ABSTRACT
The lesion of the accessory spinal nerve is often of iatrogenic origin. We report the case of an injury after a right jugulocarotid lymph node biopsy. A 30-year-old patient was referred for the treatment of right cervical lymphadenopathy suspected of tuberculosis. After the intervention and confirmation of tuberculosis diagnosis, the patient presented a functional impotence of the right shoulder and swarming of the right hand. The clinical examination found an active limitation of the shoulder, and a wasting of the upper bundle of the right trapezius muscle and the sternocleidomastoid. The EMG showed axonotmesis of the accessory spinal nerve and the MRI an amyotrophy of the trapezius with denervation edema. A simple rehabilitation has been scheduled. Damage of the accessory spinal nerve most often occurs after local surgery. EMG is essential for diagnosis. Rehabilitation is the first therapeutic option. Surgery can be considered if it fails. The surgeons must consider the protection of the accessory spinal nerve in case of cervical lymph node surgery.
Subject(s)
Accessory Nerve Injuries/etiology , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Accessory Nerve/pathology , Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Accessory Nerve Diseases/etiology , Accessory Nerve Injuries/diagnosis , Adult , Biopsy/adverse effects , Humans , Iatrogenic Disease , Male , Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/diagnosis , Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/etiology , Neck , Tuberculosis, Lymph Node/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Lymph Node/pathologyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Electrophysiological testing has been used for the early diagnosis of iatrogenic spinal accessory nerve palsy in clinical practice. However, the presence of low-amplitude compound action potential in 70% to 90% of the patients suffering from iatrogenic nerve transection was reported in several studies. We have encountered the same issue and made minor modifications to the methods of electrophysiological testing. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the reliability of our modified electrophysiological testing as preoperative examination in patients receiving surgical revision. METHODS: In this study, we compared preoperative electrophysiological testing results with intraoperative diagnosis in the 24 patients with iatrogenic spinal accessory nerve palsy who were referred to our hospital from 2009 to 2018. RESULTS: During operation, 20 patients were diagnosed with neurotmesis and the remaining 4 patients were found axonotmesis depending on the results of surgical exploration and intraoperative electrophysiological examination. Six of the 20 patients with neurotmesis demonstrated a low-amplitude compound muscle action potential of the upper trapezius during preoperative electrophysiological testing. Needle electromyography revealed voluntary motor unit potentials in 8 of the 20 patients. Meanwhile, concomitant great auricular nerve or dorsal scapular nerve injuries were preoperatively revealed in 7 of 24 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of low-amplitude compound muscle action potentials in these patients suffering from spinal accessory nerve neurotmesis was about 30% with our modified electrophysiological testing. We should be aware of this pitfall before surgical nerve repair. Furthermore, electrophysiological testing is an informative preoperative examination revealing the concomitant nerve injuries.
Subject(s)
Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Electromyography/methods , Iatrogenic Disease , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Reproducibility of Results , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Answer questions and earn CME/CNE The American Cancer Society Head and Neck Cancer Survivorship Care Guideline was developed to assist primary care clinicians and other health practitioners with the care of head and neck cancer survivors, including monitoring for recurrence, screening for second primary cancers, assessment and management of long-term and late effects, health promotion, and care coordination. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed through April 2015, and a multidisciplinary expert workgroup with expertise in primary care, dentistry, surgical oncology, medical oncology, radiation oncology, clinical psychology, speech-language pathology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, the patient perspective, and nursing was assembled. While the guideline is based on a systematic review of the current literature, most evidence is not sufficient to warrant a strong recommendation. Therefore, recommendations should be viewed as consensus-based management strategies for assisting patients with physical and psychosocial effects of head and neck cancer and its treatment. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:203-239. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Subject(s)
Aftercare , Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy , Survivors , Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Accessory Nerve Diseases/therapy , American Cancer Society , Anxiety/diagnosis , Anxiety/psychology , Anxiety/therapy , Bursitis/diagnosis , Bursitis/therapy , Deglutition Disorders/diagnosis , Deglutition Disorders/therapy , Dental Care , Dental Caries/diagnosis , Dental Caries/therapy , Depression/diagnosis , Depression/psychology , Depression/therapy , Disease Management , Dystonia/diagnosis , Dystonia/therapy , Fatigue/diagnosis , Fatigue/therapy , Gastroesophageal Reflux/diagnosis , Gastroesophageal Reflux/therapy , Head and Neck Neoplasms/psychology , Health Promotion , Humans , Hypothyroidism/diagnosis , Hypothyroidism/therapy , Lymphedema/diagnosis , Lymphedema/therapy , Neck Muscles , Osteonecrosis/diagnosis , Osteonecrosis/therapy , Periodontitis/diagnosis , Periodontitis/therapy , Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis , Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/therapy , Respiratory Aspiration/diagnosis , Respiratory Aspiration/therapy , Sleep Apnea Syndromes/diagnosis , Sleep Apnea Syndromes/therapy , Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis , Sleep Wake Disorders/therapy , Stress, Psychological/diagnosis , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Stress, Psychological/therapy , Taste Disorders/diagnosis , Taste Disorders/therapy , Trismus/diagnosis , Trismus/therapySubject(s)
Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Accessory Nerve Injuries/diagnosis , Accessory Nerve/diagnostic imaging , Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Accessory Nerve Diseases/etiology , Accessory Nerve Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Accessory Nerve Injuries/etiology , Adolescent , Adult , Electromyography , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Muscular Atrophy/complications , Muscular Atrophy/diagnosis , Muscular Atrophy/pathology , Superficial Back Muscles/injuries , Superficial Back Muscles/innervation , Superficial Back Muscles/pathology , UltrasonographySubject(s)
Cranial Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Movement Disorders/diagnosis , Somatosensory Disorders/diagnosis , Abducens Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Bell Palsy/diagnosis , Facial Muscles/innervation , Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Humans , Hypoglossal Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Oculomotor Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Olfactory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Optic Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Trigeminal Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Trochlear Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Vagus Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases/diagnosisSubject(s)
Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Horner Syndrome/diagnosis , Tongue/pathology , Accessory Nerve Diseases/complications , Accessory Nerve Diseases/pathology , Child, Preschool , Cranial Nerves/pathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Horner Syndrome/complications , Horner Syndrome/pathology , Humans , Male , Pharyngeal Diseases/diagnosis , Pharyngeal Diseases/etiology , Tongue/innervation , Vocal Cord Paralysis/diagnosis , Vocal Cord Paralysis/etiologyABSTRACT
Accessory nerve palsies may cause considerable functional disability and they unfortunately continue to occur as a complication of surgery in and, around the posterior triangle of the neck. Here the causes of accessory nerve palsies are reviewed and the symptoms and signs arising as a consequence are summarised. In addition, the various treatments and their indications are highlighted and discussed.
Subject(s)
Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Accessory Nerve Diseases/etiology , Muscle, Skeletal/innervation , Paralysis/etiology , Paralysis/physiopathology , Shoulder/innervation , Accessory Nerve Diseases/surgery , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Middle Aged , Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology , Paralysis/diagnosis , Shoulder/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Spinal accessory nerve palsy may lead to dysfunction or paralysis of the trapezius muscle. Common causes are iatrogenic or secondary due to trauma, infection or tumour. Idiopathic palsy is considered extremely rare. We present the case of a 42-year-old Caucasian male suffering from a unilateral, isolated paralysis of his ipsilateral trapezius muscle. There was no related trauma, nor any past history of surgical procedures. An electromyographic study confirmed the idiopathic paralysis of the distal segment of the spinal accessory nerve.
Subject(s)
Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Accessory Nerve Diseases/etiology , Muscle, Skeletal/innervation , Muscular Atrophy/diagnosis , Muscular Atrophy/etiology , Paralysis/diagnosis , Paralysis/etiology , Scapula/innervation , Adult , Diagnosis, Differential , Electromyography , Humans , Male , Muscle Weakness/diagnosis , Muscle Weakness/etiology , Range of Motion, Articular/physiology , Shoulder/innervationABSTRACT
The glossopharyngeal, vagus and spinal accessory nerves are closely related anatomically, and to a certain extent, functionally. We present an overview of their anatomy, highlighting the important clinical and imaging implications. The main pathologic lesions arising from these nerves are also discussed and the imaging features reviewed.
Subject(s)
Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Diagnostic Imaging/methods , Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Vagus Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Accessory Nerve/diagnostic imaging , Accessory Nerve/pathology , Glossopharyngeal Nerve/diagnostic imaging , Glossopharyngeal Nerve/pathology , Humans , Radiography , Vagus Nerve/diagnostic imaging , Vagus Nerve/pathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Spinal accessory nerve palsy causing trapezius dysfunction can lead to significant disability. Diagnosis is frequently delayed or inaccurate leading to inappropriate treatment. METHODS: We describe new clinical signs for trapezius muscle dysfunction and palsy, and accessory nerve palsy, viz. The Active Elevation Lag sign and the Triangle sign. These signs help to differentiate between scapular winging due to trapezius dysfunction and that due to serratus anterior dysfunction. The signs are based on the principle that the deficiency of trapezius function causes an ;active forward elevation lag' with compensatory spinal hyperextension, and lead to the Triangle sign in the prone position, whereas no such lag is found in patients with pure serratus anterior dysfunction. Video recordings of clinical examination of 10 patients, 5 with isolated spinal accessory nerve palsy and 5 with long thoracic nerve palsy (confirmed by neurophysiology studies) were blinded and reviewed by 8 assessors. RESULTS: Of the total of 80 readings, 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity were found, in correlation with the diagnosis confirmed by neurophysiology studies, with positive predictive value of 95% and negative predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSION: These are simple clinical signs, easy to perform which are useful in diagnosing trapezius weakness in clinical practice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 2-1; Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization.
