ABSTRACT
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is the second most common hookworm infecting humans in the Asia-Pacific region. Recent reports suggest presence of the parasite in the Americas. We report A. ceylanicum infections in coyotes from the Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica. Our findings call for active surveillance in humans and animals.
Subject(s)
Ancylostoma , Ancylostomiasis , Coyotes , Zoonoses , Costa Rica/epidemiology , Animals , Ancylostomiasis/epidemiology , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Ancylostomiasis/parasitology , Ancylostomiasis/diagnosis , Ancylostoma/isolation & purification , Zoonoses/parasitology , Coyotes/parasitology , HumansABSTRACT
The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is classified as vulnerable to extinction. Here, we report the occurrence of ancylostomiasis in a young male Myrmecophaga tridactyla. The animal was raised from a puppy in captivity with management directed toward rehabilitation and monitored soft release. Five months after release, significant weight loss was noted in the individual, who was captured for examinations, with detection of Ancylostoma sp. in coproparasitological analysis. Although common in domestic carnivores, this is the first report of hookworm disease in free-ranging giant anteaters. Due to the stress factor arising from adapting to the challenges in the new environment, long-term post-release monitoring of animals undergoing rehabilitation is extremely important to increase the chance of survival of individuals. The giant anteater was released after treatment with vermifuge composed of fenbendazole, pyrantel pamoate, and praziquantel.
O tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) está classificado como vulnerável quanto ao risco de extinção. O objetivo deste trabalho é reportar a ocorrência de ancilostomíase em um macho jovem da espécie. Trata-se de um indivíduo que foi criado desde filhote em cativeiro, com manejo direcionado para a reabilitação e a soltura branda. Durante o monitoramento, cinco meses após a soltura, observou-se que o animal havia perdido peso, por isso ele foi capturado para avaliação médica veterinária, e constatou-se parasitismo por Ancylostoma sp. no exame coproparasitológico. Apesar de apresentar ocorrência comum em carnívoros domésticos, este é o primeiro relato de ancilostomíase em tamanduá-bandeira em vida livre. Devido ao estresse de adaptação, juntamente com os desafios do novo ambiente, a monitoração pós-soltura a longo prazo é de extrema importância para aumentar a chance de sobrevivência dos animais. O indivíduo foi solto após tratamento com vermifugação com a associação de fembendazol, pamoato de pirantel e praziquantel.
Subject(s)
Animals , Endangered Species , Vermilingua/parasitology , Ancylostoma/pathogenicity , Ancylostomiasis/veterinaryABSTRACT
Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworms are recognized agents of human infection in the Asia-Pacific region. We investigated prevalence of zoonotic hookworm infections in dogs in Grenada in 2021; 40.8% were infected by hookworms, including Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Surveillance of this parasite in dogs and humans is needed in tropical/subtropical countries in the Americas.
Subject(s)
Ancylostoma , Ancylostomiasis , Ancylostomatoidea , Ancylostomiasis/epidemiology , Ancylostomiasis/parasitology , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Animals , Dogs , Feces/parasitology , Grenada/epidemiology , Humans , Zoonoses/epidemiologyABSTRACT
A number of gastrointestinal parasites have been reported to infect dogs in Nigeria, some of which have zoonotic potential. Of these, hookworms are the most prevalent, with both Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala reported in the country. In this study, we subjected 203 hookworm microscopy-positive samples of the 885 individual faecal samples collected from dogs in Nigeria to a recently developed multiplex qPCR for the detection and characterisation of canine hookworm species. The qPCR demonstrated a diagnostic sensitivity of 98% (95% CI 95-99.4) allowing the detection of A. caninum and A. braziliense in 81.3% (165/203, 95% CI 75.3-86.1) and 51.2% (104/203, 95% CI 44.4-58) of the microscopy-positive faecal samples of dogs from Nigeria, respectively and 34.5% (70/203, 95% CI 28.3-41.3) of mixed infections with both hookworm species. The finding of A. braziliense is particularly worrisome given this is a well-known agent of persistent cutaneous larva migrans, commonly referred to as "creeping eruptions" in humans. Although this parasite has been diagnosed in locals and in people travelling in Nigeria suffering from dermatological illnesses, this represents the first molecular identification of A. braziliense in its canine reservoir in the country. These results update the occurrence and distribution of hookworm species affecting dogs in Nigeria highlighting the suitability of the newly developed multiplex qPCR assay as a high-throughput tool for the surveillance of zoonotic hookworms, globally.
