ABSTRACT
Long-term stability of a chemical sensor is an essential quality for long-term collection of data related to exhaled breath, environmental air, and other sources in the Internet of things (IoT) era. Although an oxide nanowire sensor has shown great potential as a chemical sensor, the long-term stability of sensitivity has not been realized yet due to electrical degradation under harsh sensing conditions. Here, we report a rational concept to accomplish long-term electrical stability of metal oxide nanowire sensors via introduction of a heavily doped metal oxide contact layer. Antimony-doped SnO2 (ATO) contacts on SnO2 nanowires show much more stable and lower electrical contact resistance than conventional Ti contacts for high temperature (200 °C) conditions, which are required to operate chemical sensors. The stable and low contact resistance of ATO was confirmed for at least 1960 h under 200 °C in open air. This heavily doped oxide contact enables us to realize the long-term stability of SnO2 nanowire sensors while maintaining the sensitivity for both NO2 gas and light (photo) detections. The applicability of our method is confirmed for sensors on a flexible polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate. Since the proposed fundamental concept can be applied to various oxide nanostructures, it will give a foundation for designing long-term stable oxide nanomaterial-based IoT sensors.
Subject(s)
Antimony/chemistry , Nanowires/chemistry , Oxides/chemistry , Antimony/radiation effects , Electric Impedance , Hot Temperature , Nanowires/radiation effects , Naphthalenes/chemistry , Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis , Oxides/radiation effects , Polyethylenes/chemistry , Titanium/chemistry , Titanium/radiation effects , Ultraviolet RaysABSTRACT
The challenge of fine compositional tuning and microstructure control in complex oxides is overcome by developing a general two-step synthetic approach. Antimony-alloyed bismuth vanadate, which is identified as a novel light absorber for solar fuel applications, is prepared in a wide compositional range. The bandgap of this quaternary oxide linearly decreases with the Sb content, in agreement with first-principles calculations.
Subject(s)
Antimony/chemistry , Antimony/radiation effects , Bismuth/chemistry , Bismuth/radiation effects , Light , Vanadates/chemistry , Vanadates/radiation effects , Alloys/chemistry , Alloys/radiation effects , Models, Chemical , Oxidation-Reduction , Photochemical Processes , Solar Energy , Spectrum Analysis , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
Under appropriate laser exposure, a thin film of InSb exhibits a sub-wavelength thermally modified area that can be used to focus light beyond the diffraction limit. This technique, called Super-Resolution Near-Field Structure, is a potential candidate for ultrahigh density optical data storage and many other high-resolution applications. We combined near field microscopy, confocal microscopy and time resolved pump-probe technique to directly measure the induced sub-diffraction limited spot in the near-field regime. The measured spot size was found to be dependent on the laser power and a decrease of 25% (100 nm) was observed. Experimental evidences that support a threshold-like simulation model to describe the effect are also provided. The experimental data are in excellent agreement with rigorous simulations obtained with a three dimensional Finite Element Method code.
Subject(s)
Antimony/chemistry , Antimony/radiation effects , Indium/chemistry , Indium/radiation effects , Lasers , Lenses , Equipment Design , Equipment Failure AnalysisABSTRACT
The substantiated isolation of the antimony subiodide (Sb(3)I) is presented for the first time. It has been prepared using elemental Sb and I in ethanol under ultrasonic irradiation at 323 K. Its composition was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) investigations exhibit that the samples are made up of large quantity of nanoparticles with diameters smaller than 20 nm and single crystalline in nature. The interplanar spacings in Sb(3)I that have been determined using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and HRTEM are very similar. Surprisingly, the registered XRD patterns are identical to the one reported earlier for Sb(4)O(5)I(2).
