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1.
Cereb Cortex ; 22(10): 2313-21, 2012 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22065864

ABSTRACT

A group of 5 genes, OCC1, testican-1, testican-2, 5-HT1B, and 5-HT2A, are selectively expressed in layer 4 (4C of Brodmann) of striate cortex (visual area V1) of both Old World macaques and New World marmoset monkeys. The expression of these genes is activity dependent, as expression is reduced after blocking retinal activity. Surprisingly, the pronounced expression pattern has not been found in rodents or carnivores. Thus, these genes may be highly expressed in V1 of some but perhaps not all primates. Here, we compared the gene expression in members of 3 major branches of primate evolution: prosimians, New World monkeys, and Old World monkeys. Although the expression pattern of 5-HT1B was well conserved, those of the other genes varied from the least distinct in prosimian galagos to successively more in New World owl monkeys, marmosets, squirrel monkeys, and Old World macaque monkeys. In owl monkeys, the expression of 5-HT2A was significantly reduced by monocular tetrodotoxin injection, while those of OCC1 and 5-HT1B were not. Thus, we propose that early primates had low levels of expression and higher levels emerged with anthropoid primates and became further enhanced in the Old World catarrhine monkeys that are more closely related to humans.


Subject(s)
Aotus trivirgatus/metabolism , Callithrix/metabolism , Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism , Galago/metabolism , Macaca mulatta/metabolism , Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism , Visual Cortex/metabolism , Animals , Gene Expression/physiology , Species Specificity
2.
Neuroreport ; 5(16): 2077-81, 1994 Oct 27.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7865749

ABSTRACT

M and P retinal ganglion cell morphology revealed by biocytin retrograde labelling was compared in two closely related New-World monkeys, Cebus and Aotus, to investigate whether nocturnal and diurnal species of primates have similar cell classes. Monkey and cat ganglion cells from regions of matching cell class densities were also compared. Cat alpha, cat beta, Aotus M, and Cebus M cells were similar in many aspects, but Cebus M cells had higher branching density. Cebus and Aotus P cells formed a distinct group and represent a primate specialization common to diurnal and nocturnal simians.


Subject(s)
Aotus trivirgatus/anatomy & histology , Cebus/anatomy & histology , Retinal Ganglion Cells/ultrastructure , Animals , Aotus trivirgatus/metabolism , Cats/anatomy & histology , Cats/metabolism , Cebus/metabolism , Dendrites/metabolism , Dendrites/ultrastructure , Photoreceptor Cells/metabolism , Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism , Species Specificity
3.
J Comp Neurol ; 327(4): 584-96, 1993 Jan 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8440782

ABSTRACT

The serotoninergic innervation of the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) was investigated in cats and owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) with immunohistochemical methods. A dense network of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers was present in the reticular regions of DCN in cats, and in the pars triangularis of the cuneate nucleus and the peripheral and caudal regions of the gracile nucleus in owl monkeys. The cat's cluster regions and the monkey's rotund regions were more sparsely innervated. Electron microscopic examination showed that the labeled fibers were thin and unmyelinated. Vesicle-containing, terminal-like structures were small. They were in contact with dendrites, other terminals and cell bodies, but synapses were rare. The results demonstrate that the serotoninergic projection to the DCN in both cats and owl monkeys is heterogeneously distributed in a pattern that is faithfully related to the cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the DCN. The densely innervated reticular regions in the DCN of cats and the corresponding regions in monkeys are predominantly involved in the processing of sensory information to the cerebellum, either directly, or indirectly through projections to the inferior olive, pontine gray, tectum, pretectum, red nucleus, or zona incerta. Thus, the present findings suggest that the serotoninergic innervation of the DCN is primarily related to the DCN's involvement in motor functions.