Subject(s)
Ancylostoma/isolation & purification , Ancylostomatoidea/isolation & purification , Ancylostomiasis/parasitology , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Feces/parasitology , Hookworm Infections/parasitology , Ancylostoma/genetics , Ancylostomatoidea/genetics , Ancylostomiasis/epidemiology , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Animals , Biological Assay , DNA, Helminth/analysis , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Dogs , Hookworm Infections/epidemiology , Hookworm Infections/veterinary , Humans , Microscopy , Nigeria , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Zoonoses/parasitologyABSTRACT
Ancylostoma spp. are the most prevalent canine nematode parasites in Brazil. Despite their widespread parasitism in juvenile dogs, infections may occur regardless of host age. Although eosinophilia is a frequent finding in experimental infections, it is uncommon in naturally infected dogs. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. and the eosinophil blood counts (EBC) in naturally infected dogs, with or without comorbidities, admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu campus, São Paulo state, Brazil, from 2009 to 2018. All retrospective data were gathered from veterinary medical records (VMR); diagnosis of Ancylostoma infection required the identification of eggs in fecal samples by the simple flotation test (SFT). Ancylostoma-infected animals were evaluated for other intestinal parasitic coinfections (IPC) by either the SFT or the centrifugal-flotation test. Dogs free of any gastro-intestinal parasites were prospectively included in control group (Group C). Ancylostoma-infected animals were defined: Ancylostoma spp. only intestinal parasite infection (Group A), Ancyslostoma spp. with concurrent IPC (Group B), Ancylostoma spp. only intestinal parasite infection with concurrent systemic disorders (Group D), and Ancylostoma spp. with both IPC and concurrent systemic disorders (Group E). The overall prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. was 12.1% (207/1715), that was decreased from 2014 to 2018 (9.7%) relative to the 2009-to-2013 period (13.9%). Prevalence was not significantly different between dogs <1-year-old (10.7% [51/478]) and ≥ 1 year-old (11.7% [130/1109]). IPC was observed in 45.4% (93/205) of the animals positive for Ancylostoma spp., while dogs <1 year old experienced IPC more often (58.8% [30/51]) than dogs ≥1 year old (38.5% [50/130]) (P = 0.02). Group A (n = 35) exhibited median EBC of 1.05 × 109/L, and an eosinophilia ratio of 34.3% that was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than Group C (0.45 × 109/L and 4.1%, respectively). Both variables did not differ in Group B (n = 20), D (n = 39) or E (n = 36) in comparison to Group C (P > 0.05). By ROC curve analysis, only Group A generated a significant area under the curve (0.72). With EBC cutoff of 0.85 × 109 eosinophils/L, sensitivity and specificity were 65.7% and 70.8%, respectively. Eosinophil counts alone may be helpful in raising suspicion of an Ancylostoma spp. infection if further intestinal parasites and concurrent disorders are absent. However, local prevalence data and epidemiological findings should also be evaluated, since eosinophilia is less frequently observed with Ancylostoma spp. infections in the presence of comorbidities.
Subject(s)
Ancylostoma/isolation & purification , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary , Ancylostomiasis/epidemiology , Ancylostomiasis/parasitology , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dogs , Eosinophils , Female , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology , Leukocyte Count/veterinary , Male , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Marsupials of the genus Didelphis, such as black-eared opossums (Didelphis aurita), are common synanthropic animals in urban areas of Brazil. These marsupials are frequently parasitized by numerous helminth species, including ancylostomatid nematodes. This study aimed to report the occurrence of Ancylostoma caninum in black-eared opossums captured in an urban environment of Southeastern Brazil and discuss the potential impact of these findings for public health. From January to June 2019, we collected fecal samples from 49 restrained opossums and evaluated by a simple flotation method; Helminth eggs were observed at different magnifications and identified according to morphological and morphometric features. Genomic DNA was extracted from Ancylostomatidae eggs and screened by duplex PCR for Ancylostoma spp. and Necator americanus using primers that amplify a region of internal transcribed spacer 2 and the 28S ribosomal RNA (ITS2-28S rRNA). Ancylostoma spp. eggs were detected in 65.3% (32/49) of the animals. Sequence analysis revealed 100% homology with A. caninum sequences from GenBank. Our results demonstrate a new host-parasite interaction for A. caninum, suggesting that black-eared opossums may participate in the zoonotic cycle of this parasite in urban areas of Brazil.
Subject(s)
Ancylostoma/isolation & purification , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Didelphis/parasitology , Ancylostoma/genetics , Ancylostomiasis/epidemiology , Ancylostomiasis/parasitology , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Cities/epidemiology , Feces/parasitology , Genome, Helminth/genetics , Parasite Egg Count , PrevalenceABSTRACT
From the small intestines of both Ctenomys boliviensis and Ctenomys steinbachi collected from August 1984 through June 1990 from the eastern lowlands of the Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia a total of 36 specimens of Ancylostoma were recovered. Morphological investigation and comparisons with known species described and reported from mammals in the Neotropical Region show that this is an undescribed species, herein described as new. These nematans were collected from individuals of C. steinbachi collected from near a locality called Caranda (northwest of Santa Cruz de la Sierra) and from C. boliviensis from near Santa Rosa de la Roca (northeast of Santa Cruz de la Sierra) and from cajuchis collected from 3 km west of Estación El Pailón, 30 km east of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. The new species of Ancylostoma differs from all other species of Ancylostoma known from the Neotropical Region in the presence of paired sub-terminal papillae on the dorsal ray of males.
