, basic need satisfaction, and sport motivation. We analyzed data using cluster analysis, a chi-square test and multivariate analysis of variance. We found that sport participants in the high life skills development cluster were older (p = .007) and had more years of sport experience (p = .032). Compared to the low life skills development cluster, sports participants in the high life skills development cluster displayed higher scores for coach's autonomy support (p = .001), autonomy satisfaction (p = .002), competence satisfaction (p = .001), relatedness satisfaction (p = .001), and identified regulation (p = .023). In practice, these findings indicate that coaches should seek to satisfy participants' three basic psychological needs and encourage an identified regulation form of motivation when trying to promote participants' life skills development through sport.

Psychosocial development and mental health in youth Brazilian club athletes: examining the effects of age, sport type, and training experience / Desenvolvimento psicossocial e saúde mental em jovens atletas: examinando os efeitos da idade, tipo de esporte e nível de experiência

Abstract Physical activity occurring through organized sport has been positioned as an engaging manner not only to prevent chronic-degenerative diseases but also to promote healthier societies. However, there is a lack of evidence linking competitive sport participation in the club environment in promoting youth athletes' psychosocial development and mental health. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effects of age, sport type, and training experience on the psychosocial development and mental health of youth Brazilian club athletes. Participants were 220 male adolescent athletes (Mean =14.09 years; SD = 2.21) from individual and team sports. Instruments included the Portuguese Youth Experience Survey for Sport (P-YES-S) and the Portuguese Mental Health Continuum - Short Form (P-MHC-SF). Correlation and multilevel linear regression analyses were performed. The results indicated a moderated correlation between both questionnaires. For the P-YES-S, model effect estimations showed variation for age in the Personal and Social Skills dimension and variations for training experience in the Cognitive Skills and Negative Experiences dimensions. For the P-MHC-SF, model effect estimations showed variation for age in the Emotional Well Being dimension and variation for sport type in Social Well Being and Psychological Well Being dimensions. More research is needed to continue examining how characteristics of sport participation are related to psychosocial development and mental health.

Resumo A atividade física por meio do esporte organizado tem sido posicionada como uma ferramenta potencial não apenas para prevenir o acometimento de doenças crônico degenerativas, mas também para promover uma sociedade mais saudável. Contudo, ainda existe uma lacuna científica acerca da relação entre a participação no esporte competitivo no contexto de clubes e a promoção do desenvolvimento psicossocial e a saúde mental de jovens atletas. Assim, este estudo buscou analisar os efeitos da idade, tipo de esporte e nível de experiência no desenvolvimento psicossocial e na saúde mental de jovens atletas de um clube brasileiro. Os participantes foram 220 atletas adolescentes do sexo masculino (Média = 14,09 anos; DP = 2,21) de esportes individuais e coletivos. Os instrumentos incluíram o Questionário de Experiência Esportiva em Jovens - Português (P-YES-S) e o Contínuo de Saúde Mental - Short Form - Português (P-MHC-SF). Análises de correlação e regressão linear multinível foram realizadas. Os resultados indicaram uma correlação moderada entre os dois questionários. Para o P-YES-S, as estimativas do efeito do modelo mostraram variação para a idade na dimensão Habilidades Pessoais e Sociais e variações para o nível de experiência nas dimensões Habilidades Cognitivas e Experiências Negativas. Para o P-MHC-SF, as estimativas do efeito do modelo mostraram variação para a idade na dimensão Bem-estar Emocional e variação para o tipo de esporte nas dimensões Bem-Estar Social e Bem-Estar Psicológico. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para continuar examinando como as características da participação no esporte estão relacionadas ao desenvolvimento psicossocial e à saúde mental.

Funding and performance of amateur and youth organizations in Brazil: a longitudinal analysis of a basketball league

Abstract Aim: The general aim was to analyze the profile of the teams participating in a basketball regional competition over 8 years (2012-2019). Specifically, we aimed to a) analyze the variation in the number of an organization participating, b) identify the variation in the type of funding, c) verify the existence of a relationship between the performance and the longevity of the organization, d) verify the existence of a relationship between the performance and the type of funding. Methods: The research was designed as an exploratory case study. A total of 86 organizations took part in the league during the period, with 767 different teams playing competitions between U-11 and senior. Results: Instability is the main characteristic of the league. The organizations competing are constantly changing the type of funding and unable to stay in the league for long periods. The research also showed that there is a relation between a stable source of funding and performance. Conclusion: Instability is the main problem in Brazilian youth and amateur basketball organizations. This study presents useful information for managers better understand the problems and difficulties of basketball in Brazil.

