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1.
Environ Health ; 13: 97, 2014 Nov 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25409771

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: There are potential adverse health risks to the mother and fetus from exposure to pesticides. Thus, studies of exposure to pesticides among pregnant women are of interest as they will assist with understanding the potential burden of exposure globally, identifying sources of exposure, and designing epidemiology studies. METHODS: We measured urinary concentrations of the insect repellent N-N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) and two of its metabolites [3-diethyl-carbamoyl benzoic acid (DCBA) and N,N-diethyl-3-hydroxymethylbenzamide (DHMB)], four pyrethroid insecticide metabolites [4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4-F-3-PBA); 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA); trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (trans-DCCA); and cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis-DBCA)], and two chlorophenoxy herbicides [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)] in 54 pregnant women from Puerto Rico at three separate time points (20 ± 2 weeks, 24 ± 2 weeks, and 28 ± 2 weeks of gestation). We calculated the distributions of the biomarker concentrations and compared them to those of women of reproductive age from the general U.S. population where available, and estimated the within-subject temporal variability of these repeated measurements. We also collected questionnaire data on demographics, consumption of select fruits, vegetables, and legumes in the past 48-hr, and pest-related issues, and associations between these variables and biomarker concentrations were examined. RESULTS: We found that 95th percentile urinary concentrations of DEET, 3-PBA, trans-DCCA, and 2,4-D were lower than women of reproductive age on the U.S. mainland, whereas 95th percentile urinary concentrations of 4-F-3-PBA, cis-DBCA, and 2,4,5-T were similar. DCBA, the only urinary biomarker detected in >50% of the samples, showed fair to good reproducibility across pregnancy (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.60). Women were more likely (p <0.05) to have greater urinary concentrations of pesticide biomarkers if they were less educated (DCBA and trans-DCCA), unemployed (DHMB), or married (2,4-D), had consumed collards or spinach in past 48-hr (2,4-D) or had been using insect repellent since becoming pregnant (DCBA), or were involved with residential applications of pesticides (trans-DCCA). CONCLUSIONS: We identified concentrations and predictors of several pesticides among pregnant women in Puerto Rico. Further research is needed to understand what aspects of the predictors identified lead to greater exposure, and whether exposure during pregnancy is associated with adverse health.


Subject(s)
Environmental Pollutants/urine , Herbicides/urine , Insect Repellents/urine , Insecticides/urine , Pregnancy/urine , 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/urine , 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/urine , Adolescent , Adult , Biomarkers/urine , DEET/analogs & derivatives , DEET/urine , Environmental Monitoring , Female , Food Contamination/analysis , Humans , Nutrition Surveys , Puerto Rico , Pyrethrins/urine , Young Adult
2.
J Pediatr ; 165(6): 1216-21, 2014 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25241182

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of parental military service-related exposures and rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) risk in offspring using data from a large case-control study of childhood RMS. STUDY DESIGN: Cases (n = 319) were enrolled from the third trial run by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. Population-based controls (n = 319) were pair-matched to cases on race, sex, and age. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate parental military service-related exposures and their associations with childhood RMS by generating aORs and 95% CIs. Statistical significance was defined as P < .05. RESULTS: There were no significant associations between parental military service and childhood RMS. The strongest association was with maternal military service; however, this association was attenuated and did not remain significant after adjusting for covariates (aOR = 2.75, 95% CI 0.71, 10.62). An elevated effect estimate was found when assessing paternal exposure to Agent Orange (AO) and childhood RMS but was not statistically significant (aOR = 1.72, 95% CI 0.55, 5.41). CONCLUSIONS: We found little evidence that parental military service of AO exposure influences the risk of RMS in offspring. These findings are notable in light of the continuing controversies surrounding the intergenerational effects of AO exposure.