Subject(s)
Ancylostoma/classification , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Rodent Diseases/parasitology , Ancylostoma/anatomy & histology , Ancylostoma/isolation & purification , Ancylostomiasis/diagnosis , Ancylostomiasis/parasitology , Animals , Bolivia , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Intestine, Small/parasitology , Male , Rodent Diseases/diagnosis , Rodentia/parasitologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Here, we aimed to assess the pharmacokinetic performance and therapeutic response (anthelmintic efficacy) of an albendazole (ABZ) nano-sized formulation in dogs. METHODS: In the pharmacokinetic study, ABZ self-dispersible nanocrystals (SDNCS) and a control formulation were administered orally to healthy dogs (n = 6). The concentrations of the sulphoxide metabolite in plasma were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. For the anthelmintic efficacy trial, SDNCS and a commercially available formulation of ABZ were given to naturally parasitised dogs. The number of Ancylostoma caninum eggs in the faeces was determined using the McMaster technique. KEY FINDINGS: The area under the curve, Tmax and Cmax for the SDNCS were improved compared to the control. The efficacy study showed no statistical differences between the SDNCS and the commercial formulation at the doses of 25 and 12.5 mg/kg. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) between the treatments were found at 6.25 mg/kg (a quarter of the reference dose) with a reduction in the faecal nematode egg counts of 62.0 ± 21.1% and 100 ± 0% for the control and SDNCS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The improved pharmacokinetic performance observed for the novel formulation of ABZ correlated with an improved in vivo therapeutic response against a model intestinal nematode parasite in dogs.
Subject(s)
Albendazole/administration & dosage , Ancylostomiasis/drug therapy , Anthelmintics/administration & dosage , Nanoparticles , Albendazole/pharmacokinetics , Albendazole/pharmacology , Ancylostoma/drug effects , Ancylostomiasis/parasitology , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Animals , Anthelmintics/pharmacokinetics , Anthelmintics/pharmacology , Area Under Curve , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Dog Diseases/drug therapy , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dogs , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Feces/parasitology , Female , Male , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Os cães são responsáveis por muitas zoonoses. Este trabalho apresenta algumas zoonoses transmitidas por parasitas fecais. A pesquisa foi realizada entre junho e agosto de 2015, e avaliaram-se fezes coletadas de quatro locais diferentes; foram coletados 20 pools fecais (cinco pools por local). Logo após a coleta, as amostras foram encaminhadas ao laboratório de análises clínicas, para a pesquisa de parasitas pelo método de flutuação fecal com açúcar de Wisconsin modificado. Do total de amostras analisadas, 85% tinham ovos de parasitas, sendo os mais frequentes os ovos de Ancylostoma sp (100% das amostras), seguidos por 17,6% de ovos de Toxocara canis e cistos de Giardia sp, e 5,9% de ovos de Trichuris vulpis e tenídeos. Esses resultados mostram a necessidade do controle parasitário de cães na região, para diminuir a contaminação ambiental e o risco de zoonoses.
Dogs are responsible for many zoonoses. This paper presents some zoonoses transmitted by fecal parasites. Twenty fecal pools were collected from four different sites (five pools per site) between June and August 2015. Soon after retrieval, samples were sent to the laboratory for parasite research by the modified Wisconsin sugar flotation method. 85% of the analyzed samples contained eggs of parasites. The most frequent were eggs of Ancylostoma sp (100% of samples), followed by Toxocara canis and Giardia sp (17.6%) and Trichuris vulpis and taenids (5.9%). These results indicate the need for parasitic control of dogs in the region in order to reduce environmental contamination and the risk of zoonoses.
