CD74 supports accumulation and function of regulatory T cells in tumors.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are plastic cells playing a pivotal role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Tregs actively adapt to the microenvironment where they reside; as a consequence, their molecular and functional profiles differ among tissues and pathologies. In tumors, the features acquired by Tregs remains poorly characterized. Here, we observe that human tumor-infiltrating Tregs selectively overexpress CD74, the MHC class II invariant chain. CD74 has been previously described as a regulator of antigen-presenting cell biology, however its function in Tregs remains unknown. CD74 genetic deletion in human primary Tregs reveals that CD74KO Tregs exhibit major defects in the organization of their actin cytoskeleton and intracellular organelles. Additionally, intratumoral CD74KO Tregs show a decreased activation, a drop in Foxp3 expression, a low accumulation in the tumor, and consistently, they are associated with accelerated tumor rejection in preclinical models in female mice. These observations are unique to tumor conditions as, at steady state, CD74KO-Treg phenotype, survival, and suppressive capacity are unaffected in vitro and in vivo. CD74 therefore emerges as a specific regulator of tumor-infiltrating Tregs and as a target to interfere with Treg anti-tumor activity.

CD72 is an inhibitory pattern recognition receptor that recognizes ribosomes and suppresses production of anti-ribosome autoantibody.

B cell responses to nucleic acid-containing self-antigens that involve intracellular nucleic acid sensors play a crucial role in autoantibody production in SLE. CD72 is an inhibitory B cell co-receptor that down-regulates BCR signaling, and prevents the development of SLE. We previously showed that CD72 recognizes the RNA-containing self-antigen Sm/RNP, a target of SLE-specific autoantibodies, and induces B cell tolerance to Sm/RNP by specifically inhibiting B cell response to this self-antigen. Here, we address whether CD72 inhibits B cell response to ribosomes because the ribosome is an RNA-containing self-antigen and is a target of SLE-specific autoantibodies as well as Sm/RNP. We demonstrate that CD72 recognizes ribosomes as a ligand, and specifically inhibits BCR signaling induced by ribosomes. Although conventional protein antigens by themselves do not induce proliferation of specific B cells, ribosomes induce proliferation of B cells reactive to ribosomes in a manner dependent on RNA. This proliferative response is down-regulated by CD72. These results suggest that ribosomes activate B cells by inducing dual signaling through BCR and intracellular RNA sensors and that CD72 inhibits B cell response to ribosomes. Moreover, CD72-/- but not CD72+/+ mice spontaneously produce anti-ribosome autoantibodies. Taken together, CD72 induces B cell self-tolerance to ribosomes by recognizing ribosomes and inhibiting RNA-dependent B cell response to this self-antigen. CD72 appears to prevent development of SLE by inhibiting autoimmune B cell responses to multiple RNA-containing self-antigens. Because these self-antigens but not protein self-antigens induce RNA-dependent B cell activation, self-tolerance to RNA-containing self-antigens may require a distinct tolerance mechanism mediated by CD72.

In situ and transcriptomic identification of microglia in synapse-rich regions of the developing zebrafish brain.

Microglia are brain resident macrophages that play vital roles in central nervous system (CNS) development, homeostasis, and pathology. Microglia both remodel synapses and engulf apoptotic cell corpses during development, but whether unique molecular programs regulate these distinct phagocytic functions is unknown. Here we identify a molecularly distinct microglial subset in the synapse rich regions of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. We found that ramified microglia increased in synaptic regions of the midbrain and hindbrain between 7 and 28 days post fertilization. In contrast, microglia in the optic tectum were ameboid and clustered around neurogenic zones. Using single-cell mRNA sequencing combined with metadata from regional bulk sequencing, we identified synaptic-region associated microglia (SAMs) that were highly enriched in the hindbrain and expressed multiple candidate synapse modulating genes, including genes in the complement pathway. In contrast, neurogenic associated microglia (NAMs) were enriched in the optic tectum, had active cathepsin activity, and preferentially engulfed neuronal corpses. These data reveal that molecularly distinct phagocytic programs mediate synaptic remodeling and cell engulfment, and establish the zebrafish hindbrain as a model for investigating microglial-synapse interactions.

A structurally preserved allosteric site in the MIF superfamily affects enzymatic activity and CD74 activation in D-dopachrome tautomerase.

