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1.
Adicciones (Palma de Mallorca) ; 23(4): 289-298, oct.-dic. 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-96396

ABSTRACT

En España, las Comunidades Terapéuticas (CT) constituyen un modelo de tratamiento común en las adicciones, aunque apenas existe investigación acerca de su eficacia y la persistencia de sus logros. Objetivos: Evaluarlos efectos a corto, medio y largo plazo del tratamiento de la adicción al alcohol o cocaína en las CT de la “Fundación Salud y Comunidad”. Diseño: Estudio piloto descriptivo, con un diseño secuencial de cohorte. Se aplicó una encuesta diseñada ad hoc a 91 usuarios para conocer su evolución en los diferentes periodos de seguimiento (1, 3, 5 ó 10 años después de su salida de la CT): variables sociodemográficas, de uso de la/s sustancia/s psicoactiva/s y relacionadas con la estancia en la CT. Se describe el cambio entre antes de la CT y en la actualidad respecto a variables académicas, laborales, de consumo de droga/s, salud, adaptación socio-familiar y comportamiento delictivo. Resultados: las cohortes mostraron un patrón previo relativamente común, recibiendo un tratamiento similar. Los usuarios afirman haber disminuido el hábito de consumo frecuente de la droga principal, encontrando un 48.9% que no ha recaído ni siquiera mediante un consumo ocasional de la/s droga/s. También perciben haber mejorado su salud y sus relaciones familiares, así como el comportamiento agresivo y problemas legales derivados del consumo de droga/s. Conclusiones: tras su rehabilitación en una CT, los usuarios manifiestan una disminución global del consumo de drogas y perciben una mejora a nivel de salud, familia, violencia y problemáticas derivadas del consumo (AU)


In Spain, the Therapeutic Community (TC) constitutes a common model of treatment in the field of addictions, although there hardly exists any investigation about its efficiency and the persistence of its attainments. Aims: To evaluate the short, half and long term effects of treatment of addiction to alcohol or cocaine in the TC run by “Fundación Salud y Comunidad” (Foundation Health and Community). Design: descriptive pilot study, with a sequential design of cohort. 91 users completed a survey specifically designed to know their evolution at different follow-up periods (1, 3, 5 or 10 years after their exit from the TC): socio-demographic, psychoactive substance use, other variables related to the stay at the TC. Changes between before the TC and the present time regarding variables such as academic, labour, drug consumption, health, family and social adaptation and their criminal behaviour are described. Results: the cohorts showed a relatively common previous socio-demographic pattern having received a similar treatment. The users reported to have diminished the frequent consumption of the main drug, having 48.9% never relapsed even through an occasional consumption of the drug/s. Also they perceived to have improved their health and family relations, as well as their aggressive behaviour and legal problems linked with their consumption of drug/s. Conclusions: after their rehabilitation in a TC, the users report a global decrease of the consumption of drugs and perceive an improvement of their health, family relations, violence and other problems linked to their former drug use (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Alcoholics/education , Alcoholics/history , Cocaine-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Cocaine-Related Disorders/pathology , Pilot Projects , Alcoholics/psychology , Alcoholics/statistics & numerical data , Cocaine-Related Disorders/complications , Cocaine-Related Disorders/history , Cocaine-Related Disorders/rehabilitation , Cocaine-Related Disorders/therapy , Therapeutic Community
2.
Adicciones (Palma de Mallorca) ; 23(4): 299-316, oct.-dic. 2011.
Article in Spanish, English | IBECS | ID: ibc-96397

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Los avances en farmacoterapia del alcoholismo podrían propiciar un cambio de paradigma, basado en los nuevos programas de reducción del consumode alcohol. Material y Método: Este estudio revisa los fundamentos neurobiológicos y farmacoterapéuticos del alcoholismo, centrándose en los antagonistas opioides, el tratamiento orientado a la abstinencia y el orientado hacia la reducción del consumo de alcohol. Resultados: 1. Los programas de tratamiento de la dependencia del alcohol presentan sólo una eficacia pequeña o moderada.2. Los pacientes presentan una elevada motivación para reducir el consumo de alcohol pero una baja motivación para abandonar de manera continuada al consumo de alcohol.3. El programa de reducción continuada del consumo de alcohol, asociado a un tratamiento intermitente con naltrexona, puede ser de utilidad en los pacientes con una baja gravedad de la dependencia del alcohol. Discusión: Aunque los pacientes que presentan una grave dependencia del alcohol deberían ser tratados en programas orientados hacia la abstención continuada, los que presentan una baja gravedad pueden beneficiarse de los programas de reducción del consumo de alcohol, los cuales pueden conseguir a corto plazo una reducción el número de consumiciones por día de consumo y, a largo plazo, incluso una progresiva reducción de la “obsesión” por beber, la conducta de búsqueda de alcohol y los trastornos médicos, conductuales y sociales, causados por el consumo excesivo de alcohol. Para poder llevar a cabo este cambio de paradigma en el tratamiento del alcoholismo, se requieren futuros ensayos clínicos controlados para evaluar su eficacia y su tolerabilidad (AU)


