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1.
Biomed Chromatogr ; 37(6): e5627, 2023 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36932688

ABSTRACT

In order to achieve the long-term management of endometriosis, a more economical and environmentally friendly material, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), was used to prepare a intravaginal ring with anastrozole (ATZ). This paper has compared the pharmacokinetic parameters with oral tablets (Aida®) in mini pigs and evaluated the uterine targeted effect and mucosal irritation of the ring. A bioassay method was developed and validated for the determination of ATZ in mini pigs. The determination of ATZ was achieved by LC-MS/MS using terfenadine as the internal standard. Separation was achieved on a Kinetex-C18 110A chromatographic column (3 × 30 mm, 2.6 µm; Phenomenex) with a gradient mobile phase consisting of methanol (0.1% formic acid) and water (0.1% formic acid). The method has been proved to be scientific and sensitive through methodological validation and can be easily and quickly applied to the determination of the content of anastrozole in mini pigs. The pharmacokinetic test results show that there was no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters between the two formulations. The intravaginal ring has a passive targeting effect on the uterus, and its mucosal irritation is acceptable. The intravaginal ring provides a new method for long-term management of endometriosis.


Subject(s)
Endometriosis , Swine , Female , Humans , Animals , Anastrozole/pharmacokinetics , Chromatography, Liquid , Endometriosis/drug therapy , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Swine, Miniature , Reproducibility of Results
2.
Cancer Sci ; 112(6): 2381-2392, 2021 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33686753

ABSTRACT

This post hoc analysis of MONARCH 2 and MONARCH 3 assesses the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of abemaciclib in combination with endocrine therapy (ET) in East Asian patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) advanced breast cancer. MONARCH 2 and MONARCH 3 are global, randomized, double-blind, phase 3 studies of abemaciclib/placebo + fulvestrant and abemaciclib/placebo + nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor (NSAI, anastrozole or letrozole), respectively. The East Asian population comprised 212 (31.7%) of the 669 intent-to-treat (ITT) population in the MONARCH 2 trial and 144 (29.2%) of the 493 ITT patients in the MONARCH 3 trial. In the East Asian population, median progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly prolonged in the abemaciclib arm compared with placebo in both MONARCH 2 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.520; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.362 to 0.747; P < .001; median: 21.2 vs 11.6 months) and MONARCH 3 (HR, 0.326; 95% CI, 0.200 to 0.531, P < .001; median: not reached vs 12.82 months). Diarrhea (MONARCH 2: 90%; MONARCH 3: 88%) and neutropenia (MONARCH 2: 68%; MONARCH 3: 58%) were the most frequent adverse events observed in the East Asian populations. Abemaciclib exposures and PK were similar in East Asians and the non-East Asian populations of both trials. Abemaciclib in combination with ET in the East Asian populations of MONARCH 2 and MONARCH 3 provided consistent results with the ITT populations, demonstrating improvements in efficacy with generally tolerable safety profiles for patients with HR+, HER2- advanced breast cancer.


Subject(s)
Aminopyridines/administration & dosage , Aromatase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Benzimidazoles/administration & dosage , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Fulvestrant/administration & dosage , Aminopyridines/adverse effects , Aminopyridines/pharmacokinetics , Anastrozole/administration & dosage , Anastrozole/adverse effects , Anastrozole/pharmacokinetics , Aromatase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Aromatase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Benzimidazoles/adverse effects , Benzimidazoles/pharmacokinetics , Breast Neoplasms/blood , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Diarrhea/chemically induced , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Double-Blind Method , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Fulvestrant/adverse effects , Fulvestrant/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Letrozole/administration & dosage , Letrozole/adverse effects , Letrozole/pharmacokinetics , Neutropenia/chemically induced , Neutropenia/epidemiology , Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics , Treatment Outcome
3.
JCI Insight ; 5(16)2020 08 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32701512