Los perros son los responsables de muchas zoonosis. Este trabajo presenta algunas de esas zoonosis transmitidas por parásitos de origen fecal. La investigación se realizó entre junio y agosto de 2015 a partir de la materia fecal recolectada en cuatro lugares diferentes; fueron recogidas 20 muestras fecales (cinco muestras por lugar). Inmediatamente después de ser recolectadas las muestras fueron derivadas al laboratorio de análisis clínicas para la investigación de parásitos mediante el método de fluctuación con azúcar - técnica de Wisconsin modificada. El 85% del total de muestras analizadas presentaban huevos de parásitos; en estas, los más frecuentes fueran Ancylostoma sp (100% de las muestras), Toxocara canis y quistes de Giardia sp (17% de las muestras), y Trichuris vulpis y huevos de tenías (5,9% de las muestras). Estos resultados muestran la necesidad de un mayor control parasita rio en los perros de esa región, a fin de disminuir la contaminación ambiental y, de esta forma, el riesgo de posibles zoonosis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Ancylostomiasis/epidemiology , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Parasite Egg Count , Feces/parasitology , Parasitic Diseases , ZoonosesABSTRACT
Os cães são responsáveis por muitas zoonoses. Este trabalho apresenta algumas zoonoses transmitidas por parasitas fecais. A pesquisa foi realizada entre junho e agosto de 2015, e avaliaram-se fezes coletadas de quatro locais diferentes; foram coletados 20 pools fecais (cinco pools por local). Logo após a coleta, as amostras foram encaminhadas ao laboratório de análises clínicas, para a pesquisa de parasitas pelo método de flutuação fecal com açúcar de Wisconsin modificado. Do total de amostras analisadas, 85% tinham ovos de parasitas, sendo os mais frequentes os ovos de Ancylostoma sp (100% das amostras), seguidos por 17,6% de ovos de Toxocara canis e cistos de Giardia sp, e 5,9% de ovos de Trichuris vulpis e tenídeos. Esses resultados mostram a necessidade do controle parasitário de cães na região, para diminuir a contaminação ambiental e o risco de zoonoses.(AU)
Dogs are responsible for many zoonoses. This paper presents some zoonoses transmitted by fecal parasites. Twenty fecal pools were collected from four different sites (five pools per site) between June and August 2015. Soon after retrieval, samples were sent to the laboratory for parasite research by the modified Wisconsin sugar flotation method. 85% of the analyzed samples contained eggs of parasites. The most frequent were eggs of Ancylostoma sp (100% of samples), followed by Toxocara canis and Giardia sp (17.6%) and Trichuris vulpis and taenids (5.9%). These results indicate the need for parasitic control of dogs in the region in order to reduce environmental contamination and the risk of zoonoses.(AU)
Los perros son los responsables de muchas zoonosis. Este trabajo presenta algunas de esas zoonosis transmitidas por parásitos de origen fecal. La investigación se realizó entre junio y agosto de 2015 a partir de la materia fecal recolectada en cuatro lugares diferentes; fueron recogidas 20 muestras fecales (cinco muestras por lugar). Inmediatamente después de ser recolectadas las muestras fueron derivadas al laboratorio de análisis clínicas para la investigación de parásitos mediante el método de fluctuación con azúcar - técnica de Wisconsin modificada. El 85% del total de muestras analizadas presentaban huevos de parásitos; en estas, los más frecuentes fueran Ancylostoma sp (100% de las muestras), Toxocara canis y quistes de Giardia sp (17% de las muestras), y Trichuris vulpis y huevos de tenías (5,9% de las muestras). Estos resultados muestran la necesidad de un mayor control parasita rio en los perros de esa región, a fin de disminuir la contaminación ambiental y, de esta forma, el riesgo de posibles zoonosis.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Feces/parasitology , Ancylostomiasis/epidemiology , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Parasite Egg Count , Parasitic Diseases , ZoonosesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Ancylostoma species have demanded attention due to their zoonotic potential. The use of anthelmintics is the usual method to prevent environmental contamination by Ancylostoma eggs and larvae. Nematophagous fungi have been widely used in their biological control due to the fungus ability to capture and digest free nematode forms. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four different fungal extracts of Paecilomyces lilacinus (n=2), Trichoderma harzianum (n=1) and Trichoderma virens (n=1) isolates on the hatchability of Ancylostoma eggs. METHODS: Fungal extracts consisted of fungal broth culture supernatant without filtration (crude extract) and filtered broth (filtered extract), macerated mycelium (crude macerate), and macerated mycelium submitted to filtration (filtered macerate). The Ancylostoma eggs were obtained from the feces of naturally infected dogs. In vitro assays were performed in five replicates and consisted of four treatments and one control group. RESULTS: The activity of the fungal extracts of each evaluated fungus differed (p<0.05) from those of the control group, showing significant ovicidal activity. The hatching of the eggs suffered reduction percentages of 68.43% and 47.05% with P. lilacinus, and 56.43% with T. harzianum, when crude macerate extract was used. The reduction with the macerate extract of T. virens was slightly lower (52.25%) than that for the filtered macerate (53.64%). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that all extracts were effective in reducing the hatchability of Ancylostoma eggs. The ovicidal effect observed is likely to have been caused by the action of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the fungi.