Subject(s)
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/adverse effects , 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/adverse effects , Defoliants, Chemical/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Military Personnel , Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/adverse effects , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/epidemiology , Rhabdomyosarcoma/epidemiology , Vietnam Conflict , Adult , Agent Orange , Case-Control Studies , Child , Female , History, Ancient , Humans , Male , Maternal Exposure , Parents , Paternal Exposure , Pregnancy
4.
Biochem J ; 341 ( Pt 1): 105-11, 1999 Jul 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10377250

ABSTRACT

The canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter, cMoat, is an ATP-binding-cassette protein expressed in the canalicular domain of hepatocytes. In addition to the transport of endo- and xenobiotics, cMoat has also been proposed to transport GSH into bile, the major driving force of bile-acid-independent bile flow. We have shown previously that the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), a peroxisome-proliferator agent, significantly increases bile-acid-independent bile flow in mice. On this basis, the effect of the herbicide on cMoat gene expression was studied. A 3.6-fold increase in cMoat mRNA levels and a 2.5-fold increase in cMoat protein content were observed in the liver of mice fed on a diet supplemented with 0.125% 2,4,5-T. These effects were due to an increased rate of gene transcription (3.9-fold) and were not associated with peroxisome proliferation. Significant increases in bile flow (2.23+/-0.39 versus 1.13+/-0.15 microl/min per g of liver; P<0.05) and biliary GSH output (7.40+/-3.30 versus 2.65+/-0.34 nmol/min per g of liver; P<0.05) were observed in treated animals. The hepatocellular concentration of total glutathione also increased in hepatocytes of treated mice (10.95+/-0.84 versus 5.12+/-0.47 mM; P<0.05), because of the induction (2.4-fold) of the heavy subunit of the gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS-HS) gene. This is the first model of co-induction of cMoat and GCS-HS genes in vivo in the mouse liver, associated with increased glutathione synthesis and biliary glutathione output. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the cMoat transporter plays a crucial role in the secretion of biliary GSH.


Subject(s)
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/pharmacology , Bile/metabolism , Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis , Glutathione/metabolism , Liver/drug effects , Animals , Anion Transport Proteins , Anions/metabolism , Clofibrate/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase/biosynthesis , Herbicides/pharmacology , Humans , Liver/pathology , Male , Mice , Transcription, Genetic/drug effects , Tumor Cells, Cultured
5.
Biochim Biophys Acta ; 1285(2): 267-76, 1996 Dec 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8972711

ABSTRACT

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a widely used herbicide, is a component of the "agent orange' whose toxicity has been extensively studied without definite conclusions. In order to evaluate its perturbing effect upon cell membranes, 2,4-D was made to interact with human erythrocytes and molecular models. These studies were performed by scanning electron microscopy on red cells, fluorescence spectroscopy on dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) large unilamellar vesicles and X-ray diffraction on multilayers of DMPC and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE). It was observed that 2,4-D induced a pronounced shape change to the erythrocytes. This effect is explained by the herbicide interaction with the outer monolayer of the red cell membrane.


Subject(s)
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/pharmacology , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Liposomes/metabolism , 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/pharmacology , 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/toxicity , 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/toxicity , Agent Orange , Cell Size/drug effects , Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/metabolism , Diphenylhexatriene/metabolism , Fluorescence Polarization , Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism , Herbicides/pharmacology , Herbicides/toxicity , Humans , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Molecular Structure , Phosphatidylethanolamines/metabolism , Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/pharmacology , Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/toxicity , X-Ray Diffraction
6.
Rev. cuba. hig. epidemiol ; 25(4): 383-93, oct.-dic. 1987. ilus
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-2108

ABSTRACT

Se realiza un estudio en ratas machos para conocer la forma de acción de la mezcla 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T y ametrina en un experimento agudo (DL50). Se realiza un experimento subagudo por 10 inoculaciones intragástricas en dosis de 1/10 (DL50) para cada herbicida separado y de 1/30 DL50 para cada herbicida en la mezcla. Se controla el peso de los animales y se les hace la determinación de la hemoglobina antes, a la mitad y al fianl del experimento. Se sacrifican los animales y se determina el coeficiente ponderal de los órganos y un estudio anatomopatológico. Se concluye que la acción combinada de estos herbicidas es aditiva e independiente, que no hay influencia sobre el peso, coeficientes ponderales y nivel de hemoglobina, por el hecho de mezclarse los herbicidas. Se utiliza la prueba de la t de Student para el análisis de los resultados para p < 0,05


Subject(s)
Rats , Animals , Male , 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/pharmacology , 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/pharmacology , Pesticides
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