ABSTRACT

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) reduce breast cancer recurrence and prolong survival, but up to 30% of patients exhibit recurrence. Using a genome-wide association study of patients entered on MA.27, a phase III randomized trial of anastrozole versus exemestane, we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in CUB And Sushi multiple domains 1 (CSMD1) associated with breast cancer-free interval, with the variant allele associated with fewer distant recurrences. Mechanistically, CSMD1 regulates CYP19 expression in an SNP- and drug-dependent fashion, and this regulation is different among 3 AIs: anastrozole, exemestane, and letrozole. Overexpression of CSMD1 sensitized AI-resistant cells to anastrozole but not to the other 2 AIs. The SNP in CSMD1 that was associated with increased CSMD1 and CYP19 expression levels increased anastrozole sensitivity, but not letrozole or exemestane sensitivity. Anastrozole degrades estrogen receptor α (ERα), especially in the presence of estradiol (E2). ER+ breast cancer organoids and AI- or fulvestrant-resistant breast cancer cells were more sensitive to anastrozole plus E2 than to AI alone. Our findings suggest that the CSMD1 SNP might help to predict AI response, and anastrozole plus E2 serves as a potential new therapeutic strategy for patients with AI- or fulvestrant-resistant breast cancers.


Subject(s)
Anastrozole/pharmacology , Aromatase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics , Anastrozole/administration & dosage , Anastrozole/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology , Aromatase/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/mortality , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics , Estradiol/administration & dosage , Estradiol/pharmacology , Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism , Female , Genome-Wide Association Study , Humans , Pharmacogenetics , Postmenopause
4.
Drug Deliv ; 26(1): 586-594, 2019 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31174438

ABSTRACT

Intravaginal rings (IVRs) are an option for continuous administration of drugs in women. As an attractive approach for the treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain, IVRs delivering a combination of the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole (ATZ) and the progestin levonorgestrel (LNG) have been developed. This article describes the developmental pharmacokinetic (PK) aspects covering the characterization of in vitro release, preclinical IVR PK investigations in monkeys, and clinical PK considerations. An IVR for ATZ has been developed and investigated in healthy menstruating female cynomolgus monkeys showing effective in vivo release. PK data from the size-adapted IVR used in these animals can be translated into a human context as confirmed in human studies where predefined exposure levels of ATZ were reached. As ATZ may cause harm to the fetus, use of effective contraception has to be assured in women of childbearing potential. Therefore, the IVR delivers a low dose of LNG as a contraceptive. Although the daily dose differed strongly between both drugs (20 µg LNG/d to >1 mg ATZ/d), simultaneous delivery of ATZ and LNG in vitro and in vivo was observed with a high correlation between the in vitro release and PK profiles. The PK characteristics successfully guided the design of clinical studies investigating the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential. No relevant DDI between both the investigated or other vaginally administered drugs were identified.


Subject(s)
Anastrozole/pharmacokinetics , Levonorgestrel/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Intravaginal , Animals , Contraceptive Devices, Female , Delayed-Action Preparations/pharmacokinetics , Drug Liberation/drug effects , Female , Humans , Macaca fascicularis
5.
J Clin Pharmacol ; 59(7): 1022-1028, 2019 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30791125

ABSTRACT

Intravaginal rings (IVRs) are an established option for continuous administration of drugs in women. The combination of anastrozole (ATZ) and levonorgestrel (LNG) in an IVR with an intended 4-week wearing period has been considered for long-term treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. A randomized, parallel-group, multicenter phase 2b study to assess the efficacy and safety of different dose combinations in women with symptomatic endometriosis has recently been performed. This paper will focus on the investigation of pharmacokinetic (PK) effects of ATZ on LNG using data collected from this study. Two hundred sixteen patients were randomized to the treatment group with IVRs releasing LNG 40 µg/day alone or in combination with ATZ 300 µg/day, 600 µg/day, or 1050 µg/day for 12 weeks. PK blood samples were taken before dosing and before IVR replacement or removal (days 28, 56, and 84). The primary PK parameter was the plasma concentration in apparent steady state of ATZ and LNG at the end of each IVR wearing period. Results of PK analysis demonstrate that ATZ concentrations increased proportionally with increasing dose (geometric mean values of 7.85, 15.48, and 22.61 µg/L at 300, 600, and 1050 µg/day nominal release, respectively). All point estimates for LNG concentration in apparent steady state ratios between the mono and combination IVR groups were close to 1, and the 90% confidence interval limits were in the 0.80 to 1.25 range (1.01 [0.85-1.19], 1.03 [0.88-1.20], 0.94 [0.80-1.10]). In conclusion, our data indicate there is no evidence of drug-drug interaction of ATZ on LNG.


