Benign Mixed Mammary Tumour with Hepatoid Gland Differentiation in a Dog.

A 10-year-old spayed female Shih Tzu underwent surgery to remove a tumour (8 mm diameter) in the right 4th mammary gland. Histopathologically, the tumour consisted of four different components: luminal epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells, cartilage and well-differentiated hepatoid gland-like cells. There were multiple nests composed predominantly of hepatoid gland-like tissue with a small number of tubules formed by luminal epithelial cells at the periphery, in which continuity between the two components was seen. Immunolabelling for cytokeratins (CK14, CK18 and CK19), p63 and α-smooth muscle actin clearly distinguished the neoplastic luminal epithelial, myoepithelial and hepatoid gland-like cells. The immunohistochemical phenotype of the hepatoid gland-like neoplastic cells was identical to that of normal hepatoid gland cells. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of benign mixed tumour of the mammary gland with differentiated hepatoid gland cells was made. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a canine mammary tumour with hepatoid gland differentiation.

Pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of bovine primary myoblasts through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) is a transcription factor involved in various cellular processes in organismal growth and development. However, its role in muscle function is unclear. This work investigated the roles of PLAG1 in muscle development and explored its regulatory mechanisms. The PLAG1 was proved to promote the proliferation of bovine primary myoblasts using the cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assay (P < 0.001), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) proliferation assay (P = 0.005), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (P = 0.028), western blot, and flow cytometry (P < 0.05), and to inhibit apoptosis of bovine primary myoblasts using qRT-PCR (P = 0.038), western blot, and flow cytometry (P < 0.001). Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and western blot showed PLAG1 upregulated phosphorylated (p)-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, Cyclin D1, and CDK2 and inhibited the expression of p21 and p27 to enhance myoblast proliferation, and increased expression of Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL to inhibit apoptosis. Additionally, PLAG1 was identified as a target of miR-1 using dual-luciferase assay (P < 0.001), qRT-PCR (P < 0.001), and western blot. Furthermore, miR-1 might be a potential mediator of the positive feedback regulation relationship between PLAG1 and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) is a critical candidate gene that affects bovine stature and height. Past studies have focused on correlations between PLAG1 and quantitative traits. However, few studies have focused on studying the function of PLAG1 at the cellular level. Here, we investigated the effects of PLAG1 on bovine primary myoblasts and found it promoted proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of bovine primary myoblasts. In addition, our study demonstrated that the effects of PLAG1 on myoblast proliferation and apoptosis were through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Further study suggested that there was a potential positive feedback regulation between PLAG1 and PI3K-Akt, and miR-1 acted as a key mediator. Our study provided a theoretical basis for further exploration.

Pleomorphic adenoma of the mandibular salivary gland in a captive African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris).

A 3.9-year-old female African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) had a firm, tan-colored mass with an uneven surface arising from the mandibular salivary gland. A histopathologic examination revealed that the mass was composed of neoplastic proliferation of epithelial and spindle cells. The neoplastic spindle cells showed positive for vimentin, smooth muscle actin, calponin and cytokeratin 14 and, negative for cytokeratin 19, suggesting that spindle cells were derived from myoepithelial cells. Based on the histological findings and immunohistochemistry results, the mass was diagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor found in human salivary glands, but it is rare in animals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of pleomorphic adenoma in hedgehogs.

Pleomorphic adenoma of the labial gland, characterized by reticular pattern of myoepithelial cells in a dog.

An 11-year-old female golden retriever dog had a mass at the right corner of the upper lip, which gradually increased in size and protruded into the oral cavity. The mass was removed surgically. The cut surface of the mass was smooth, whitish and solid, and covered by the oral mucosal membrane. Histopathologically, the mass consisted mainly of reticular pattern of short spindle cells that stained positively for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, α-smooth muscle actin and p63, suggestive of a myoepithelial cell phenotype. Between the neoplastic cords, there was myxoid or edematous connective tissue. Additionally, neoplastic cells with luminal epithelial and basal cell phenotypes were arranged in ducts and small islands, respectively. Based on the diverse histological and immunohistochemical features, the tumor was diagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma of the labial gland. To our knowledge, the reticular proliferation pattern of myoepithelial cells has not been described in salivary gland tumors of domestic animals.