The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) family of cytokines contains multiple ligand-binding sites and mediates immunomodulatory processes through an undefined mechanism(s). Previously, we reported a dynamic relay connecting the MIF catalytic site to an allosteric site at its solvent channel. Despite structural and functional similarity, the MIF homolog D-dopachrome tautomerase (also called MIF-2) has low sequence identity (35%), prompting the question of whether this dynamic regulatory network is conserved. Here, we establish the structural basis of an allosteric site in MIF-2, showing with solution NMR that dynamic communication is preserved in MIF-2 despite differences in the primary sequence. X-ray crystallography and NMR detail the structural consequences of perturbing residues in this pathway, which include conformational changes surrounding the allosteric site, despite global preservation of the MIF-2 fold. Molecular simulations reveal MIF-2 to contain a comparable hydrogen bond network to that of MIF, which was previously hypothesized to influence catalytic activity by modulating the strength of allosteric coupling. Disruption of the allosteric relay by mutagenesis also attenuates MIF-2 enzymatic activity in vitro and the activation of the cluster of differentiation 74 receptor in vivo, highlighting a conserved point of control for nonoverlapping functions in the MIF superfamily.

HLA-DR and CD74 Expression and the Immune Microenvironment in Renal Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II and CD74, which functions as a chaperone of MHC class II, play essential roles in T-cell recognition. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association between the HLAs and CD74, and their correlation with the infiltrated immune cells in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the expression of HLA-A/B/C, HLA-DR, and CD74 in 38 patients with advanced RCC (T3/T4), and evaluated their correlations with CD4 and CD8-positive T-cell infiltration using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The expression of HLA-A/B/C, HLA-DR, and CD74 on cancer cells was observed in 37, 20, and 31 patients, respectively. The density of CD8- and CD4-positive T cells showed a positive correlation with HLA-DR expression. The density of CD4-positive lymphocytes was significantly associated with CD74 expression. CONCLUSION: The expression of HLA-DR, rather than CD74, on cancer cells was potentially associated with the anti-cancer immune microenvironment.

Mast Cell and Eosinophil Activation Are Associated With COVID-19 and TLR-Mediated Viral Inflammation: Implications for an Anti-Siglec-8 Antibody.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection represents a global health crisis. Immune cell activation via pattern recognition receptors has been implicated as a driver of the hyperinflammatory response seen in COVID-19. However, our understanding of the specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 remains limited. Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils are innate immune cells that play pathogenic roles in many inflammatory responses. Here we report MC-derived proteases and eosinophil-associated mediators are elevated in COVID-19 patient sera and lung tissues. Stimulation of viral-sensing toll-like receptors in vitro and administration of synthetic viral RNA in vivo induced features of hyperinflammation, including cytokine elevation, immune cell airway infiltration, and MC-protease production-effects suppressed by an anti-Siglec-8 monoclonal antibody which selectively inhibits MCs and depletes eosinophils. Similarly, anti-Siglec-8 treatment reduced disease severity and airway inflammation in a respiratory viral infection model. These results suggest that MC and eosinophil activation are associated with COVID-19 inflammation and anti-Siglec-8 antibodies are a potential therapeutic approach for attenuating excessive inflammation during viral infections.

Surface Proteomics Reveals CD72 as a Target for In Vitro-Evolved Nanobody-Based CAR-T Cells in KMT2A/MLL1-Rearranged B-ALL.

Alternative strategies are needed for patients with B-cell malignancy relapsing after CD19-targeted immunotherapy. Here, cell surface proteomics revealed CD72 as an optimal target for poor-prognosis KMT2A/MLL1-rearranged (MLLr) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), which we further found to be expressed in other B-cell malignancies. Using a recently described, fully in vitro system, we selected synthetic CD72-specific nanobodies, incorporated them into chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), and demonstrated robust activity against B-cell malignancy models, including CD19 loss. Taking advantage of the role of CD72 in inhibiting B-cell receptor signaling, we found that SHIP1 inhibition increased CD72 surface density. We establish that CD72-nanobody CAR-T cells are a promising therapy for MLLr B-ALL. SIGNIFICANCE: Patients with MLLr B-ALL have poor prognoses despite recent immunotherapy advances. Here, surface proteomics identifies CD72 as being enriched on MLLr B-ALL but also widely expressed across B-cell cancers. We show that a recently described, fully in vitro nanobody platform generates binders highly active in CAR-T cells and demonstrate its broad applicability for immunotherapy development.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1861.

Anti-CD74 IgA autoantibodies in radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a longitudinal Swedish study.