Subject(s)
Anastrozole/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacokinetics , Contraceptive Agents, Hormonal/pharmacokinetics , Levonorgestrel/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Intravaginal , Adult , Anastrozole/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/administration & dosage , Contraceptive Agents, Hormonal/administration & dosage , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Double-Blind Method , Drug Combinations , Drug Interactions , Female , Humans , Levonorgestrel/administration & dosage
6.
Clin Pharmacol Ther ; 106(1): 219-227, 2019 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30648747

ABSTRACT

Anastrozole is a widely prescribed aromatase inhibitor for the therapy of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for plasma anastrozole concentrations in 687 postmenopausal women with ER+ breast cancer. The top single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) signal mapped across SLC38A7 (rs11648166, P = 2.3E-08), which we showed to encode an anastrozole influx transporter. The second most significant signal (rs28845026, P = 5.4E-08) mapped near ALPPL2 and displayed epistasis with the SLC38A7 signal. Both of these SNPs were cis expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL)s for these genes, and patients homozygous for variant genotypes for both SNPs had the highest drug concentrations, the highest SLC38A7 expression, and the lowest ALPPL2 expression. In summary, our GWAS identified a novel gene encoding an anastrozole transporter, SLC38A7, as well as epistatic interaction between SNPs in that gene and SNPs near ALPPL2 that influenced both the expression of the transporter and anastrozole plasma concentrations.


Subject(s)
Alkaline Phosphatase/genetics , Anastrozole/pharmacokinetics , Aromatase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Epistasis, Genetic/genetics , Anastrozole/blood , Anastrozole/therapeutic use , Aromatase Inhibitors/blood , Aromatase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics , Female , GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics , Genome-Wide Association Study , Genotype , Humans , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Postmenopause , Receptors, Estrogen/biosynthesis
7.
Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev ; 8(2): 217-222, 2019 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29659187

ABSTRACT

Anastrozole is currently used as first-line treatment in locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. A generic anastrozole tablet was developed to offer an alternative to the marketed tablet formulation. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the bioequivalence between the test and reference formulations of anastrozole in a single-dose, 2-period, 2-sequence crossover study with a 14-day washout interval. A total of 20 healthy male Chinese volunteers were enrolled and completed the study, after oral administration of a single dose of 1.0-mg test and reference formulations of anastrozole. The blood samples were collected at different times and were determined by a fully validated high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The evaluated pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax , AUC0-t , and AUC0-∞ , were assessed for bioequivalence based on current guidelines. The observed pharmacokinetic parameters of anastrozole of the test drug were similar to those of the reference formulation. The 90% confidence intervals of test/reference ratios for Cmax , AUC0-t , and AUC0-∞ were within the bioequivalence acceptance range of 80%-125%. The results obtained from these healthy Chinese subjects in this study suggest that the test formulation of anastrozole 1.0-mg tablet is bioequivalent to the reference formulation (Arimidex 1.0-mg tablet).