Subject(s)
Ancylostoma/drug effects , Biological Control Agents/pharmacology , Biological Products/pharmacology , Ovum/drug effects , Ovum/physiology , Paecilomyces , Trichoderma , Ancylostoma/isolation & purification , Ancylostomiasis/parasitology , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Animals , Dog Diseases/parasitology , DogsABSTRACT
Hookworm infection stands out for its worldwide distribution and for its veterinary and public health relevance. Based on copromicroscopic examinations and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, we assessed, respectively, the prevalence of intestinal parasites and the identification of canine hookworm species in faeces recovered from 278 dogs living in households of an inland municipality of São Paulo State, Brazil. Intestinal parasites were found in 67.3% of dogs and hookworm infection was found at the highest prevalence rate (56.6%), followed by Toxocara canis (11.9%), Isospora spp. (11.9%), Giardia spp. (5.8%), Sarcocystis spp. (4.0%), 'Hammondia-like' (1.4%), Dipylidium caninum (1.1%) and Trichuris vulpis (0.7%). Of 158 samples positive for hookworm eggs, 106 (67.1%) were amplified by PCR and, of those, 88 (55.7%) were successfully sequenced for species identification. Single infections with Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma braziliense were recorded in 61.4% and 12.5%, respectively, and mixed infections were found in 26.1%. The nucleotide sequences of both species showed high identity rates (98-100%) when compared with reference sequences. Although A. caninum was the most prevalent hookworm in the dogs assessed, the occurrence of both A. caninum and A. braziliense in single and/or mixed infections poses a potential risk for the local population in a low-income area, especially children, to acquire cutaneous larva migrans (CLM).
Subject(s)
Ancylostoma/isolation & purification , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Disease Transmission, Infectious , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Zoonoses/epidemiology , Zoonoses/transmission , Ancylostoma/genetics , Ancylostomiasis/diagnosis , Ancylostomiasis/epidemiology , Ancylostomiasis/parasitology , Animals , Brazil , DNA, Helminth/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/transmission , Dogs , Family Characteristics , Family Health , Feces/parasitology , Income , Microscopy , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Risk Assessment , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Ancylostoma spp. is one of the most prevalent canine intestinal nematode infections which usually causes subclinical disease in adult dogs and has zoonotic implications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore and evaluate the possible pathophysiological changes that Ancylostoma spp. could produce in female dogs naturally infected but without clinical signs of disease, by screening a wide variety of biochemical markers for potential changes. Samples of feces and blood of 45 dogs were collected and fecal flotation and zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation were performed. The biochemical analytes determined were: the acute-phase proteins C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (Hp); the lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL); the serum iron profile: iron, unsaturated iron binding-capacity (UIBC), and ferritin; the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChe); the pancreatic profile: amylase, lipase, and trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI); the oxidative stress markers: total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and paraoxonase -1 (PON-1), along with total protein, albumin, and insulin-like growth factor - 1 (IGF - 1). Ancylostoma spp. eggs were detected in 29/45 dogs (64.4 %). Dogs were divided into two groups according to the results of fecal flotation methods. Group 1: negative fecal floatation (n = 16), and Group 2: subclinical infection with the observation of Ancylostoma spp. type eggs/x 40 objective fields (n = 29). RESULTS: Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the biochemical analyte results between the two groups (P < 0.05). Significant increases in CRP (µg/mL) (median): non-infected dogs: 5.5; subclinically infected dogs 18.7; P = 0.03, Hp (g/L) (median): G1: 2.4; G2: 3.3; P = 0.03, and UIBC (µg/dL) (median): non-infected dogs: 139.4; subclinically infected dogs: 216; P = 0.0015, and significantly decreased iron (µg/dL) (median): non-infected dogs: 202.5; subclinically infected dogs: 125.7; P = 0.0041, IGF-1 (ng/mL) (median): non-infected dogs: 224; subclinically infected dogs: 123; P = 0.02, and albumin (g/dL) (median): non-infected dogs: 2.8; subclinically infected dogs: 2.5; P = 0.04 concentrations were observed in dogs with subclinical Ancylostoma spp. infection when compared to non-infected dogs. CONCLUSION: These findings provide an overview of the biochemical effects produced by patent Ancylostoma spp. in naturally infected dogs without any evident clinical signs of disease, which could be considered in differential diagnosis, especially in an endemic area for this parasite.