Introduction: Recent pharmacotherapy findings from new alcohol reduction programmes could change the paradigm of alcohol-dependence treatment. Material and Method: This study reviews the neurobiological background and pharmacotherapy of alcohol-dependence disorder, focusing on opioid receptor antagonists, abstinence-oriented treatment and moderation-oriented treatment. Results: 1. Alcohol-dependence treatment programs show only low to moderate efficacy. 2. Patients usually show low motivation to sustain abstinence but high motivation to reduce alcohol use.3. A treatment program based on continued reduction of drinking and associated with intermittent treatment with naltrexone can be useful for low-severity alcohol-dependent patients. Discussion: Although high severity alcohol-dependent patients should stop drinking alcohol, low severity patients may have the option of reducing their alcohol consumption if they take an opioid antagonist medication everyday that they decide to drink alcohol. In the short term, the continuing drinking-reduction programmes may reduce the number of drinks per drinking day and in the long term, they may progressively decrease the obsession for drinking, alcohol seeking behavior, and related medical, behavioral and social disorders. To change the paradigm in the treatment of alcohol–dependence disorder there is a need for further randomized controlled trials in order to assess their efficacy and tolerability (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Alcoholics/education , Alcoholics/psychology , Alcohol-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium , Alcoholic Neuropathy/diagnosis , Alcoholics/history , Alcoholics/statistics & numerical data , Alcohol-Related Disorders/complications , Alcohol-Related Disorders/rehabilitation
3.
Adicciones (Palma de Mallorca) ; 23(4): 317-325, oct.-dic. 2011. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-96398

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Los pacientes alcohólicos presentan una elevada mortalidad. Se conoce la de los pacientes que siguen un tratamiento ambulatorio especializado y la de los que ingresan por patologías orgánicas relacionadas con su abuso de alcohol, pero desconocemos si los alcohólicos con un perfil más psiquiátrico también fallecen de forma prematura. Objetivo: investigar las características clínicas, evolución terapéutica, supervivencia y los factores que pueden predecir mejor su mortalidad posterior. Material: Seguimiento longitudinal a los 14 años de una cohorte de 91 pacientes alcohólicos ingresados en 1993 para desintoxicación en una Sala de Psiquiatría y que siguieron tratamiento ambulatorio posterior. Resultados: Presentan una elevada presencia de patología psiquiátrica (40,6%) y múltiples antecedentes de tratamiento (78%). A los 14 años la mortalidad ha sido del 34,1%. Los pacientes fallecidos presentaban con más frecuencia deterioro cognitivo y situación de pensionistas. También recibían antidepresivos más a menudo, tenían menor soporte familiar y habían recaído más en el consumo de alcohol. Discusión: Muchos factores que predicen mayor mortalidad tienen relación con una mayor edad. En los pacientes más jóvenes la presencia de síntomas de deterioro neuropsicológico podría señalar una alteración orgánica prematura y probablemente un mayor riesgo de incumplimiento de tratamientos, mal cuidado físico y situaciones traumáticas, físicas y mentales, todo lo cual favorecería también la mortalidad prematura (AU)


Introduction: Alcoholic patients show a high mortality rate. We know about the increased mortality of outpatients following specialized treatment for alcohol abuse and inpatients with organic diseases related to alcohol, but it is not clear whether alcoholics with a comorbid psychiatric profile also die prematurely. Objective: To investigate clinical characteristics, therapeutic evolution, survival, and factors that can better predict mortality. Materials: 14-year longitudinal monitoring of 91 patients hospitalized in 1993 for detoxification in a psychiatric unit and who subsequently received outpatient treatment. Results: Patients show a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders (40.6%) and multiple periods of previous treatment (78%). After 14 years the mortality rate was 34.1%. Deceased patients more often presented cognitive decline and were more often on pensions. They were also taking more antidepressants, had less family support and were more likely to have relapsed into alcohol use. Discussion: Many of the factors that predict higher mortality are age-related. In younger patients, the presence of neuropsychological deterioration symptoms may indicate a premature organic disorder and probably greater risk of treatment failure, poor physical care and traumatic physical and mental situations, all of which would also increase the likelihood of premature mortality (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Alcoholics , Alcoholism/diagnosis , Alcoholism/pathology , Alcohol-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Alcohol-Related Disorders/pathology , Psychoses, Alcoholic , Alcoholics/history , Alcoholics/psychology , Alcoholics/statistics & numerical data , Alcohol Deterrents/standards , Alcohol Deterrents/therapeutic use , Alcoholism/complications , Alcoholism/mortality
4.
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-56133