Subject(s)
Anastrozole/administration & dosage , Anastrozole/pharmacokinetics , Drugs, Generic/administration & dosage , Drugs, Generic/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Oral , Adult , Area Under Curve , Biological Availability , China , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Cross-Over Studies , Healthy Volunteers , Humans , Male , Tablets , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Therapeutic Equivalency , Young Adult
8.
Biomed Chromatogr ; 33(4): e4459, 2019 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30536439

ABSTRACT

This report details the preparation of anastrozole (ATZ) reservoir-type intravaginal ring (IVR) and the detection of the concentration of ATZ in beagle dog plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). An ATZ reservoir-type IVR which included ATZ silicone elastomer core and a nonactive silicone layer was manufactured by reaction injection moulding at 80°C for 20 min. An in vitro release experiment was performed under sink conditions and the samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. A bioanalytical method was developed and validated for determination of ATZ in beagle dog plasma for IVR development. The analytical method consisted of the extraction of plasma samples and determination of ATZ by LC-MS/MS using buspirone as the internal standard. Separation was achieved on a Kinetex-C18 110A column (3 × 30 mm, 2.6 µm, Phenomenex) using step-gradient mobile phase and an isocratic flow rate consisting of formic acid. Protonated ions formed by a turboion spray in the positive mode was used to detect the analyte (ATZ) and internal standard. The MS-MS detection was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source. The mass spectrometer was operated in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The mass transition ion-pair was followed as m/z from 294.10 to 225.08 for anastrozole and m/z from 386.23 to 122.11 for buspirone. The results proved that the correlation between in vitro and in vivo analyses was relatively good.


Subject(s)
Anastrozole/analysis , Anastrozole/pharmacokinetics , Contraceptive Devices, Female , Anastrozole/chemistry , Animals , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Dogs , Female , Linear Models , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Tandem Mass Spectrometry
9.
Drug Des Devel Ther ; 12: 3653-3664, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30464397

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Anastrozole is a well-established active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) used for the treatment of hormone-sensitive breast cancer (BC) in postmenopausal women. However, treatment with the only available oral formulation is often associated with concentration-dependent serious side effects such as hot flashes, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, nausea, diarrhea, headache, and others. In contrast, a sustained-release system for the local application of anastrozole should minimize these serious adverse drug reactions. METHODS: Anastrozole-in-adhesive transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) were developed offering efficient loading, avoidance of inhomogeneity or crystallization of the drug, the desired controlled release kinetics, storage stability, easy handling, mechanical stability, and sufficient stickiness on the skin. In vitro continuous anastrozole release profiles were studied in Franz diffusion cells. In vivo, consecutive drug plasma kinetics from the final anastrozole transdermal system was tested in beagle dogs. For drug analysis, a specific validated liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry method using fragment ion detection was developed and validated. RESULTS: After efficient drug loading, a linear and sustained 65% drug release from the TDDS over 48 h was obtained. In vivo data showed a favorable anastrozole plasma concentration-time course, avoiding side effect-associated peak concentrations as obtained after oral administration but matching therapeutic plasma levels up to 72 h. CONCLUSION: These results provide the basis for establishing the transdermal application of anastrozole with improved pharmacokinetics and drug safety as novel therapeutic approach and promising option to treat human BC by decreasing the high burden of unwanted side effects.


Subject(s)
Anastrozole/pharmacokinetics , Skin Absorption/drug effects , Skin/drug effects , Administration, Cutaneous , Anastrozole/administration & dosage , Animals , Dogs , Drug Compounding , Drug Liberation , Male , Skin/metabolism
10.
Pharm Biol ; 56(1): 433-439, 2018 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30345900