Subject(s)
Antimony/chemistry , Antimony/radiation effects , Iodides/chemistry , Iodides/radiation effects , Sonication/methods , Radiation DosageABSTRACT
Orthorhombic Sb(2)Se(3) submicron rods were prepared from antimony sodium tartrate and Se powder via a microwave-assisted chemical method. The products were characterized by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) techniques. The reaction mechanism and the morphology of the product were studied in detail in comparison with those in the syntheses of Bi(2)Te(3) and Sb(2)Te(3). The synthesis of Sb(2)Se(3) was based on the polyol reducing process and microwaves played an important role. The morphologies of the compounds were mainly determined by their inherent anisotropic crystal structures. The optical properties of as-prepared Sb(2)Se(3) were also characterized by UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and the bandgap (E(g)) can be derived to be 1.16 eV, which is suitable for applications in photovoltaic conversion.
Subject(s)
Antimony/chemistry , Crystallization/methods , Nanostructures/chemistry , Nanostructures/ultrastructure , Nanotechnology/methods , Selenium/chemistry , Antimony/radiation effects , Macromolecular Substances/chemistry , Materials Testing , Microwaves , Molecular Conformation , Nanostructures/radiation effects , Particle Size , Selenium/radiation effects , Surface PropertiesSubject(s)
Alloys/radiation effects , Antimony/chemistry , Gallium/chemistry , Gold Radioisotopes , Ions , Nanostructures/chemistry , Alloys/chemistry , Antimony/radiation effects , Gallium/radiation effects , Krypton Radioisotopes , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Nanostructures/radiation effects , Nanostructures/ultrastructure , Porosity , SemiconductorsABSTRACT
Geometry optimization and harmonic vibrational frequency calculations have been carried out on the low-lying singlet and triplet electronic states of the antimony dioxide anion (SbO2-) employing a variety of ab initio methods. Both large-core and small-core relativistic effective core potentials were used for Sb in these calculations, together with valence basis sets of up to augmented correlation-consistent polarized-valence quintuple-zeta (aug-cc-pV5Z) quality. The ground electronic state of SbO2- is determined to be the X (1)A1 state, with the a (3)B1 state, calculated to be approximately 48 kcal mole(-1) (2.1 eV) higher in energy. Further calculations were performed on the X (2)A1, A (2)B2, and B (2)A2 states of SbO2 with the aim to simulating the photodetachment spectrum of SbO(2) (-). Potential energy functions (PEFs) of the X (1)A1 state of SbO2- and the X (2)A1, A (2)B2, and B (2)A2 states of SbO2 were computed at the complete-active-space self-consistent-field multireference internally contracted configuration interaction level with basis sets of augmented correlation-consistent polarized valence quadruple-zeta quality. Anharmonic vibrational wave functions obtained from these PEFs were used to compute Franck-Condon factors between the X (1)A1 state of SbO2- and the X (2)A1, A (2)B2, and B (2)A2 states of SbO2, which were then used to simulate the photodetachment spectrum of SbO2-, which is yet to be recorded experimentally.
Subject(s)
Antimony/chemistry , Antimony/radiation effects , Electrochemistry/methods , Models, Chemical , Models, Molecular , Oxides/chemistry , Oxides/radiation effects , Photochemistry/methods , Computer Simulation , Electron Transport , LightABSTRACT
An InSb Schottky detector, fabricated from an undoped InSb wafer with Hall mobility which is higher than those of previously employed InSb wafers, was used for alpha particle detection. The output pulse of this InSb detector showed a very fast rise time, which was comparable with the output pulses of scintillation detectors.
Subject(s)
Antimony/chemistry , Antimony/radiation effects , Indium/chemistry , Indium/radiation effects , Radiometry/instrumentation , Semiconductors , Alpha Particles , Equipment Design , Equipment Failure Analysis , Radiation Dosage , Radiometry/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
The scope of microwave-assisted coupling reaction of alkynylstibane and aryl iodides to form diarylalkynes is presented. Highly efficient reaction took place smoothly in dimethyl sulfoxide in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with much shorter time (1 min) and lower catalyst loading (0.5 mol%) than the conventional method (heating for 24 h with 10 mol% catalyst).