OBJECTIVES: Antibodies against anti-CD74 are related to axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). The objectives were (i) to study IgA anti-CD74 in radiographic (r)-axSpA patients in the Backbone cohort and to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of anti-CD74, (ii) to study the fluctuation of IgA anti-CD74 levels in prospectively collected samples, and (iii) to explore the relation between IgA anti-CD74 and radiographic spinal changes. METHODS: IgA anti-CD74 was analysed by ELISA in 155 patients with r-axSpA and age- and sex-matched controls. BASDAI, ASDAS, BASFI and BASMI were assessed and spinal radiographs were scored for r-axSpA-related changes with mSASSS. Previously donated samples, before inclusion in the Backbone study, were identified in the Medical Biobank of Northern Sweden. RESULTS: A total of 155 patients comprising 69% men and 31% women, age [mean (s.d.)] 55.5 (11.4) years and 152 (98.1%) HLA-B27 positive, were included. The plasma level of IgA anti-CD74 was significantly higher in the patients [median (interquartile range), 12.9 (7.9-17.9) U/ml] compared with controls [10.9 (7.2-14.6) U/ml, P = 0.003]. IgA anti-CD74 was above the cut-off level of 20 U/ml in 36/155 (23.2%) patients and in 15/151 (9.9%) controls (P = 0.002). Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed ≥1 syndesmophyte associated with IgA anti-CD74 (odds ratio 5.64; 95% CI: 1.02, 35.58; P = 0.048) adjusted for hsCRP, smoking, BMI, sex and age. No distinct pattern of IgA anti-CD74 over time was revealed. CONCLUSION: Plasma levels of IgA anti-CD74 were increased in r-axSpA and independently associated with radiographic spinal changes, which suggests that IgA anti-CD74 could play a role in the pathogenies of r-axSpA.

Isolation, identification, and characterization of the human airway ligand for the eosinophil and mast cell immunoinhibitory receptor Siglec-8.

BACKGROUND: The immunoinhibitory receptor Siglec-8 on the surface of human eosinophils and mast cells binds to sialic acid-containing ligands in the local milieu, resulting in eosinophil apoptosis, inhibition of mast cell degranulation, and suppression of inflammation. Siglec-8 ligands were found on postmortem human trachea and bronchi and on upper airways in 2 compartments, cartilage and submucosal glands, but they were surprisingly absent from the epithelium. We hypothesized that Siglec-8 ligands in submucosal glands and ducts are normally transported to the airway mucus layer, which is lost during tissue preparation. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to identify the major Siglec-8 sialoglycan ligand on the mucus layer of human airways. METHODS: Human upper airway mucus layer proteins were recovered during presurgical nasal lavage of patients at a sinus clinic. Proteins were resolved by gel electrophoresis and blotted, and Siglec-8 ligands detected. Ligands were purified by size exclusion and affinity chromatography, identified by proteomic mass spectrometry, and validated by electrophoretic and histochemical colocalization. The affinity of Siglec-8 binding to purified human airway ligand was determined by inhibition of glycan binding. RESULTS: A Siglec-8-ligand with a molecular weight of approximately 1000 kDa was found in all patient nasal lavage samples. Purification and identification revealed deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1) (also known by the aliases GP340 and SALSA), a large glycoprotein with multiple O-glycosylation repeats. Immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme treatments confirmed that Siglec-8 ligand on the human airway mucus layer is an isoform of DMBT1 carrying O-linked sialylated keratan sulfate chains (DMBT1S8). Quantitative inhibition revealed that DMBT1S8 has picomolar affinity for Siglec-8. CONCLUSION: A distinct DMBT1 isoform, DMBT1S8, is the major high-avidity ligand for Siglec-8 on human airways.

CD74 auto-antibodies display little clinical value in Chinese Han population with axial spondyloarthritis.