Subject(s)
Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Muscle, Skeletal/innervation , Paralysis/diagnosis , Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis , Physical Examination/methods , Scapula/innervation , Accessory Nerve Injuries , Adult , Aged , Electromyography , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neurologic Examination/methods , Paralysis/etiology , Sampling Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Severity of Illness Index , Shoulder Joint/innervation , Shoulder Joint/physiopathology , Thoracic Nerves/injuries , Young AdultSubject(s)
Accessory Nerve Diseases/etiology , Accessory Nerve Diseases/rehabilitation , Accessory Nerve Injuries , Rhytidoplasty/adverse effects , Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Aged , Electromyography , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Pain Measurement , Physical Examination , Physical Therapy Modalities , Recovery of Function , Rhytidoplasty/methods , Risk Assessment , Severity of Illness Index , Shoulder Pain/etiology , Shoulder Pain/physiopathology , Shoulder Pain/rehabilitation , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Herpes Zoster/diagnosis , Vagus Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Accessory Nerve Diseases/virology , Acyclovir/therapeutic use , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Cranial Fossa, Posterior , Electromyography , Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases/virology , Herpes Zoster/complications , Herpes Zoster/drug therapy , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged , Neck , Rare Diseases , Syndrome , Thymoma/complications , Thymoma/radiotherapy , Thymoma/surgery , Thymus Neoplasms/complications , Thymus Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Thymus Neoplasms/surgery , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Vagus Nerve Diseases/virologyABSTRACT
The spinal accessory nerve, primarily a motor nerve, innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Proximally, lesions can occur intracranially at the skull base or just outside the jugular foramen producing ipsilateral weakness of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles; or distally, in the posterior neck triangle causing trapezius muscle weakness.
Subject(s)
Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Accessory Nerve Diseases/etiology , Accessory Nerve/pathology , Accessory Nerve/physiopathology , Muscle Weakness/physiopathology , Neck Muscles/innervation , Accessory Nerve Diseases/pathology , Accessory Nerve Diseases/physiopathology , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Muscle Weakness/etiology , Neck Muscles/physiopathology , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Schwannomas of the lower cranial nerves are very rare and the dumbbell-shaped ones are even rarer. The authors report their experience in managing such lesions, usually presenting either with intra- and/or extra-cranial extension through an enlarged jugular foramen. The juxtacondylar approach without sacrificing the labyrinth was used; clinical, radiological and complication features are discussed and analysed. This is a case series study on 16 consecutive patients with lower cranial nerves schwannomas surgically managed during a 14-year period using the juxtacondylar approach. In 13 cases, a complete resection has been achieved whereas in three, the excision was near total. The tumour nerve origin has been identified only in ten cases (62.5%). No death or additional post-operative cranial nerve deficits occurred. Aspiration pneumonia developed in one patient and cerebrospinal fluid leak in another. Pre-operative lower cranial nerve deficits improved in all patients. At a mean follow-up of 6.6 years (range 2-14 years), no radiological tumour recurrence was recorded amongst the patients having complete resection as well as no tumour progression in the group of near total removal. Jugular foramen schwannomas can be radically and safely resected with no additional neurological deficit if a careful pre-operative evaluation and the appropriate surgical approach is implemented. Finally, full cranial nerve functional recovery may be expected after complete resection.
Subject(s)
Accessory Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Accessory Nerve Diseases/surgery , Cranial Nerve Neoplasms/diagnosis , Cranial Nerve Neoplasms/surgery , Neurilemmoma/diagnosis , Neurilemmoma/surgery , Neurosurgical Procedures/methods , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged , Neurosurgical Procedures/adverse effects , Postoperative Complications , Skull Base/surgery , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
Two cases of accessory nerve lesion are reported that occurred within 2.5 weeks and 4.5 weeks, respectively, after surgery for cervicofacial lift. The patients were referred for electrodiagnostic examination because of persistent and unexplained unilateral shoulder pain and disability, 6 and 5 months, respectively, after face lift. In both cases clinical examination revealed severe right-shoulder weakness related to trapezius palsy, without trapezius muscle atrophy in the first case and with trapezius atrophy in the second. Electrodiagnosis revealed bilateral accessory nerve lesions in the first case and a unilateral lesion in the second case. Recovery for both cases was progressive but delayed, and both were evaluated 11 and 10 months, respectively, after the first evaluation. Clinical and especially electrodiagnostic findings suggested that the accessory nerve lesion was related to conduction block in the first case and severe axonal loss in the second case.