Subject(s)
Aotus trivirgatus/metabolism , Cats/metabolism , Medulla Oblongata/chemistry , Serotonin/analysis , Animals , Aotus trivirgatus/anatomy & histology , Cats/anatomy & histology , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Medulla Oblongata/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron
4.
J Comp Neurol ; 289(1): 111-7, 1989 Nov 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2478596

ABSTRACT

The location of substance P (SP) in the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) of monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus), cats, and rats was investigated with immunohistochemical methods. Light microscopic analysis showed that SP-positive fibers and terminals are evenly distributed throughout the LCN of the monkey and rat, whereas the SP labeling in the LCN of the cat is concentrated in the medial part of the nucleus, with only very sparse labeling in the lateral part. Electron microscopic examination of the monkey LCN revealed the presence of SP-like immunoreactivity within terminal boutons and unmyelinated axons. The SP-positive boutons are in synaptic contact with dendrites and, occasionally, cell bodies; they contain densely packed, clear, round synaptic vesicles, as well as dense-core vesicles. The distribution of SP-like immunoreactivity in the LCN of monkeys, cats, and rats is similar to that of nociceptive-responsive neurons demonstrated in electrophysiological experiments. The possible role of the SP-containing fibers in the transmission of nociceptive information through the LCN is discussed.


Subject(s)
Aotus trivirgatus/metabolism , Cats/metabolism , Cebidae/metabolism , Substance P/metabolism , Thalamic Nuclei/metabolism , Animals , Aotus trivirgatus/anatomy & histology , Cats/anatomy & histology , Microscopy, Electron , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Thalamic Nuclei/cytology
5.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab ; 66(1): 224-9, 1988 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2826527

ABSTRACT

High serum of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] concentrations and target organ resistance to the hormone are characteristic findings in some New World primates (platyrrhines). We examined the abilities of cultural dermal fibroblasts from individual platyrrhines of four different genera, Aotus, Alouatta, Pithecia, and Saguinus, to internalize and respond to 1,25-(OH)2D3 in an attempt to identify possible phenotypic heterogeneity in the 1,25-(OH)2D3-receptor interaction among them. Results were compared to those from two Old World primates (catarrhines), Pan troglodytes and Pongo pygmaeus. Compared to catarrhine cells, cells from Alouatta, Pithecia, and Saguinus demonstrated 1) a 10-fold decrease in [3H] 1,25-(OH)2D3 internalization capacity; 2) a 2- to 5-fold increase in the apparent internalization constant [3H]1,25-(OH)2D3; and 3) a 3- to 15-fold increase in the 1,25-(OH)2D3 concentration required to elicit half-maximal induction of [3H]25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylating activity (ED50; rank order Sanguinus much greater than Pithecia greater than Alouatta). Although the internalization capacity of cells from two different primates in the genus Aotus was 3- to 4-fold lower than that in catarrhine cells, the internalization constant for hormone and ED50 for 24-hydroxylating activity were similar. These data suggest that the functional 1,25-(OH)2D3-receptor phenotype of the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus, is more closely aligned to the catarrhine phenotype than are those of other platyrrhines in the families Cebidae and Callitricidae.


Subject(s)
Haplorhini/metabolism , Phenotype , Receptors, Steroid/metabolism , Alouatta/genetics , Alouatta/metabolism , Animals , Aotus trivirgatus/genetics , Aotus trivirgatus/metabolism , Calcitriol/metabolism , Cebidae/genetics , Cebidae/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Haplorhini/genetics , Hydroxylation , Pan troglodytes/genetics , Pan troglodytes/metabolism , Pongo pygmaeus/genetics , Pongo pygmaeus/metabolism , Receptors, Calcitriol , Receptors, Steroid/genetics , Saguinus/genetics , Saguinus/metabolism
6.
Curr Eye Res ; 4(9): 933-40, 1985 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-4064733

ABSTRACT

The owl monkey is used in experimental ocular studies, but little data are available regarding its aqueous humor dynamics. We determined aqueous humor flow rate (AHF), anterior chamber elimination coefficient (Ke), and corneal endothelial transfer coefficient (Ka) fluorophotometrically; total outflow facility (C) by 2-level constant pressure perfusion; and the facility response to intravenous and intracameral pilocarpine in pentobarbital anesthetized owl monkeys. Baseline values (mean +/- S.E.M., n eyes) were: AHF = 1.52 +/- 0.14 microliter X min-1, n = 24; Ke = 6.54 +/- 0.65 min-1 X 10(-3), n = 24; Ka = 3.84 +/- 0.40 min-1 X 10(-3), n = 24; C = 0.35 +/- 0.03 microliter X min-1 X mm Hg-1, n = 26. Intracameral pilocarpine caused a dose-dependent facility increase, with the maximum response (a tripling of resting facility) occurring between 20 and 100 micrograms; intravenous pilocarpine, 2 mg/kg, also doubled to tripled facility. With certain qualifications, these findings are comparable to those in other primate species and confirm the usefulness of the owl monkey in carefully chosen experimental studies of aqueous dynamics.


