ABSTRACT
A number of poisoning and suicide cases involving formamidine pesticides have been reported, thus developing a rapid and low cost determination method is crucial. In this work, a rapid, sensitive and low-cost method for the simultaneous determination of formamidine pesticides (amitraz, chlordimeform, formetanate) and their main metabolites, N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-methyl-formamidine, 2,4-dimethylformamidine, 2,4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-2-methylaniline and 3-hydroxyacetanilide in human blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry is developed. The application of columns with core-shell particles significantly reduced the analysis time. Very low LODs (0.01-0.04⯵gâ¯L-1) were obtained for formamidine pesticides and their metabolites. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of human blood samples from a real forensic case. The significantly reduced analysis time, high sensitivity and low cost are the primary advantages of the developed method. This methodology provides important value for sensitive and rapid determination of residue pesticides and metabolites, study of residue pesticides behavior in human body, as well as application in real forensic cases.
Subject(s)
Amidines/blood , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Adult , Amidines/poisoning , Child , Female , Humans , Limit of Detection , Linear Models , Male , Pesticide Residues/blood , Reproducibility of Results , Sodium ChlorideABSTRACT
Chlordimeform (Cdf) is readily absorbed through the skin of pesticide applicators. It also enters the body when breathed into the lungs. Cdf can be found in the urine of workers who handle or are involved in applying pesticide products which contain the chemical, even when they are wearing special protective clothing and respirators. Because of the adverse health effects seen in heavily exposed workers and the cancerous tumors seen in mice, special precautions are necessary when handling products containing Cdf to reduce the risk of adverse health effects. Because Cdf is known to enter the body very easily, with serious injury potential, workers handling pesticide products containing Cdf in California are required to have medical supervision including a blood test at the beginning and end of each application season and monthly testing of urine for possible cellular change and pesticide residues during the time Cdf exposure takes place. This program is designed to keep worker exposure as low as possible.
Subject(s)
Agriculture , Amidines/poisoning , Chlorphenamidine/poisoning , Occupational Diseases/chemically induced , Animals , California , Chlorphenamidine/urine , Humans , Mice , Neoplasms/chemically induced , Occupational Diseases/prevention & control , Protective Clothing , Safety , Skin AbsorptionSubject(s)
Amidines/administration & dosage , Amidines/poisoning , Antiprotozoal Agents/administration & dosage , Benzamidines/administration & dosage , Diminazene/poisoning , Dog Diseases/chemically induced , Phenyl Ethers/administration & dosage , Animals , Babesiosis/drug therapy , Dog Diseases/drug therapy , Dogs , Drug Therapy, CombinationABSTRACT
The health effects of two pesticides, chlordimeform and propanil, are discussed. Chlordimeform and 2-methyl-4-chloroaniline, a major metabolite of chlordimeform, cause severe hemorrhagic cystitis in humans. In cats, however, only a mild effect on the bladder was noted. The herbicide propanil has produced chloracne in humans, and along with 3,4-dichloroaniline, hyperkeratosis in rabbits. The contaminants 3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazobenzene and 3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene are responsible for the chloracnegenic characteristics of propanil, 3,4-dichloroaniline, and methazole.
Subject(s)
Amidines/poisoning , Anilides/toxicity , Chlorphenamidine/poisoning , Propanil/toxicity , Urinary Bladder Diseases/chemically induced , Acne Vulgaris/chemically induced , Animals , Cats , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury , Chlorphenamidine/analogs & derivatives , Female , Humans , Keratosis/chemically induced , Male , Occupational Diseases/chemically induced , RabbitsABSTRACT
When administered subcutaneously in 2 equal daily doses at a total dosage rate of 20 mg/kg, amicarbalide was found to be an effective agent for controlling acute infections of Anaplasma marginale and A. centrale in intact and splenectomized cattle. Attempts to sterilize patent and latent Anaplasma infections, however, were unsuccessful. At total dosage rates of 40 mg/kg and higher, amicarbalide exhibited potent hepato- and nephrotoxic tendencies.
Subject(s)
Amidines/administration & dosage , Anaplasmosis/drug therapy , Carbanilides/administration & dosage , Amidines/poisoning , Anaplasma , Animals , Carbanilides/poisoning , Cattle , Hematocrit , Kidney/pathology , Liver/pathology , Spleen/physiologyABSTRACT
Depletion of serotonin or norepinephrine in male rats by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine or DL-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, respectively, failed to reduce the lethality of the monoamine oxidase-inhibiting acaricide, chlordimeform. Administration of phenylephrine, a directly acting alpha-adrenergic agonist, with chlordimeform did not increase the lethality of chlordimeform. Thus, monoamine oxidase inhibition by chlordimeform does not seem to contribute to its lethality.
Subject(s)
Amidines/poisoning , Chlorphenamidine/poisoning , Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/poisoning , Animals , Behavior, Animal , Chlorphenamidine/toxicity , Fenclonine/pharmacology , Lethal Dose 50 , Male , Methyltyrosines/pharmacology , Phenylephrine/pharmacology , RatsABSTRACT
A 76-year old farmer ingested 100 g of chlorphenamidine (Galectron), a plant acaricle, for the purpose of suicide. Gastric lavage was performed and the patient survived. Methemoglobinemia was noted after emergency treatment and was still present at 20 hours after ingestion of the compound. The patient was lethargic for at least 50 hours. Moderate neutrophilic leukocytosis and kidney injury were observed.
