ABSTRACT
Antigen-specific therapy for multiple sclerosis may lead to a more effective therapy by induction of tolerance to a wide range of myelin-derived antigens without hampering the normal surveillance and effector function of the immune system. Numerous attempts to restore tolerance toward myelin-derived antigens have been made over the past decades, both in animal models of multiple sclerosis and in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis patients. In this review, we will give an overview of the current approaches for antigen-specific therapy that are in clinical development for multiple sclerosis as well provide an insight into the challenges for future antigen-specific treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis.
Subject(s)
Adoptive Transfer , Desensitization, Immunologic , Multiple Sclerosis/therapy , Myelin Proteins/administration & dosage , Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage , Vaccination , Vaccines/therapeutic use , Adoptive Transfer/adverse effects , Adoptive Transfer/history , Adoptive Transfer/trends , Animals , Autoimmunity , Desensitization, Immunologic/adverse effects , Desensitization, Immunologic/history , Desensitization, Immunologic/trends , Diffusion of Innovation , Forecasting , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Immune Tolerance , Multiple Sclerosis/history , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism , Myelin Proteins/adverse effects , Myelin Proteins/immunology , Myelin Proteins/metabolism , Peptide Fragments/adverse effects , Peptide Fragments/immunology , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Vaccination/adverse effects , Vaccination/history , Vaccination/trends , Vaccines/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has been used as a part of cancer therapy for over half a decade. Beyond the necessity for donor-derived cells to reconstitute hematopoiesis after radiation and chemotherapy, immunologic reconstitution from allogeneic cells is important for the elimination of residual tumor cells. Natural killer (NK) cells are first among lymphocytes to reconstitute post-transplant and protect against cancer relapse. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the role of NK cells in cancer control in the transplant setting and focus on current research aimed at improving NK cell responses for therapeutic benefit.
Subject(s)
Adoptive Transfer/methods , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/methods , Killer Cells, Natural/immunology , Adoptive Transfer/history , Animals , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/history , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Immunotherapy, AdoptiveABSTRACT
Mast cells were first identified by Paul Ehrlich in 1878, when he was still a medical student. Many fundamental aspects of mast cell ontogeny have been elucidated since Ehrlich's first identification. Demonstration of mast cell derivation from bone marrow precursors could be established in 1977 when Kitamura's group first showed reconstitution of mast cells in mast cell-deficient mice by the adaptive transfer of wild type bone marrow and indicated that these cells were of hematopoietic origin. It is now definitively established that development of mast cells in bone marrow occurs along the myeloid pathway. However, several aspects need further clarification. In particular, identification and chemical characterization of growth factors expressing mast cell differentiating properties and the relationship between mast cell and basophils developmental pathways.
