ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the essential oils (EOs) of unripe and ripe fruits of Dennettia tripetala and their potential for the management of infectious and oxidative-stress diseases were investigated in-vitro in this study. METHOD: Essential oil obtained from the fruit in Clevenger modified apparatus, was characterized by high resolution GC-MS, while antioxidant and antibacterial properties were tested by spectrophotometric and agar diffusion methods respectively. RESULTS: The EO demonstrated strong antibacterial properties when subjected to multi -drug resistant bacterial strains: Enterococcus faecium (ATCC19434), Escherichia coli (ATCC 700728), Staphylococcus aureus (NCINB 50080), Listeria ivanovii (ATCC 19119), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC13047) and four previously confirmed multi resistant bacterial isolates from our laboratory stock culture. The unripe fruit oil (UFO) demonstrated greater activity than the ripe fruit oil (RFO) against most of the tested bacteria with minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) ranging between 0.05-0.20 mg/mL while that of the ripe fruit oil (RFO) ranged from 0.10-0.20 mg/mL. The IC50 for RFO (0.62 ± 0.12 mg/mL) showed that it has higher antioxidant strength than UFO and vitamin C (0.87 ± 0.23 and 3.39 ± 0.12 mg/mL) but a lower activity compared to ß-carotene (0.32 ± 0.22 mg/mL) in scavenging 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPHâ¢). The EOs also demonstrated strong ability in scavenging three other different radicals (ABTS, lipid peroxide and nitric oxide radicals) in concentration dependant -manner. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study suggest that apart from the local uses of the plant extracts, the EO has strong bioactive compounds, noteworthy antibacterial, antiradical properties and may be good candidates in the search for lead constituents for the synthesis of novel potent antibiotics.
Subject(s)
Annonaceae/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Oils/pharmacology , Animals , Annonaceae/toxicity , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/toxicity , Antioxidants/toxicity , Cytotoxins/toxicity , Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology , Free Radical Scavengers/toxicity , Fruit/chemistry , Hemolysis , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Oils, Volatile/toxicity , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Plant Oils/toxicity , SheepABSTRACT
Dietary supplements containing plant materials of Annonaceae species (Annona muricata L., A. squamosa L., A. mucosa JACQ., A. squamosa × cherimola Mabb.) were extracted by hot, pressurized ethyl acetate and analyzed for their effect in vitro on Lund human mesencephalic neurons. Cell viability was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and cell death was determined by lactate dehydrogenase levels. Three supplements strongly decreased the cell viability at extract concentrations of 1 µg/mL, of which 1 decreased cell viability at 0.1 µg/µL. Also, strong neuronal toxicities of these supplements were found. Cell death was observed at concentrations of 10 µg/mL. The degree of toxicity was comparable to the ones found in Annonaceous fruit extracts. Two fruit pulps of Annonaceae (A. muricata and A. squamosa) showed a reduction in cell viability at lower concentrations. The fruit pulp extract of A. muricata revealed the strongest neurotoxic effect, with 67% cell death at a concentration of 1 µg/mL. A high reduction in cell viability coupled with pronounced cell death was found at 0.1 µg/mL for an Annonaceous seed extract. These results demonstrate that the intake of dietary supplements containing plant material from Annonaceae may be hazardous to health in terms of neurotoxicity.
Subject(s)
Annonaceae/toxicity , Dietary Supplements/toxicity , Neurotoxicity Syndromes/pathology , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Fruit/chemistry , Fruit/toxicity , Humans , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/analysis , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Mesencephalon/cytology , Mesencephalon/drug effects , Neurons/drug effects , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Seeds/chemistry , Seeds/toxicity , Tetrazolium Salts , ThiazolesABSTRACT
Over the last 60 years an abnormally high prevalence of atypical Parkinsonism has been reported in 5 different geographic isolates. It was first described on Guam, later in New Guinea and in the Kii peninsula, on Guadeloupe, and in New Caledonia. We investigated the phenotype of atypical Parkinsonism in three of these foci and observed several similarities with dementia in most and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in some. This disappearance of this disease in two places--Guam and New Guinea--suggested an environmental origin which has not been clarified before the disease ended. The exposure to annonaceae acetogenins and/or rotenone has been documented in four of these places, and experimental studies in animals demonstrated annonaceae acetogenins neurotoxicity, which is similar to rotenone neurotoxicity. Simultaneous exposure to acetogenins and rotenone could produce a synergistic toxicity on neurons.