ABSTRACT

En la persona dependiente el consumo se convierte en una prioridad, por cuyo motivo se van a reducir ó abandonar actividades sociales, laborales y recreativas. Avanzando la dependencia, la vida de la persona gira en actividades dirigidas a consumir y conseguir la droga. Estudiamos en un grupo de pacientes alcohólicos y cocainómanos ingresados en el Hospital, características del entorno familiar y los efectos nocivos familiares en ellos, determinando su relación. Estudiamos 172 pacientes masculinos, 37 cocainómanos y 135 alcohólicos ingresados. Utilizamos en el análisis estadístico la prueba t, Chi-cuadrado y Odds Ratio con nivel de significación del 5 por ciento. Las variables sociodemográficas fueron: Padre vivo o fallecido, Madre viva o fallecida, Fallecimiento de la madre, Fallecimiento del padre, Divorcio de los padres, Momento del divorcio de los padres, Efectos nocivos familiares determinados por la toxicomanía. Los alcohólicos presentaron proporciones significativamente mayores de padre y madre fallecidos. Con padre o madre fallecidos antes de 15 años de edad están más de la mitad de los casos, por tipo de toxicomaníaigual comportamiento. Los cocainómanos presentaron 3.2 veces más riesgo significativo de padres divorciados y presentaron más riesgo significativo de padres divorciados antes de quince años de edad porque la fragmentación hogareña en etapa de formación de la personalidad de los hijos es un factor de riesgo para estas adicciones. Los efectos nocivos familiares se presentan en orden descendente por los pacientes. De nueve efectos; seis se presentan en más de la mitad. Las familias con desajustes no tienen adecuados estilos de afrontamiento ante conflictos(AU)


On drug depending persons consumption is a priority and for this reason recreational, work and social activities are reduced or abandoned. While the dependence comes greater the persons life turns around activities directed to consumption and to get the drug. A study was done on cocaine and alcoholic patients admitted in the hospital as well as family environment characteristics and harmful effects on alcohol and cocaine addicted relatives determining its relation. There were studied 172 masculine patients, 37 of them with cocaine dependence and 135 alcoholic admitted patients. For the statistical analysis were used T test, Square Chi and Odds Ratio with a significant level of 5 percent. The socio demographic variables were: Deceased or alive father, deceased or alive mother, death of the mother, death of the father, parents divorce. Moment in which took place the parents divorce Harmful effects on relatives caused by drug addiction. The alcoholic patients showed greater significant proportions of death parents. The half of the patients is the ones that their parents passed away before they were 15 years old and idem for drug abuse. The patients addicted to cocaine showed 3.2 more significant risks of divorced parents and showed more risk of divorced parents before they were 15 years old. The family division during the stage of personality formation on children is risk factor for these addictions. The relatives harmful effects are presented in descendant order by patients. Of nine effects, six of them are present in more than the half of the patients. The dysfunction families do not have an adequate facing up of the conflicts.Key words: drug abuse, alcoholics, cocaine consumers


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Cocaine-Related Disorders/etiology , Behavior, Addictive/etiology , Alcoholism/psychology , Alcoholics/history , Alcoholics/psychology , Life Change Events/history
5.
J Black Stud ; 41(1): 71-88, 2010.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21117276

ABSTRACT

The use and abuse of alcohol is prevalent in many nations across the globe, but few studies have examined within-group differences found in people of African descent in the United States, in Africa, and in the Caribbean. A review of current research about alcohol use, abuse, and treatment in people of African descent is presented, including information about risk factors and contributors to alcohol use. Examples of education and prevention interventions are also described. Finally, conclusions based on the review of the research literature as well as recommendations for future research are explained.


Subject(s)
Alcoholism , Community Health Centers , Preventive Health Services , Public Health , Racial Groups , Africa/ethnology , Alcoholics/education , Alcoholics/history , Alcoholics/legislation & jurisprudence , Alcoholics/psychology , Alcoholism/economics , Alcoholism/ethnology , Alcoholism/history , Caribbean Region/ethnology , Community Health Centers/economics , Community Health Centers/history , Community Health Centers/legislation & jurisprudence , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Preventive Health Services/economics , Preventive Health Services/history , Preventive Health Services/legislation & jurisprudence , Public Health/economics , Public Health/education , Public Health/history , Public Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Racial Groups/education , Racial Groups/ethnology , Racial Groups/history , Racial Groups/legislation & jurisprudence , Racial Groups/psychology , Risk Factors , United States/ethnology
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