The European cohort study has indicated about CD74 IgG-autoantibodies as potential marker for axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) diagnosis. However, multiple studies have questioned the diagnostic value of various disease-specific autoantibodies in different ethnic groups. Here, we have tried to assess the diagnostic value of anti-CD74 IgG and IgA autoantibodies in axSpA patients from Chinese Han population.The anti-CD74 IgG and IgA autoantibodies were analyzed using ELISA assay in a cohort of 97 axSpA patients, including 47 treatment-naïve axSpA patients never treated with steroids or immunosuppressants and 50 treated axSpA patients. The rheumatic disease control (RDC) group consisted of 40 rheumatoid arthritis, 25 systemic lupus erythematosus, 18 psoriatic arthritis patients, and 60 healthy controls (HC).Our data demonstrated the presence of anti-CD74 IgA auto-antibodies in 25.8% of the axSpA patients, 30.1% of the RDC group patients and none in HC. Similarly, anti-CD74 IgG autoantibodies were observed in 23.7% of the axSpA patients, 18.1% of the RDC patients and 18.3% of the HC. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of IgA autoantibodies were 21.3%, 82.5%, & 67.4%, respectively, while for IgG, it was 27.7%, 81.8%, and 68.4%, in treatment-naïve axSpA patients. Furthermore, weak positive relationship between anti-CD74 IgA autoantibodies and bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index ( r = 0.253, P = .012) and functional index (bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index; r = 0.257, P = .011) was observed.Overall, our study demonstrated little clinical and predictive value of CD74 autoantibodies in the diagnosis of axSpA and its related manifestations, among Chinese Han population.

Discovery, Function, and Therapeutic Targeting of Siglec-8.

Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins) are single-pass cell surface receptors that have inhibitory activities on immune cells. Among these, Siglec-8 is a CD33-related family member selectively expressed on human mast cells and eosinophils, and at low levels on basophils. These cells can participate in inflammatory responses by releasing mediators that attract or activate other cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of allergic and non-allergic diseases. Since its discovery in 2000, initial in vitro studies have found that the engagement of Siglec-8 with a monoclonal antibody or with selective polyvalent sialoglycan ligands induced the cell death of eosinophils and inhibited mast cell degranulation. Anti-Siglec-8 antibody administration in vivo to humanized and transgenic mice selectively expressing Siglec-8 on mouse eosinophils and mast cells confirmed the in vitro findings, and identified additional anti-inflammatory effects. AK002 (lirentelimab) is a humanized non-fucosylated IgG1 antibody against Siglec-8 in clinical development for mast cell- and eosinophil-mediated diseases. AK002 administration has safely demonstrated the inhibition of mast cell activity and the depletion of eosinophils in several phase 1 and phase 2 trials. This article reviews the discovery and functions of Siglec-8, and strategies for its therapeutic targeting for the treatment of eosinophil- and mast cell-associated diseases.

Anti-Siglec-8 Antibody for Eosinophilic Gastritis and Duodenitis.

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic gastritis and duodenitis are characterized by gastrointestinal mucosal eosinophilia, chronic symptoms, impaired quality of life, and a lack of adequate treatments. Mast-cell activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of the conditions. AK002 (lirentelimab) is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody that depletes eosinophils and inhibits mast cells and that has shown potential in animal models as a treatment for eosinophilic gastritis and duodenitis. METHODS: In this phase 2 trial, we randomly assigned adults who had symptomatic eosinophilic gastritis, eosinophilic duodenitis, or both conditions in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive four monthly infusions of low-dose AK002, high-dose AK002, or placebo. The primary end point was the change in gastrointestinal eosinophil count from baseline to 2 weeks after the final dose; to maximize statistical power, we evaluated this end point in the placebo group as compared with the combined AK002 group. Secondary end points were treatment response (>30% reduction in total symptom score and >75% reduction in gastrointestinal eosinophil count) and the change in total symptom score. RESULTS: Of the 65 patients who underwent randomization, 43 were assigned to receive AK002 and 22 were assigned to receive placebo. The mean percentage change in gastrointestinal eosinophil count was -86% in the combined AK002 group, as compared with 9% in the placebo group (least-squares mean difference, -98 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -121 to -76; P<0.001). Treatment response occurred in 63% of the patients who received AK002 and in 5% of the patients who received placebo (difference, 58 percentage points; 95% CI, 36 to 74; P<0.001). The mean change in total symptom score was -48% with AK002 and -22% with placebo (least-squares mean difference, -26 percentage points; 95% CI, -44 to -9; P = 0.004). Adverse events associated with AK002 were similar to those with placebo, with the exception of higher percentages of patients having mild-to-moderate infusion-related reactions with AK002 (60% in the combined AK002 group and 23% in the placebo group). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with eosinophilic gastritis or duodenitis, AK002 reduced gastrointestinal eosinophils and symptoms. Infusion-related reactions were more common with AK002 than with placebo. (Funded by Allakos; ENIGMA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03496571.).

Soluble cluster of differentiation 74 regulates lung inflammation through the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway.