Carcinoma en adenoma pleomórfico de glándula salival en un perro: reporte de un caso / Carcinoma em adenoma pleomórfico de glândulas salivares, em um cão: reporte de um caso / Salivary gland carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma in a dog: a case report

El carcinoma en adenoma pleomórfico es un tumor mixto maligno que con frecuencia tiene su origen a partir de la glándula parótida con componentes de epitelio benigno, mioepitelio y sustancia mucoide, mixoide, cartilaginosa u ósea; este tumor es de rara ocurrencia en animales a diferencia de los humanos donde se presenta con mucha frecuencia. En este reporte clínico se pretende revisar el caso de un paciente canino, macho de raza golden retriever que fue llevado a consulta al Centro de veterinaria y zootecnia de la Universidad CES (Medellín, Colombia) por pérdida de peso e inapetencia con cinco meses de evolución. Al examen clínico se evidenció una masa en la región cervical craneal, se realizaron pruebas de laboratorio pertinentes y estudio radiográfico completo en el que se halló una estructura con trabéculas de osificación. Se procedió a realizar una intervención quirúrgica para obtener una muestra de la masa, la cual fue enviada para diagnóstico histopatológico en el que el resultado sugirió una nueva muestra más profunda; además, se decidió realizar estudio ecográfico para definir el compromiso de las estructuras vasculares u otras estructuras importantes, por lo que permitió tomar la decisión final de realizar una intervención quirúrgica para retirar de forma completa la masa. La muestra se envió para estudio histopatológico en el que se emitió un diagnóstico de carcinoma en adenoma pleomórfico de glándula salival. La recuperación del paciente se llevó a cabo de manera exitosa inicialmente en la clínica, finalizó su recuperación en casa sin ninguna complicación, tan sólo presentó tos no productiva por varios días asociada a la manipulación quirúrgica; además, el paciente tuvo una evidente mejoría con ganancia de peso y consumo normal de alimentos.

Carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma is a malignant mixed tumor that often stems from the parotid gland epithelial, consisting of benign substance, mioepithelium and mucoid, myxoid, cartilage or bone components; unlike humans where it occurs often this tumor is of rare occurrence in animals. This case report is intended to review the case of a canine, male golden retriever patient which was submitted to Centro de veterinaria y zootecnia at Universidad CES (Medellin, Colombia) for weight loss and poor appetite lasting for about five months or longer. The clinical examination revealed a mass in the cervical region of the skull. Relevant laboratory tests and complete radiographic study were performed that revealed a mass with ossification trabecules. A biopsy was performed to obtain a mass sample for histopathological evaluation. At ultrasound examination the commitment of the vascular structures or other important structures was evaluated and a final decision to perform surgery for removing the mass was done, also for histopathological study. The microscopic findings support the diagnosis of carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland. Initial recovery of the patient was at the veterinary hospital and was then successfully completed at home with no clinical complications, but a non-productive cough for several days possibly associated with the surgical manipulation. The patient evolved to improved weight gain and normal consumption of food with no clinical compromises.

Carcinoma em adenoma pleomórficas é um tumor maligno misto que muitas vezes resulta da glândula parótida com componentes epitelial benigna, mioepithelium, substância muco, myxoid, ossos ou cartilagens, este tumor é uma ocorrência rara em animais ao contrário seres humanos onde quer que ocorra com freqüência. Este relatório destina-se a clínica rever o caso de uma paciente canino, macho raça golden retriever, que foi apresentado ao Centro de veterinaria y zootecnia, Universidad CES (Medellin, Colômbia) para perda de peso e de pobre apetite por cinco meses ou mais, a exame clínico revelou uma massa na região crânio cervical, exames laboratoriais relevantes e completo estudo radiográficos que encontrou uma estrutura com trabéculas de ossificação, procederam a realizar a cirurgia para a obtenção de uma amostra de massa, que foi enviado para o diagnóstico histopatológico quando sugeriu uma nova amostra mais profunda, decidiu-se realizar estudos ultra-som para definir o empenho das estruturas vasculares ou outras estruturas importantes e isso permitiu que a decisão final para realizar a cirurgia para remover a massa total. A amostra foi enviada para estudo histopatológico em que carcinoma em adenoma pleomórfico do glândula salivar foi diagnosticada, a sua recuperação inicial foi no hospital e, em seguida, a recuperação do paciente, foi concluída com êxito em casa sem complicações, apenas apresentou tosse não produtiva por vários dias associados à manipulação cirúrgica. O paciente apresentou uma clara melhoria em ganho de peso e consumo normal de alimentos.