Strategies adopted in the defensive return by handball coaches from teams U-12 to U-18

Abstract Aims: to analyze the choices of handball coaches for structuring the defensive return throughout the teaching-learning process (U-12 to U-18 teams). Methods: Nineteen coaches from teams U-12 to U-18 from two leagues in the state of São Paulo were interviewed. The speeches from the semi-structured interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis, which produced two themes and their respective subthemes. Results: Most coaches structure their defensive return and emphasize content to make it difficult for an opponent to counterattack. A higher percentage of directed play was observed in teams U-12 and U-14, which suggests a possible early specialization process. In the U-16 and U-18 teams, higher percentages of free play were observed when compared to the others. In older teams, a higher percentage of directed play would be expected, mainly because these are stages with an increase in player specialization. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the simultaneous training of different teams may be leading to sports specialization procedures in the younger teams and, simultaneously, underestimating the possibilities in the older teams.

Validación de la versión española de la Escala de Reflexión en futbolistas de élite jóvenes / Validation of the Spanish Version of the Reflection Scale for Young Elite Football Players / Validação da versão espanhola da Escada de Reflexão em futebolistas de elite jovens

Resumen Objetivo. Validar la versión española de la Escala de Reflexión del instrumento Reflective Learnning Continuum en futbolistas jóvenes de élite. Método. Estudio de validación. La versión original fue traducida y adaptada siguiendo el protocolo de la American Psychological Association. Una vez traducida, se administró a 478 jugadores jóvenes de élite junto con el Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire, con el objetivo de evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas; además, se llevaron a cabo el análisis de consistencia interna, el análisis factorial confirmatorio y el análisis de correlaciones bivariadas con variables teóricamente relacionadas. Resultados. En el análisis de contenido, la versión española de la Escala de Reflexión aplicada mostró evidencias en los aspectos cultural y lingüístico con la versión original. Además, el análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró un ajuste aceptable a los datos: χ²(df) = 28.61 (88), p < 0.001, RMSEA (90% CI) = 0.07 (0.06-0.08), CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99. Los análisis de consistencia interna, así como la relación con la motivación, apoyaron la versión validada. Conclusión. Los resultados proporcionan evidencia en favor de las propiedades psicométricas de la validación al español de la Escala de Reflexión.

Abstract Objective. To validate the Spanish version of the Reflection Scale from the instrument Reflective Learning Continuum for young elite football players. Method. Validation study. The original version was translated and adapted following the protocol of the American Psychological Association. Once translated, the version was administered to 478 young elite players together with the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire, aiming to evaluate the psychometric properties. In addition, internal consistency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and bivariate correlations analysis with theoretically related variables were carried out. Results. The Spanish version of the Reflection Scale shows cultural and linguistic evidence with its original version. Moreover, confirmatory factor analysis showed an acceptable fit to the data χ²(df)= 28.61 (88), p < 0.001, RMSEA (90% CI) = 0.07 (0.06-0.08), CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99. Also, the internal consistency analyses, as well as the relationship with motivation, support the validated version. Conclusion. The results provide evidence in favour of the psychometric properties of the Spanish validation of the Reflection Scale.

Resumo Escopo. Validar a versão espanhola da Escada de Reflexão do instrumento Reflective Learnning Continuum em futebolistas jovens de elite. Metodologia. Estudo de validação. A versão original foi traduzida e adaptada seguindo o protocolo da American Psycological Association. Uma vez traduzida, foi administrada a 478 jogadores jovens de elite junto com o Behavioural Regulation in Sport Qustionnaire, com o escopo de avaliar suas propriedades psicométricas; Além, foram realizadas analises de correlações bivariadas com variáveis teoricamente relacionadas. Resultados. Na análise de conteúdo, a versão espanhola da Escada de Reflexão aplicada mostrou evidencias nos aspectos cultural e linguístico com a versão original. Além, a análise fatorial confirmatória mostrou um ajuste aceitável para os dados: As análises de consistência interna, assim como a relação com a motivação, apoiaram a versão validada. Conclusão. Os resultados proporcionaram evidencia em favor das propriedades psicométricas da validação ao espanhol da Escada de Reflexão.

Relative Age Effect is Modulated by Playing Position but is Not Related to Competitive Success in Elite Under-19 Handball Athletes.

This study aimed to verify the occurrence of the relative age effect (RAE) in male elite young handball athletes according to the playing position and its association with team performance in a World Championship. Data from 383 handball athletes from 24 countries who participated in the 7th World Men's Championship in the under-19 category were analyzed. RAE was investigated from the birth trimester of the athletes, their playing position, and final ranking in the Championship. The results showed an overrepresentation of athletes born in the first two trimesters (Q1 and Q2) (χ2(3) = 32.97; p < 0.001, ω = 0.29). The analysis of the athlete's position showed that most wings (χ2(3) = 18.37; p < 0.001, ω = 0.32) and backs (χ2(3) = 12.51; p = 0.006, ω = 0.34) were born in the first trimesters (Q1 and Q2). The ranking in the Championship presented no significant association with the date of the birth (p > 0.05). The results showed the existence of the RAE in youth handball elite athletes, especially for the back and wing positions. However, the strategy of selecting is questionable once the presence of RAE was not associated with competitive success.