The soluble form of the migration inhibitory factor receptor cluster of differentiation 74 (sCD74) has previously been shown to be elevated during the development of acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. However, the biological role of increased sCD74 in ALI remans poorly understood. Synthesized recombinant sCD74 protein was administered to mice intratracheally. Pro-inflammatory genes in lung tissue and the inflammatory factors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analyzed using RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Additionally, RAW264.7, A549, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were treated with sCD74, and the resulting pro-inflammatory factor protein and gene expression levels were analyzed in the supernatants and cell lysates. Meanwhile, the level of nuclear factor (NF)-κB components in cell lysates after stimulating macrophages with sCD74 was also assessed. After administration of 0.5 mg/kg body weight sCD74 to mice, the expression of Tnfa, Mip2, and Il6 increased in lung tissues after 2 h by 2.1-, 3.4-, and 2.8-fold, respectively. Moreover, the BALF concentrations of TNF-α and MIP-2 reached maximal levels of 560 and 107 pg/mL at 8 h compared to those in the saline group, respectively. Similarly, TNFA, MIP2, and IL6 expression increased by 4.0-, 11.8-, and 2.6-fold, respectively, 2 h after stimulating macrophages with 1000 ng/mL sCD74. The levels of phospho-IκB and phospho-p65 were also significantly increased in the cytoplasm and nucleus of macrophages following sCD74 stimulation. Taken together, these results suggest that sCD74 is a critical cellular factor involved in the lung acute inflammatory response through nuclear factor-κB signaling.

Role of MIF Cytokine/CD74 Receptor Pathway in Protecting Against Injury and Promoting Repair.

Wound healing after an injury is essential for life. An in-depth understanding of the healing process is necessary to ultimately improve the currently limited treatment options for patients suffering as a result of damage to various organs and tissues. Injuries, even the most minor, trigger an inflammatory response that protects the host and activates repair pathways. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in delineating the mechanisms by which inflammatory cytokines and their receptors facilitate tissue repair and regeneration. This mini review focuses on emerging literature on the role of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its cell membrane receptor CD74, in protecting against injury and promoting healing in different parts of the body.

CD40 and CD72 expression and prognostic values among children with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic disease with proven interactions between immune system components, including both humoral- and cell-mediated immunity, as well as co-stimulatory and inhibitory molecules such as CD40 and CD72. Here, we investigated CD40 and CD72 expression on B cells of SLE children and assessed their prognostic values. We conducted a preliminary case-control study in Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Egypt from September 2018 to January 2020 including 27 SLE children and 27 healthy controls. We assessed cases during initial flare and after remission. Flow cytometry analysis was carried out for all participants for CD40 and CD72 expression of B cells. During flare, SLE cases had statistically significant higher CD40 and lower CD72 expression in comparison with controls (p < 0.001). After remission, the number of CD40+ B cells significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while the number of CD72+ B cells significantly increased (p < 0.001) in comparison with flare. We reported non-significant positive correlations between CD40 expression and SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI; p = 0.347 during flare and p = 0.653 after remission) and negative correlations between CD72 expression and SLEDAI (p = 0.34 during flare and p = 0.044 after remission). No significant differences were detected between renal histopathology classes with regard to CDs expression on B cells (p = 0.45 for CD40 and p = 0.63 for CD72). In conclusion, CD40+ B cells and CD72+ B cells could be considered as markers of paediatric SLE flare and remission, respectively.

The Role of Autoimmunity-Related Gene CLEC16A in the B Cell Receptor-Mediated HLA Class II Pathway.

C-type lectin CLEC16A is located next to CIITA, the master transcription factor of HLA class II (HLA-II), at a susceptibility locus for several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). We previously found that CLEC16A promotes the biogenesis of HLA-II peptide-loading compartments (MIICs) in myeloid cells. Given the emerging role of B cells as APCs in these diseases, in this study, we addressed whether and how CLEC16A is involved in the BCR-dependent HLA-II pathway. CLEC16A was coexpressed with surface class II-associated invariant chain peptides (CLIP) in human EBV-positive and not EBV-negative B cell lines. Stable knockdown of CLEC16A in EBV-positive Raji B cells resulted in an upregulation of surface HLA-DR and CD74 (invariant chain), whereas CLIP was slightly but significantly reduced. In addition, IgM-mediated Salmonella uptake was decreased, and MIICs were less clustered in CLEC16A-silenced Raji cells, implying that CLEC16A controls both HLA-DR/CD74 and BCR/Ag processing in MIICs. In primary B cells, CLEC16A was only induced under CLIP-stimulating conditions in vitro and was predominantly expressed in CLIPhigh naive populations. Finally, CLIP-loaded HLA-DR molecules were abnormally enriched, and coregulation with CLEC16A was abolished in blood B cells of patients who rapidly develop MS. These findings demonstrate that CLEC16A participates in the BCR-dependent HLA-II pathway in human B cells and that this regulation is impaired during MS disease onset. The abundance of CLIP already on naive B cells of MS patients may point to a chronically induced stage and a new mechanism underlying B cell-mediated autoimmune diseases such as MS.