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: Psoralen and anastrozole are always used together for breast cancer patients in Chinese clinics. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the effects of psoralen on the pharmacokinetics of anastrozole in rats and its potential mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The pharmacokinetics of orally administered anastrozole (0.5 mg/kg) with (test group) or without (Control group) psoralen pretreatment (20 mg/kg/day for 10 days) in male Sprague-Dawley rats (six rats in each group) were investigated. The plasma concentration of anastrozole was determined using a sensitive and reliable LC-MS/MS method. Additionally, the effects of psoralen on the intestine transport and metabolic stability of anastrozole (1 µM) were investigated using a Caco-2 cell transwell model and rat liver microsome incubation systems. RESULTS: The results indicated that psoralen could significantly increase the Cmax (from 56.74 ± 3.17 ng/mL to 83.26 ± 6.87 ng/mL), and t1/2 (from 10.80 ± 1.05 to 14.29 ± 1.38 h) of anastrozole (p < 0.05). Psoralen could also significantly decrease the efflux ratio of anastrozole from 1.88 to 1.32 (p < 0.05). Additionally, the intrinsic clearance rates of anastrozole decreased significantly (from 62.83 to 43.97 µL/min/mg protein) (p < 0.05) with psoralen pretreatment in rat liver microsome incubation systems. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that when the rats were pretreated with psoralen, the system exposure of anastrozole would be increased significantly. The results showed that the herb-drug interaction between psoralen and anastrozole might occur when they were co-administered, and future studies in humans also need to investigate its herb-drug interaction potential.


Subject(s)
Anastrozole/pharmacokinetics , Ficusin/pharmacology , Anastrozole/blood , Animals , Caco-2 Cells , Chromatography, Liquid , Drug Interactions , Humans , Male , Mass Spectrometry , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Microsomes, Liver/drug effects , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
11.
Adv Ther ; 35(11): 1945-1964, 2018 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30324586

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The PARP inhibitor olaparib is efficacious as monotherapy and has potential application in combination with endocrine therapy for the treatment of breast cancer. This phase I study assessed the safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of olaparib combined with tamoxifen, anastrozole or letrozole in patients with advanced solid tumours. METHODS: During part A, PK profiles were assessed in three consecutive treatment periods: (1) olaparib (tablet) 300 mg bid, days 1-5 followed by a 4-day washout; (2) cohort 1, tamoxifen 60 mg loading dose qd days 10-13, 20 mg qd days 14-26; cohort 2, anastrozole 1 mg qd days 10-19; cohort 3, letrozole 2.5 mg qd days 10-38; (3) as for period 2, with concomitant olaparib 300 mg bid for 5 days. Patients could then enter part B and receive olaparib monotherapy (300 mg bid continuously). Safety was assessed in parts A and B until 12 months after the last patient entered part B. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients (20.3% with breast cancer) received treatment in part A; 72 completed part A and 69 entered part B. Anastrozole and letrozole had no effect on the PK profile of olaparib and vice versa. Co-administration with tamoxifen produced a modest decrease in exposure to olaparib [geometric least-squares mean (GLSmean) Cmax,ss and AUC0-τ decreased by 20% (90% CI 0.71-0.90) and 27% (0.63-0.84), respectively]. Exposure to tamoxifen was slightly increased when combined with olaparib [GLSmean Cmax,ss and AUC0-τ increased by 13% (1.06-1.22) and 16% (1.11-1.21), respectively]; however, the 90% CI fell within the 0.7-1.43 boundary and there were no changes in exposure to tamoxifen metabolites. The safety profile for olaparib alone and in combination with the antihormonal therapies was acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of olaparib and either anastrozole, letrozole or tamoxifen was generally well tolerated, with no clinically relevant PK interactions identified. FUNDING: AstraZeneca. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02093351.


Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Drug Therapy, Combination , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Phthalazines/pharmacokinetics , Piperazines/pharmacokinetics , Adult , Aged , Anastrozole/administration & dosage , Anastrozole/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacokinetics , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Interactions , Drug Monitoring/methods , Drug Therapy, Combination/adverse effects , Drug Therapy, Combination/methods , Female , Humans , Letrozole/administration & dosage , Letrozole/pharmacokinetics , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Neoplasms/classification , Neoplasms/pathology , Phthalazines/administration & dosage , Piperazines/administration & dosage , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Tamoxifen/administration & dosage , Tamoxifen/pharmacokinetics , Treatment Outcome
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