A formação de jovens futebolistas além das quatro linhas: uma análise sob a ótica dos técnicos de Brasil e Portugal / The formation of young footballers beyond the four lines: an analysis from the point of view of technicians from Brazil and Portugal / La formación de los jugadores jóvenes más allá de las cuatro líneas: un análisis desde la perspectiva de los técnicos de Brasil y Portugal

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o processo de formação de jovens futebolistas sob a pers-pectiva de técnicos do Brasil e Portugal. Oito técnicos participaram deste estudo, sendo quatro brasileiros e quatro portugueses. Foi utilizada a entrevista semiestruturada, da qual emergiram quatro categorias. O processo de formação de atletas é diferente entre os países. O contexto social e pedagógico no Brasil passa por diversos departamentos específicos antes de chegar ao técnico, por outro lado, em Portugal o técnico tem mais proximidade com as questões sociais que envolvem os atletas. Uma realidade pode aprender com a outra, a fim de que os atletas se desenvolvam não só tecnicamente, mas também desenvolvam outras competências no caso de insucesso no futebol.

The aim of the present study was to analyse the process of training of young soccer players under the perspective of coaches from Brazil and Portugal. Eight coaches took part in the study, being four Brazilian and four Portuguese. A semi-structured interview was used to generate data, from which four categories emerged. The process of training athletes is differ-ent in each country. The social and pedagogical context in Brazil goes through diverse de-partments before coming to the coach; on the other hand, in Portugal the coach is closer to the social factors involving their athletes. Both realities can learn with each other, so that athletes can develop not only technically, but also develop other skills in case of failure in soccer.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el proceso de formación de jóvenes futbolistas desde la perspectiva de técnicos de Brasil y de Portugal. Ocho técnicos participaron en este estudio, cuatro brasileños y cuatro portugueses. Se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada y, a partir de esa entrevista, surgieron cuatro categorías. El proceso de formación de atletas es diferente entre países. El contexto social y educativo en Brasil pasa por varios departamentos específi-cos antes de llegar al técnico. Por el contrario, en Portugal el entrenador tiene más proximidad con las cuestiones sociales que envuelven a los atletas. Una realidad puede aprender con la otra, con el objetivo de que los atletas se desarrollen no apenas técnicamente, sino también que desarrollen otras habilidades en el caso de que no obtengan suceso en el fútbol.

Motivos de abandono na prática de ginástica artística no contexto extracurricular / Reasons for dropout of the practice of artistic gymnastics in the extracurricular context

Resumo O Esporte consiste na principal opção para a prática de atividades físicas entre as crianças e os jovens. Apesar do grande interesse desse público às práticas esportivas, a literatura aponta alto índice de abandono. Motivados por essa conjuntura, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o motivo de abandono, mais especificamente, na prática de Ginástica Artística (GA) no contexto das atividades extracurriculares. Entrevistamos praticantes meninas de GA que apresentavam histórico de abandono dessa prática esportiva por determinado período de tempo. Para o tratamento dos dados, optamos pela Análise de Conteúdo proposta por BARDIN. Constatamos que fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos estão vinculados ao processo de abandono da prática desse esporte. Entretanto, os fatores extrínsecos sobrepuseram àqueles intrínsecos, o que evidencia que o ambiente e as condições situacionais e interpessoais exercem maior influência sobre o afastamento das ginastas. Assim, ressaltamos a importância da atenção dos profissionais a esses aspectos para garantir que as atividades atendam às necessidades e aos anseios das ginastas.(AU)

Abstract Sport is the main option for physical activity among children and youth. Despite the great interest of this group with regard to sports practices, the literature indicates a high dropout rate. Motivated by this conjuncture, the objective of this study was to verify the reason for dropout, more specifically, in Women Artistic Gymnastics (WAG) within the context of extracurricular activities. We interviewed practitioners of WAG who have a record regarding withdraw of this sport for a certain period of time. For the data treatment, the content analysis proposed by BARDIN was chosen. We found that intrinsic and extrinsic factors are linked to the process of dropout of this sport. However, the extrinsic factors overlapped those intrinsic, evidencing that the environment and situational and interpersonal conditions exert greater influence on the withdrawing of the gymnasts. Thus, we emphasize the importance of the coaches' attention to these aspects in order to ensure that activities meet the needs and desires of gymnasts.(AU)