ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) nasopharyngeal (NP) colonisation among healthy children where Hib vaccination using a 3p+0 dosing schedule has been routinely administered for 10 years with sustained coverage (> 90%). NP swabs were collected from 2,558 children who had received the Hib vaccine, of whom 1,379 were 12-< 24 months (m) old and 1,179 were 48-< 60 m old. Hi strains were identified by molecular methods. Hi carriage prevalence was 45.1% (1,153/2,558) and the prevalence in the 12-< 24 m and 48-< 60 m age groups were 37.5% (517/1,379) and 53.9% (636/1,179), respectively. Hib was identified in 0.6% (16/2,558) of all children in the study, being 0.8% (11/1,379) and 0.4% (5/1,179) among the 12-< 24 m and 48-< 60 m age groups, respectively. The nonencapsulate Hi colonisation was 43% (n = 1,099) and was significantly more frequent at 48-< 60 m of age (51.6%, n = 608) compared with that at 12-< 24 m of age (35.6%, n = 491). The overall resistance rates to ampicillin and chloramphenicol were 16.5% and 3.7%, respectively; the co-resistance was detected in 2.6%. Our findings showed that the Hib carrier rate in healthy children under five years was very low after 10 years of the introduction of the Hib vaccine.
Subject(s)
Carrier State/immunology , Haemophilus Infections/prevention & control , Haemophilus Vaccines/therapeutic use , Haemophilus influenzae type b/immunology , Nasopharynx/microbiology , Ampicillin Resistance/immunology , Bacterial Capsules/immunology , Brazil/epidemiology , Carrier State/microbiology , Child, Preschool , Chloramphenicol Resistance/immunology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Haemophilus Infections/epidemiology , Haemophilus influenzae type b/classification , Humans , Immunization Schedule , Infant , Mass Vaccination , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of Haemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) nasopharyngeal (NP) colonisation among healthy children where Hib vaccination using a 3p+0 dosing schedule has been routinely administered for 10 years with sustained coverage (> 90%). NP swabs were collected from 2,558 children who had received the Hib vaccine, of whom 1,379 were 12-< 24 months (m) old and 1,179 were 48-< 60 m old. Hi strains were identified by molecular methods. Hi carriage prevalence was 45.1% (1,153/2,558) and the prevalence in the 12-< 24 m and 48-< 60 m age groups were 37.5% (517/1,379) and 53.9% (636/1,179), respectively. Hib was identified in 0.6% (16/2,558) of all children in the study, being 0.8% (11/1,379) and 0.4% (5/1,179) among the 12-< 24 m and 48-< 60 m age groups, respectively. The nonencapsulate Hi colonisation was 43% (n = 1,099) and was significantly more frequent at 48-< 60 m of age (51.6%, n = 608) compared with that at 12-< 24 m of age (35.6%, n = 491). The overall resistance rates to ampicillin and chloramphenicol were 16.5% and 3.7%, respectively; the co-resistance was detected in 2.6%. Our findings showed that the Hib carrier rate in healthy children under five years was very low after 10 years of the introduction of the Hib vaccine.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Carrier State/immunology , Haemophilus Infections/prevention & control , Haemophilus Vaccines/therapeutic use , Haemophilus influenzae type b/immunology , Nasopharynx/microbiology , Ampicillin Resistance/immunology , Bacterial Capsules/immunology , Brazil/epidemiology , Carrier State/microbiology , Chloramphenicol Resistance/immunology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Haemophilus Infections/epidemiology , Haemophilus influenzae type b/classification , Immunization Schedule , Mass Vaccination , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
La gastroenteritis infecciosa constituye uno de los principales problemas de salud en casi todos los países de la América Latina. La Organización Mundial de la Salud reporta a las enfermedades diarreicas como una de las tres principales causas de defunsión en niños menores de 5 años, su etiología puede ser bacteriana, viral o parasitaria. Entre los agentes bacterianos se encuentran con mayor frecuencia especies de Salmonella, Shigella y E. coli enteropatógena y otras de menor frecuencia, como lo son Yersinia, Compylobacter, Plesiomonas, Aeromonas y Vibrio. El presente trabajo se ralizó con el fin de detectar a los agentes infecciosos clásicos (E. coli enteropatógena, Shigella y Salmonella). Durante 8 años se analizaron 22 519 muestras de materia fecal de pacientes del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, resultado E. coli enteropatógena como la más frecuente con un 7 por ciento, seguida de Salmonella con 6 por ciento y Shigella 3 por ciento. Los serotipos más frecuentes de E. coli fueron 0111, 026 y 055, para Salmonella se observó el serogrupo B y en Shigella el serogrupo B (S. flexneri) también fue el más frecuente. Se observó infección múltiple en un 0.27 por ciento, Salmonella presentó resistencia a ampicilina, cefalotina y cloranfenicol. Shigella fue resistente a ampicilina, cefalotina, piperacilina y trimetoprim/sulfametoxasol
Subject(s)
Ampicillin Resistance/immunology , Diarrhea, Infantile/epidemiology , Diarrhea, Infantile/etiology , Escherichia coli/pathogenicity , Feces/parasitology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology , Salmonella/pathogenicity , Shigella/pathogenicity , Bacteriological TechniquesABSTRACT
Resistência de "Haemophilus influenzae" à ampicilina é um tema pouco conhecido e discutido em nosso meio. Na presente revisäo säo abordados aspectos relativos a diferentes mecanismos de resistência do microrganismo à ampicilina e os efeitos que os mesmos tem na definiçäo de resistência. A prevalência da resistência à ampicilina em diferentes países é apresentada, observando-se considerável variaçäo regional. A controvérsia sobre as alternativas para documentaçäo laboratorial da resistência é explorada, sendo discutidas as alternativas mais viáveis para laboratórios médicos. É destacada a necessidade de mais estudos que documentem resistência de "Haemophilus influenzae" à ampicilina em nosso país
Subject(s)
Ampicillin Resistance/immunology , Haemophilus influenzae/drug effects , Haemophilus Infections/drug therapyABSTRACT
La infección recurrente del tracto urinario es un síndrome que en la consulta diaria se encuantra con bastante frecuencia. Estas recurrencias de la enfermedad representan lo que se conoce como reinfeccion o recaída. Se comentan algunos mecanismos fisiopatológicos que se han asociado con este padecimiento y algunas de las posibles conductas a seguir de primera intención para su adecuado tratamiento
Subject(s)
Pyelonephritis/epidemiology , Recurrence , Urinary Tract/pathology , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Ampicillin Resistance/immunology , Urography , Risk Factors , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug CombinationABSTRACT
Los resultados presentados ponen de manifiesto las cifras de resistencia a los antibióticos en cepas bacterianas aisladas recientemente en hospitales venezolanos. La necesidad de modificaciones a los esquemas tradicionales de tratamiento quedó de manifiesto. Problemas recientes parecen ser la resistencia en gonococco, la sensibilidad disminuida a la pinicilina en neumococo, la resistencia creciente a cefalosporinas de tercera generación en bacilos Gram negativos y el incremento de resistencia a las nuevas quinolonas. El sistema de vigilancia presentado ha funcionado y representa una valiosa ayuda para la selección empírica de antibióticos. Igualmente, permite detectar precozmente cambios de patrón y, gracias a los programas existentes de computación, permite inferir mecanismos especificos de resistencia. Intentar correlacionar estos resultados con patrones de uso de antibióticos escapa del propósito del presente trabajo. Sin embargo, las cifras presentadas invitan el uso juicioso y ponderado de los mismos