Dentofacial morphology in Turner syndrome karyotypes.

The overall aim of this thesis was to study dentofacial morphology in Turner syndrome (TS) versus controls and the influence hereupon from karyotype. One hundred thirty two TS females (5-66 years of age), from Göteborg, Uppsala and Umeå were participating. Cephalometric analysis, cast model analysis concerning palatal height, dental arch morphology and dental crown width were performed. Eighteen primary teeth were analysed in polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, microradiography and X-ray microanalysis were performed. The TS females were divided according to karyotype into: 1 45,X; 2 45,X/46,XX; 3 isochromosome; 4 other. Compared to healthy females, TS were found to have a flattened cranial base as well as small and retrognathic jaws with a posterior inclination. The maxillary dentoalveolar arch was narrower and longer, while the mandibular dental arch was wider and longer in TS compared to controls. The palatal height did not differ comparing TS and healthy females. The dental crown width was smaller in TS for both permanent and primary teeth. Aberrant elemental composition, prism pattern and lower mineral density were found in TS primary enamel compared to enamel in primary teeth from healthy girls. Turner syndrome karyotype was found having an impact on craniofacial morphology, with the mosaic 45,X/46,XX exhibiting a milder mandibular retrognathism as well as fewer cephalometric variables differing from controls compared to other karyotypes. Also for the dentoalveolar arch morphology the 45,X/46,XX group had fewer variables differing from healthy females. The isochromosome TS group exhibited the smallest dental crown width for several teeth, while 45,X/46,XX hade the largest dental crown with for some teeth and fewer teeth than both 45,X and isochromosomes that differed from controls. Thus, the mosaic 45,X/46,XX seemed to exhibit a milder phenotype, possibly due to presence of healthy 46,XX cell lines.

Nuevo síndrome de retraso mental ligado a X / New X linked mental retardation syndrome

Introducción: El estudio del retraso mental hereditario, bajo el punto de vista diagnóstico y etiológico, es un gran reto. Una forma particular de retraso mental es el ligado al cromosoma X que se clasifica en formas sindrómicas y no sindrómicas, según la presencia o ausencia de un patrón físico, neurológico o metabólico específico asociado al retraso mental. Pacientes y método: Se han estudiado cinco generaciones de una familia con ocho hombres que padecía retraso mental. A seis de estos hombres se les ha estudiado clínicamente con medidas antropométricas e investigaciones genéticas: cariotipos de alta resolución, estudio molecular de X frágil, estudios de ligamiento y de los genes MID1 y PQBP1. Resultados: El estudio clínico mostró, junto a retraso mental, un patrón de microcefalia, micrognatia, anomalías osteoarticulares y genitales, talla baja y otras malformaciones menos frecuentes. Los cariotipos fueron normales y la investigación de mutaciones de los genes MID1 y PQBP1 fue negativa. El estudio de ligamiento mapeó el posible gen causal de este síndrome de retraso mental y anomalías congénitas múltiples en el segmento Xp11.23-q21.32, con un LOD score de 2. Conclusiones: Hasta donde sabemos no está descrito un cuadro clínico como el que presentan estos enfermos que esté ligado a este segmento de X. Sugerimos que esta familia padece un «nuevo síndrome» de retraso mental y anomalías congénitas múltiples ligado al cromosoma X(AU)

Introduction: Researching inherited mental retardation, from a diagnostic and aetiological point of view, is a great challenge. A particular type of mental retardation is the one linked to the X chromosome which is classified under syndromic and non-syndromic types, according to the presence or absence of a specific physical, neurological or metabolic pattern associated with mental retardation. Patients and method: Five generations of a family have been studied with eight males suffering from mental retardation. Six of these males were clinically tested using anthropometric indicators and genetic tests: high resolution karyotypes, fragile X research, linkage and MID1 and PQBP1 gene studies. Results: Along with mental retardation, the clinical study showed a pattern of microcephaly, micrognathia, osteoarticular and genital anomalies, short stature and other less frequent malformations. The linkage study mapped the possible causal gene of this mental retardation syndrome and multiple congenital abnormalities in the Xp11.23-q21.32 segment, with a LOD score of 2. As far as we know, a medical profile, similar to the one these patients have, linked to this X segment has not been described. Conclusions: We suspect that this family has a "new syndrome" of mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies linked to the X chromosome(AU)

Classifying cytogenetics in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in complete remission undergoing allogeneic transplantation: a Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research study.

Cytogenetics play a major role in determining the prognosis of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). However, existing cytogenetics classifications were developed in chemotherapy-treated patients and might not be optimal for patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We studied 821 adult patients reported to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) who underwent HCT for AML in first or second complete remission between 1999 and 2004. We compared the ability of the 6 existing classifications to stratify patients by overall survival. We then defined a new scheme specifically applicable to patients undergoing HCT using this patient cohort. Under this scheme, inv(16) is favorable, a complex karyotype (4 or more abnormalities) is adverse, and all other classified abnormalities are intermediate in predicting survival after HCT (5-year overall survival, 64%, 18%, and 50%, respectively; P = .0001). This scheme stratifies patients into 3 groups with similar nonrelapse mortality, but significantly different incidences of relapse, overall and leukemia-free survival. It applies to patients regardless of disease status (first or second complete remission), donor type (matched related or unrelated), or conditioning intensity (myeloablative or reduced intensity). This transplantation-specific classification could be adopted for prognostication purposes and to stratify patients with AML and karyotypic abnormalities entering HCT clinical trials.