ABSTRACT
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of Gram-negative bacteria infection on ovarian steroid receptors, i.e. progesterone receptor (PR) and estradiol receptor (ER) during preimplantation days of pregnancy. A well established mouse model of Gram-negative bacteria infection was used to test this objective. Mice were treated with normal saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 0.5 of pregnancy and used to collect embryos and uterine horns on day 1.5 to day 4.42 preimplantation day of pregnancy. Total RNA was extracted and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to check the expression of PR and ER genes. The mRNA expression of PR and ER was altered in embryos and uterus of LPS-treated animals during preimplantation days of pregnancy studied. These results suggest that PR and ER play an important role in Gram-negative bacteria infection and induced implantation failure in mouse.
Subject(s)
Abortion, Veterinary/etiology , Blastocyst/drug effects , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Receptors, Estradiol/metabolism , Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism , Salmonella enterica/drug effects , Uterus/drug effects , Abortion, Veterinary/drug therapy , Abortion, Veterinary/metabolism , Animals , Blastocyst/cytology , Blastocyst/microbiology , Female , Fetal Death/etiology , Fetal Death/metabolism , Male , Mice , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Outcome/veterinary , Receptors, Estradiol/genetics , Receptors, Progesterone/genetics , Uterus/metabolism , Uterus/microbiologyABSTRACT
High perinatal mortality, low milk yields and occasional ewe deaths were investigated in a Dorper sheep flock in Southern Germany. Parasitic gastroenteritis due to Trichostrongylus spp. associated with severe weight loss despite regular anthelmintic treatments of the flock was identified as the underlying cause. A faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test revealed zero reduction after treatment with ivermectin or albendazole, respectively, and a FECR of 57.9% following treatment with levamisole. These results indicate a lack of, or considerably reduced efficacy of substances from all three classical groups of anthelmintics and demonstrate that triple anthelmintic resistance is also present in Germany. The introduction of resistant worm populations with imported livestock, excessive use of anthelmintic drugs and under-dosing of goats have possibly led to the problem in the flock described. Veterinary advice on anthelmintic treatments and responsible parasite control programmes are therefore crucial in small ruminant flocks.