Subject(s)
Ancylostoma , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Ancylostomiasis/blood , Animals , Dog Diseases/blood , Dogs , Feces/parasitology , Female , OvumABSTRACT
This study evaluated the efficacy of pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin on gastrointestinal nematodes in dogs. Fecal egg counts per gram (EPG) were measured by the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in order to evaluate the anthelmintic efficiency and fecal float exams were also performed to assess the concordance between coproparasitological techniques. A total of 45 naturally infected dogs in the city of Bandeirantes, Paraná State, were selected and divided into three groups: Group 1, 15 animals that received pyrantel pamoate (145 mg) in a single dose; Group 2, 15 animals that received ivermectin (3 mg); and Group 3, 15 animals that comprised an untreated control group. Fecal testing was performed two and 10 days after treatment. Toxocara was the most prevalent genus, followed by Ancylostoma and Trichuris. Ancylostoma had low resistance to ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate treatment, while Toxocara were resistant to both treatments. Statistical correlation testing to compare coproparasitogical techniques revealed moderate concordance, substantial and almost perfect concordance for detection of Ancylostoma, Trichuris, and Toxocara, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the gender Ancylostoma had low resistance and Toxocara is resistant to both drugs and because of their high prevalence in young animals means that others anthelmintic drugs may be recommended to...(AU)
Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a eficácia do pamoato pirantel e da ivermectina sobre nematódeos gastrointestinais de cães. Para tanto foram realizados a contagem de ovos nas fezes (OPG) para avaliação da eficiência anti-helmíntica através do Teste de Redução da Contagem de Ovos nas Fezes (RCOF) e exame de flutuação Willis-Mollay para verificação de concordância entre as técnicas coproparasitológicas. Selecionou-se 45 cães na cidade de Bandeirantes, Paraná, naturalmente infectados, os quais foram divididos em três grupos experimentais: Grupo 1, 15 animais que receberam pamoato de pirantel 145 mg; Grupo 2, 15 animais que receberam ivermectina 3 mg e Grupo 3, 15 animais do grupo controle, não tratados. Coletas de fezes foram realizadas dois e dez dias depois para realização dos exames coproparasitológicos. Observou-se que o gênero de maior prevalência foi Toxocara, seguido de Ancylostoma e Trichuris. Ancylostoma apresentou baixa resistência ao tratamento com pamoato de pirantel e ivermectina, e Toxocara foi resistente a ambos os tratamentos. Através de testes de concordância estatística entre as técnicas coproparasitológicas utilizadas, foram constatadas concordâncias moderada, quase perfeita e substancial, respectivamente, na detecção de Ancylostoma, Toxocara e Trichuris. Concluímos neste estudo que o gênero Ancylostoma apresentou baixa resistência e Toxocara é resistente...(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Dog Diseases , Pyrantel Pamoate/therapeutic use , Ivermectin/therapeutic use , Nematoda , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , ToxocariasisABSTRACT
This study evaluated the efficacy of pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin on gastrointestinal nematodes in dogs. Fecal egg counts per gram (EPG) were measured by the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in order to evaluate the anthelmintic efficiency and fecal float exams were also performed to assess the concordance between coproparasitological techniques. A total of 45 naturally infected dogs in the city of Bandeirantes, Paraná State, were selected and divided into three groups: Group 1, 15 animals that received pyrantel pamoate (145 mg) in a single dose; Group 2, 15 animals that received ivermectin (3 mg); and Group 3, 15 animals that comprised an untreated control group. Fecal testing was performed two and 10 days after treatment. Toxocara was the most prevalent genus, followed by Ancylostoma and Trichuris. Ancylostoma had low resistance to ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate treatment, while Toxocara were resistant to both treatments. Statistical correlation testing to compare coproparasitogical techniques revealed moderate concordance, substantial and almost perfect concordance for detection of Ancylostoma, Trichuris, and Toxocara, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the gender Ancylostoma had low resistance and Toxocara is resistant to both drugs and because of their high prevalence in young animals means that others anthelmintic drugs may be recommended to...
Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a eficácia do pamoato pirantel e da ivermectina sobre nematódeos gastrointestinais de cães. Para tanto foram realizados a contagem de ovos nas fezes (OPG) para avaliação da eficiência anti-helmíntica através do Teste de Redução da Contagem de Ovos nas Fezes (RCOF) e exame de flutuação Willis-Mollay para verificação de concordância entre as técnicas coproparasitológicas. Selecionou-se 45 cães na cidade de Bandeirantes, Paraná, naturalmente infectados, os quais foram divididos em três grupos experimentais: Grupo 1, 15 animais que receberam pamoato de pirantel 145 mg; Grupo 2, 15 animais que receberam ivermectina 3 mg e Grupo 3, 15 animais do grupo controle, não tratados. Coletas de fezes foram realizadas dois e dez dias depois para realização dos exames coproparasitológicos. Observou-se que o gênero de maior prevalência foi Toxocara, seguido de Ancylostoma e Trichuris. Ancylostoma apresentou baixa resistência ao tratamento com pamoato de pirantel e ivermectina, e Toxocara foi resistente a ambos os tratamentos. Através de testes de concordância estatística entre as técnicas coproparasitológicas utilizadas, foram constatadas concordâncias moderada, quase perfeita e substancial, respectivamente, na detecção de Ancylostoma, Toxocara e Trichuris. Concluímos neste estudo que o gênero Ancylostoma apresentou baixa resistência e Toxocara é resistente...