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma with sebaceous differentiation in the mandibular salivary gland of a dog.

A carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma was diagnosed in the left mandibular salivary gland of an 8-year-old female spayed dog. The animal presented with a large nonpainful swelling in the left submandibular region. A computed tomography scan detected an irregularly enhancing soft tissue mass that was closely associated with the left external ear canal and extended to the left wing of the atlas. On surgical exploration, the mass was intimately associated with the left mandibular salivary gland. Both the mass and the adjacent gland were removed, and the diagnosis was determined by histopathology. The tumor was comprised of basaloid and low columnar epithelial cells, many glandular units formed by well-differentiated sebocytes, and multifocal regions of necrosis, mineralization, and hemorrhage. Salivary gland tumors with sebaceous differentiation are very rare in animals, with one previously reported case in a cat.

Pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland in two dogs.

Pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland were diagnosed in two dogs. The tumours were single, firm and well circumscribed, with a smooth cut surface. Metastatic tumours were not detected. Histopathological examination revealed that the tumours contained multiple cysts lined with luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells, and mucinous, myxochondroid and cartilaginous tissues. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated labelling of luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells, and mucinous, myxochondroid and cartilaginous tissues with antibodies to cytokeratin LU-5, AE1/AE3, CK-14, CALP, a-SMA, vimentin, GFAP, and S-100. Labelling for GFAP indicated stromal transformation into myxoid and chondroid tissues.

Imprint and brush cytology in the diagnosis of canine intranasal tumours.

Fifty-four dogs with nasal tumours were included in this study. Based on histopathology 52 tumours were malignant (36 epithelial and 16 mesenchymal) and two were benign (one oncocytoma and one pleiomorphic adenoma). Malignancy was significantly more frequently diagnosed by imprint cytology (81 per cent of the cases) than by brush cytology (56 per cent). Brush cytology was a significantly more sensitive technique in epithelial than in mesenchymal tumours, while the sensitivity of imprint cytology was not affected by the histological type. Brush cytology determined an epithelial origin in 88 per cent of epithelial tumours, and imprint cytology in 90 per cent. In mesenchymal tumours, the scores were significantly lower, the histological type being determined in only 20 per cent and 50 per cent, using brush and imprint cytology, respectively.

A malignant mixed salivary tumour and a mammary carcinoma in a young wild eastern spotted native cat Dasyurus viverrinus (Marsupialia).

This report contains the first description of a salivary gland tumour in a dasyurid marsupial; the same animal also had a mammary carcinoma. All the previously described neoplasms have been in animals held in captivity for varying periods of time, whereas the case reported here was a young animal trapped in the wild and killed three days later. The development of tumours in the natural environment is important aetiologically.

A cell line from pleomorphic adenoma of the rat salivary gland.

Pleomorphic adenoma of rat salivary gland is extremely rare, and culture of cells obtained from rat salivary gland tumors has not been reported. We have established a long-term cell line from a pleomorphic adenoma of a Sprague-Dawley rat submaxillary gland. The pleomorphic adenoma was composed of oval or spindle-shaped cells occasionally forming a small duct. Alcian blue-positive intercellular matrices, consisting mainly of glycosaminoglycans, were abundant. The cultured cells showed characteristics similar to those of the original tumor. This cell line should be useful for biological and biochemical studies of glycosaminoglycan-synthesis of pleomorphic adenoma cells.