Subject(s)
Aotus trivirgatus/metabolism , Aqueous Humor/metabolism , Cebidae/metabolism , Macaca fascicularis/metabolism , Macaca/metabolism , Animals , Anterior Chamber/anatomy & histology , Anterior Chamber/metabolism , Atropine/pharmacology , Cornea/anatomy & histology , Cornea/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Endothelium/metabolism , Intraocular Pressure/drug effects , Pilocarpine/pharmacology
7.
FEBS Lett ; 165(1): 46-50, 1984 Jan 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6692912

ABSTRACT

The amino acid sequence of the myoglobin of the South American Night Monkey, Aotes trivirgatus, is identical to that of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus [1]) except for residue 21 which is isoleucine in the marmoset, like in all other anthropoids, but valine in Aotes. Analysis of a possible pathway of the evolution of Aotes myoglobin using 18 known primate myoglobin sequences [2-5] supports the classification of the Night Monkey within Anthropoidea and Platyrrhini but it indicates that this species might be more closely related to the marmoset (family Callitrichidae) than to the family Cebidae as a member of which it is commonly classified.


Subject(s)
Aotus trivirgatus/metabolism , Biological Evolution , Cebidae/metabolism , Myoglobin , Primates/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Aotus trivirgatus/classification , Callithrix/metabolism
8.
J Protozool ; 26(4): 660-4, 1979 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-44526

ABSTRACT

Dihydrofolate reductase (E.C. 1.5.1.3) from Plasmodium falciparum and from its host, the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus), were partially purified and characterized. The molecular weight of the parasite enzyme was estimated to be over 10 times as high as that of the host enzyme. The host enzyme had 2 pH optima whereas the parasite enzyme only one. The activity of the host enzyme was greatly stimulated by KCl and urea, while that of the parasite enzyme was inhibited at high concentrations of such chaotropic agents. Km of the parasite enzyme was significantly higher than that of the host enzyme. The parasite enzyme had much lower Ki for pyrimethamine than the host enzyme. Dihydrofolate reductases isolated from pyrimethamine-resistant and pyrimethamine sensitive strains of P. falciparum were found to be similar.


Subject(s)
Aotus trivirgatus/metabolism , Haplorhini/metabolism , Malaria/enzymology , Plasmodium falciparum/enzymology , Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase , Animals , Erythrocytes/enzymology , Erythrocytes/parasitology , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Malaria/parasitology , Molecular Weight , Potassium Chloride/pharmacology , Pyrimethamine/metabolism , Species Specificity , Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/blood , Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/isolation & purification , Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Urea/pharmacology
9.
J Reprod Fertil ; 56(1): 271-80, 1979 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-112250

ABSTRACT

Circulating levels of oestrone and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassays in plasma samles from 5 female owl monkeys on 60 consecutive days. Both steroids exhibited cyclic fluctuations and based on nadir to nadir intervals the ovarian cycle was estimated to be 15.92 +/- 0.26 days. Levels of oestrone and pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide were also measured in daily urine samples. The fluctuations of urinary steroids reflected those observed in plasma. Ketamine sedation had no effect on the length of the cycle. Peak values of plasma progesterone and oestrone were 250.48 +/- 11.37 and 3.59 +/- 0.066 ng/ml respectively. There was no clear hormonal distinction between the follicular and luteal phase of the cycle in these owl monkeys.


Subject(s)
Aotus trivirgatus/metabolism , Estrone/metabolism , Haplorhini/metabolism , Pregnanediol/urine , Progesterone/blood , Animals , Aotus trivirgatus/blood , Aotus trivirgatus/urine , Estrone/blood , Estrone/urine , Female , Periodicity
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