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Dog Diseases , Ivermectin/therapeutic use , Nematoda , Pyrantel Pamoate/therapeutic use , ToxocariasisABSTRACT
The objective of this randomized, blinded, placebo controlled laboratory study was to confirm the efficacy of a single oral administration of two marketed formulations of milbemycin oxime (Interceptor(®) Flavor Tabs(®) and Sentinel(®) Flavor Tabs(®)) at a minimum dose of 0.5 mg/kg (0.23 mg/lb) against natural infections of Ancylostoma braziliense in dogs. Thirty-six hookworm infected dogs, a minimum of 10 weeks of age and of various breeds and genders were used. Fecal egg counts were done on three separate days prior to treatment for randomization purposes. Dogs were ranked by descending order of the fecal egg count arithmetic means and randomly assigned to either the two milbemycin treatment groups or the placebo control group in blocks of three dogs each, 12 dogs per group. Dogs were dosed according to the product label with blinding maintained by separation of function. Worm counts were done at necropsy 7 days after treatment. Reduction in A. braziliense worm counts in the milbemycin groups were compared to the placebo control group using analysis of variance of the A. braziliense logarithmic mean worm counts and percent efficacy was based on geometric means. Efficacy was defined as the ability of the test products to significantly (p≤0.05) reduce parasite load by 90% or greater in treated dogs when compared to adequately infected placebo control dogs. The placebo control group had a geometric mean worm count of 19.2. The Interceptor treated group had a geometric mean worm count of 0.38 representing a 98% reduction in parasite load and the Sentinel treated group had a geometric mean worm count of 0.98 representing a 95% reduction in parasite load. Both reductions were highly significant (p<0.0001). In this study, milbemycin oxime, when administered as two marketed formulations at a minimum dose of 0.5 mg/kg (0.23 mg/lb), was efficacious for removing adult A. braziliense in naturally infected dogs.
Subject(s)
Ancylostoma/drug effects , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Anthelmintics/administration & dosage , Dog Diseases/drug therapy , Macrolides/administration & dosage , Administration, Oral , Ancylostomiasis/drug therapy , Ancylostomiasis/parasitology , Animals , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dogs , Feces/parasitology , Female , Male , Parasite Egg Count/veterinary , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Introducción. Las enfermedades producidas por helmintos están ampliamente distribuidas en el mundo y muchas de ellas se consideran zoonosis. Los animales de compañía cumplen un papel trascendental en la transmisión a los humanos. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de helmintos intestinales en gatos del departamento del Quindío. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 121 gatos domésticos del departamento del Quindío, de los cuales se registraron los datos de sexo, edad y condición corporal. Se recolectaron heces y se procesaron mediante las técnicas de Ritchie modificada y de Kato-Katz. Resultados. De los 121 gatos, 42,14 % (IC95%: 33,35-50,94) y 45,45 % (IC95%: 36,58-54,32) resultaron parasitados con alguna especie de helminto adulto según la presencia de huevos en sus heces, mediante las técnicas de Ritchie y de Kato-Katz, respectivamente. Toxocara cati fue el parásito más prevalente(Ritchie: 37,2 %; Kato-Katz: 43 %), seguido por Ancylostoma spp. (Ritchie: 7,43 %; Kato-Katz: 5,78 %) y Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Ritchie: 0,82 %). Sesenta y cinco (53,71 %) gatos eran hembras y 56 (46,28 %) eran machos; la prevalencia de infección fue similar en ambos sexos. Los felinos mayores de 4 años de edad presentaron mayor prevalencia de parásitos (81,8 %), seguidos por los de 1 a 4 años (48,8 %) y, por último, por los menores de un año (28,6 %). Se encontró una buena condición corporal en 77,68 % y este grupo presentó menor frecuencia de helmintos intestinales. Conclusión. La prevalencia de helmintos intestinales en gatos domésticos del departamento del Quindío fue de 43,8 %, lo que hace necesario establecer programas de vigilancia y prevención en la población humana y felina.