An anti-siglec-8 antibody depletes sputum eosinophils from asthmatic subjects and inhibits lung mast cells.

BACKGROUND: Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec)-8 is expressed on mast cells and eosinophils, but information about Siglec-8 expression and function in the lung is limited. A humanized antibody, AK002, targeting Siglec-8 is undergoing development for treatment of diseases associated with mast cell and eosinophil-driven inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To characterize Siglec-8 expression in the airway in asthma and determine whether antibodies that target Siglec-8 (S8mAbs) can decrease airway eosinophils in asthma or inhibit lung mast cell activation. METHODS: Gene expression profiling and flow cytometry were used to characterize Siglec-8 expression in sputum cells from stable asthma. An antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay was used to determine whether an S8mAb can decrease eosinophils in sputum from asthma patients ex vivo. A mast cell activation assay was used to determine whether an S8mAb can inhibit mast cell activation in human lung tissue ex vivo. RESULTS: Gene expression for Siglec-8 is increased in sputum cells in asthma and correlates with gene expression for eosinophils and mast cells. Gene expression for Siglec-8 is inversely and significantly correlated with measures of airflow obstruction in asthma patients. Siglec-8 is prominently expressed on the surface of eosinophils and mast cells in sputum. S8mAbs decrease eosinophils in sputum from patients with asthma and inhibit FcεR1-activated mast cells in lung tissues. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Siglec-8 is highly expressed on eosinophils and mast cells in asthmatic sputum and targeting Siglec-8 with an antibody is a plausible strategy to decrease sputum eosinophils and inhibit lung mast cells in asthma.

Cutting Edge: ST8Sia6-Generated α-2,8-Disialic Acids Mitigate Hyperglycemia in Multiple Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes.

The immune system contains a series of checks and balances that maintain tolerance and prevent autoimmunity. Sialic acid-binding Ig-type lectins (Siglecs) are cell surface receptors found on immune cells and inhibit inflammation by recruiting protein tyrosine phosphatases to ITIMs. Islet-resident macrophages express Siglec-E, and Siglec-E expression decreases on islet-resident macrophages as insulitis progresses in the NOD mouse. The sialyltransferase ST8Sia6 generates α-2,8-disialic acids that are ligands for Siglec-E in vivo. We hypothesized that engaging Siglec-E through ST8Sia6-generated ligands may inhibit the development of immune-mediated diabetes. Constitutive overexpression of ST8Sia6 in pancreatic ß cells mitigated hyperglycemia in the multiple low-dose streptozotocin model of diabetes, demonstrating that engagement of this immune receptor facilitates tolerance in the setting of inflammation and autoimmune disease.

A regulatory role for CD72 expression on B cells and increased soluble CD72 in primary Sjogren's syndrome.

BACKGROUND: CD72, a co-receptor of B cell receptor (BCR), has been reported to have both positive and negative effects on B cell functions in several immunological diseases. The B cell plays an important role in the pathogenesis of primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). However, whether CD72 is involved in the process remains unknown. This study aimed to observe the possible role of CD72 in the pathogenesis of pSS. RESULTS: A total of 60 cases who fulfilled the American-European Consensus Group (AECG) criteria for the diagnosis of pSS and 61 gender and age-matched healthy controls were recruited in this study. The percentage of CD72+ B cells was 85.31 ± 8.37% in pSS patients and 76.91 ± 8.50% in healthy controls(p < 0.001). The percentage of CD72+ B cells was correlated to serum IgG levels in patients [ß = 0.018(0.001-0.036), p = 0.034]. The level of serum soluble CD72 was significantly higher in pSS patients than the one in healthy controls (0.41 (0.29) vs 0.07 (0.08) ng/mL, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of CD72+ B cells was upregulated in pSS patients and was correlated to the serum IgG level, which revealed the hyperactivity of B cells in this disease. The serum soluble CD72 level was also increased in pSS patients. These results indicated a potential role of CD72 in the pathogenesis of pSS.