ABSTRACT
Crews operating remotely piloted aircrafts (RPAs) in military operations may be among the few that truly experience tragic dilemmas similar to the famous Trolley Problem. In order to analyze decision-making and emotional conflict of RPA operators within Trolley-Problem-like dilemma situations, we created an RPA simulation that varied mission contexts (firefighter, military and surveillance as a control condition) and the social "value" of a potential victim. We found that participants (Air Force cadets and civilian students) were less likely to make the common utilitarian choice (sacrificing one to save five), when the value of the one increased, especially in the military context. However, in the firefighter context, this decision pattern was much less pronounced. The results demonstrate behavioral and justification differences when people are more invested in a particular context despite ostensibly similar dilemmas.
Subject(s)
Conflict, Psychological , Decision Making/ethics , Social Environment , Aircraft/ethics , Decision Making/physiology , Emotions/ethics , Ethical Theory , Female , Humans , Male , Military Personnel/psychology , Students/psychology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Unmanned aerial vehicles, or 'drones', appear to offer a flexible, accurate and affordable solution to some of the technical challenges of nature conservation monitoring and law enforcement. However, little attention has been given to their possible social impacts. In this paper, I review the possible social impacts of using drones for conservation, including on safety, privacy, psychological wellbeing, data security and the wider understanding of conservation problems. I argue that negative social impacts are probable under some circumstances and should be of concern for conservation for two reasons: (1) because conservation should follow good ethical practice; and (2) because negative social impacts could undermine conservation effectiveness in the long term. The paper concludes with a call for empirical research to establish whether the identified social risks of drones occur in reality and how they could be mitigated, and for self-regulation of drone use by the conservation sector to ensure good ethical practice and minimise the risk of unintended consequences.
Subject(s)
Aircraft/ethics , Biodiversity , Conservation of Natural Resources/methods , Aircraft/instrumentation , Computer Security/ethics , Politics , Privacy/psychology , SafetyABSTRACT
Unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly called drones, are being increasingly used in ecological research, in particular to approach sensitive wildlife in inaccessible areas. Impact studies leading to recommendations for best practices are urgently needed. We tested the impact of drone colour, speed and flight angle on the behavioural responses of mallards Anas platyrhynchos in a semi-captive situation, and of wild flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) and common greenshanks (Tringa nebularia) in a wetland area. We performed 204 approach flights with a quadricopter drone, and during 80% of those we could approach unaffected birds to within 4 m. Approach speed, drone colour and repeated flights had no measurable impact on bird behaviour, yet they reacted more to drones approaching vertically. We recommend launching drones farther than 100 m from the birds and adjusting approach distance according to species. Our study is a first step towards a sound use of drones for wildlife research. Further studies should assess the impacts of different drones on other taxa, and monitor physiological indicators of stress in animals exposed to drones according to group sizes and reproductive status.
Subject(s)
Aircraft/instrumentation , Behavior, Animal , Charadriiformes/physiology , Ducks/physiology , Aircraft/ethics , Animals , Color , Remote Sensing Technology/ethics , Remote Sensing Technology/instrumentationABSTRACT
En el entorno neumológico no es habitual conocer las normativas europeas y de EE. UU. que regulan la administración de oxígeno durante los viajes en avión y la política a tal respecto que cada compañía aérea tiene. Este desconocimiento se debe en gran parte a la escasez de artículos que abordan este tema en las revistas especializadas y a la llamativamente limitada información que nos proporcionan las aerolíneas en sus páginas web. En este artículo hemos abordado estas normativas, la política que siguen algunas aerolíneas y determinados aspectos prácticos que deberíamos tener en cuenta, para que podamos responder de forma satisfactoria a las preguntas que, en un momento puntual, nos pueda plantear un paciente que necesite utilizar oxígeno durante los viajes en avión
It is unusual for pulmonologists to be familiar with the European and US regulations governing the administration of oxygen during air travel and each airlines policy in this respect. This lack of knowledge is in large part due to the scarcity of articles addressing this matter in specialized journals and the noticeably limited information provided by airlines on their websites. In this article we examine the regulations, the policies of some airlines and practical aspects that must be taken into account, so that the questions of a patient who may need to use oxygen during a flight may be answered satisfactorily
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/classification , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/methods , Aircraft/ethics , Legislation as Topic , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/nursing , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy , Aircraft/instrumentation , Aircraft/standards , Oxygen Consumption/ethics , United States/ethnology , EuropeABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Aircraft/ethics , Aircraft/standards , Infant, Newborn/growth & development , Vibration/adverse effects , Noise/legislation & jurisprudence , Noise/prevention & controlABSTRACT
The prospect of increasingly autonomous military robots has raised concerns about the obfuscation of human responsibility. This papers argues that whether or not and to what extent human actors are and will be considered to be responsible for the behavior of robotic systems is and will be the outcome of ongoing negotiations between the various human actors involved. These negotiations are about what technologies should do and mean, but they are also about how responsibility should be interpreted and how it can be best assigned or ascribed. The notion of responsibility practices, as the paper shows, provides a conceptual tool to examine these negotiations as well as the interplay between technological development and the ascription of responsibility. To illustrate the dynamics of responsibility practices the paper explores how the introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles has led to (re)negotiations about responsibility practices, focusing particularly on negotiations within the US Armed Forces.
Subject(s)
Aircraft/ethics , Robotics/ethics , Social Responsibility , Warfare , Humans , United StatesABSTRACT
No disponible