Introduction. Diseases caused by helminths are widely distributed in the world and many of them are considered zoonoses in which pets play a major role in transmission to humans. Objective. The prevalence of intestinal helminths was determined in cats in Quindío Province. Materials and methods. One hundred twenty-one cats were characterized --data recorded included sex, age and body condition. Fecal samples were collected and processed using the modified Ritchie and modified Kato-Katz techniques to determine the presence of intestinal helminths. Results. Of the 121 cats, 42.1%, (95% CI: 33.4-50.9) and 45.5% (95% CI: 36.6-54.3) were parasitized with at least one adult helminth species as evidenced by the presence of eggs in their fecal samples. Toxocara cati was the most prevalent parasite (Ritchie: 37.2%, Kato-Katz: 43%), followed by Ancylostoma spp. (Ritchie: 7.4%, Kato-Katz: 5.8%) and Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Ritchie: 0.82%). Sixty-five cats (53.7%) were females and 56 (46.3%) males; the prevalence of infection was similar in both sexes. Cats older than 4 years had the highest prevalence (81.8%) followed by those aged 1 to 4 years (48.8%) and by those under 1 year (28.6%). The majority of cats, 77.7%, were found to be in good body condition and this group had the lowest frequency of intestinal helminths with both techniques. Conclusion. The prevalence of intestinal helminths in domestic cats in Quindío was 43.8%; it is necessary to establish surveillance and prevention programs in the human and feline populations.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Female , Male , Cat Diseases/epidemiology , Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary , Pets/parasitology , Age Factors , Ancylostomiasis/epidemiology , Ancylostomiasis/parasitology , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Cat Diseases/parasitology , Colombia/epidemiology , Disease Reservoirs , Feces/parasitology , Helminthiasis, Animal/parasitology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology , Metastrongyloidea/isolation & purification , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Sampling Studies , Strongylida Infections/epidemiology , Strongylida Infections/parasitology , Strongylida Infections/veterinary , Toxocariasis/epidemiology , Toxocariasis/parasitologyABSTRACT
A convenience collection of fecal samples from 148 dogs in northern Florida was examined for the presence of Ancylostoma braziliense eggs by using centrifugal sugar flotation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Of the 148 samples, 64 (43.2%) contained hookworm eggs. DNA from 42 samples was successfully amplified using PCR; using RFLP, 2 samples were identified as containing DNA of A. braziliense (4.8% of the 42 successfully amplified samples).
Subject(s)
Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Ancylostoma/genetics , Ancylostoma/isolation & purification , Ancylostomiasis/epidemiology , Animals , DNA, Helminth/chemistry , DNA, Helminth/isolation & purification , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dogs , Feces/parasitology , Florida/epidemiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , PrevalenceABSTRACT
A convenience sampling of fecal specimens from 40 cats in northern Florida was examined for the presence of Ancylostoma braziliense eggs by using centrifugal sugar flotation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Of the 40 samples, 26 (65%) contained hookworm eggs. DNA from 24 samples was successfully amplified using PCR; using RFLP, 10 samples were identified as containing DNA of A. braziliense (41.7% of the 24 samples that successfully amplified). Of these, 6 samples contained DNA of both Ancylostoma tubaeforme and A. braziliense, and 4 samples contained only DNA of A. braziliense. The remaining samples (n â=â 14) contained only the DNA of A. tubaeforme, except for 1 sample that had no discernible bands after RFLP.
Subject(s)
Ancylostoma/isolation & purification , Ancylostomiasis/veterinary , Cat Diseases/epidemiology , Ancylostoma/classification , Ancylostoma/genetics , Ancylostomiasis/epidemiology , Animals , Cat Diseases/parasitology , Cats , Feces/parasitology , Florida/epidemiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Isolation of a specific Ancylostoma species typically requires death of the source animal, or holding an animal long enough to collect feces after treatment, for worm recovery and identification. The reason for collecting worms is that the eggs are not easy to distinguish morphologically. In keeping with the 3 Rs of laboratory animal research (reduction, refinement, replacement), the objective of this study was to obtain an isolate of Ancylostoma braziliense from 1-time field-collected samples of canine feces without the need for killing the host. During a collection trip to Florida, fecal samples (n â=â 148) were collected and identified as containing eggs of Ancylostoma species (n â=â 64) using centrifugal sugar flotation. Eggs from hookworm-positive slides were washed into tubes, DNA was extracted, and 2 samples were identified as A. braziliense using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with Hinf1. Larval cultures were initiated from these samples, and larvae from the cultures were returned to New York and used to inoculate a purpose-bred kitten with the goal of inhibiting the growth of any contaminating Ancylostoma caninum that might be present in the culture. The infection was patent at 15 days, and eggs were identified as A. braziliense by RFLP and DNA sequencing. Using forceps during endoscopy, 2 adult worms (1 male, 1 female) were recovered from the cat and identified morphologically as A. braziliense . Larvae were cultured from the feces of this cat and used to infect a laboratory-reared beagle dog. Additionally, worms recovered from the feces of the cat post-treatment were confirmed to be A. braziliense , except for 1 female A. caninum containing infertile eggs. The dog (patent 14 days post-infection) was also infected with A. braziliense as determined by RFLP and DNA sequencing of eggs and cultured larvae. Both the cat and dog were treated, verified to be no longer shedding eggs, and then placed into adoptive homes.