ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the association between social disorganization and youth violence rates in rural communities. METHOD: We employed rural Missouri counties (N = 106) as units of analysis, measured serious violent victimization data via hospital records, and the same measures of social disorganization as Osgood and Chambers (2000). Controlling for spatial autocorrelation, the negative binomial estimator was used to estimate the effects of social disorganization on youth violence rates. RESULTS: Unlike Osgood and Chambers, we found only one of five social disorganization measures, the proportion of female-headed households, to be associated with rural youth violent victimization rates. CONCLUSION: Although most research on social disorganization theory has been undertaken on urban areas, a highly cited Osgood and Chambers (2000) study appeared to extend the generalize ability of social disorganization as an explanation of the distribution of youth violence to rural areas. Our results suggest otherwise. We provide several methodological and theoretical reasons why it may be too early to draw strong conclusions about the generalize ability of social disorganization to crime rates in rural communities.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior , Anomia , Residence Characteristics , Rural Population , Violence , Adolescent , Adolescent Behavior/ethnology , Adolescent Behavior/history , Adolescent Behavior/physiology , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Adolescent Development , Anomia/economics , Anomia/ethnology , Anomia/history , Crime Victims/economics , Crime Victims/education , Crime Victims/history , Crime Victims/legislation & jurisprudence , Crime Victims/psychology , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Missouri/ethnology , Residence Characteristics/history , Rural Population/history , United States/ethnology , Violence/economics , Violence/ethnology , Violence/history , Violence/legislation & jurisprudence , Violence/psychologyABSTRACT
This study examined the existence of a possible relationship between anomic treatment outcomes and executive functions. An ortho-phonological cueing method was used to facilitate object naming in 12 Cantonese-speaking anomic individuals. Treatment effectiveness for each participant was quantified and correlated with the performance of executive functions and language tasks. It was found that 10 participants showed significant improvement in naming treated items. Eight of the participants were able to maintain treatment gains for at least 1 month. Phonological generalization effects were observed in two participants. Performance on the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI-3) was significantly correlated with effect sizes of treatment, treatment generalization and maintenance and the Attention Network Test (ANT) was significantly correlated with phonological generalization. The result of a simultaneous multiple regression suggested that the performance of the ANT played an important role in phonological generalization. The findings reinforce the current view about the role of executive functions in language rehabilitation. They also shed light on the effect of inhibitory control on treatment generalization.
