The Effects of Deoxynivalenol on the Ultrastructure of the Sacculus Rotundus and Vermiform Appendix, as Well as the Intestinal Microbiota of Weaned Rabbits.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin found in grains that poses a potential threat to human and animal health, and the gastrointestinal tract is the primary target organ. There are few studies focused on the toxicology of DON to rabbits, especially on the relation among DON, microbiota, and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. A total of 30 weaned rabbits (35 d) were evenly divided into the control group and DON group (1.5 mg/kg bodyweight (BW)) based on their body weight. After a 24-day trial, the ultrastructures of the sacculus rotundus and vermiform appendix were observed using a scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy. The morphology and microflora in the ileum, caecum, and colon were also examined. The results proved that the ultrastructure of the sacculus rotundus and vermiform appendix, as well as the integrity of the intestinal barrier (especially for the ileum), were impaired after DON was administrated to the rabbits. Compared to the control group, the relative abundance and diversity of the microflora decreased in all three intestinal segments in the DON group, particularly in the ileum and caecum. In conclusion, the toxic effect of DON on weaned rabbits may be performed by destroying the structure of the sacculus rotundus and vermiform appendix, as well as affecting the structure and diversity of the intestinal flora.

Treatment options of inflammatory appendiceal masses in adults.

At present, the treatment of choice for uncomplicated acute appendicitis in adults continues to be surgical. The inflammation in acute appendicitis may sometimes be enclosed by the patient's own defense mechanisms, by the formation of an inflammatory phlegmon or a circumscribed abscess. The management of these patients is controversial. Immediate appendectomy may be technically demanding. The exploration often ends up in an ileocecal resection or a right-sided hemicolectomy. Recently, the conditions for conservative management of these patients have changed due to the development of computed tomography and ultrasound, which has improved the diagnosis of enclosed inflammation and made drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses easier. New efficient antibiotics have also given new opportunities for nonsurgical treatment of complicated appendicitis. The traditional management of these patients is nonsurgical treatment followed by interval appendectomy to prevent recurrence. The need for interval appendectomy after successful nonsurgical treatment has recently been questioned because the risk of recurrence is relatively small. After successful nonsurgical treatment of an appendiceal mass, the true diagnosis is uncertain in some cases and an underlying diagnosis of cancer or Crohn's disease may be delayed. This report aims at reviewing the treatment options of patients with enclosed appendiceal inflammation, with emphasis on the success rate of nonsurgical treatment, the need for drainage of abscesses, the risk of undetected serious disease, and the need for interval appendectomy to prevent recurrence.

[Antibacterial therapy in surgery of patients with acute destructive appendicitis].

Character of microflora of exsudate of abdominals and mucosis microflora of vermicular appendix is studied for patients with the destructive forms of appendicitis with the purpose of development of variants of antibacterial therapy at surgical treatment of patients with acute appendicitis. The patients with the destructive forms of appendicitis, which were on treatment in a municipal clinical hospital N 4 Kyiv for period 2004-2010. An Inflammatory-destructive process in an appendix is conditioned by both aerobic (Escherichia coli - 46,6 %, Enterobacter - 4,2 %, Citrobacter - 4,2 %, Klebsiella - 3,3 %, Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 5,8 %, Staphylococcus - 4,2 %) and anaerobic microorganisms (Bacteroides - 100 %) and increase Candida - 17,5 %. Antibacterial therapy is effective at 46,7 % patients with acute appendicitis. At 49,6 % patients acute appendicitis develops on a background dysbiotic intestinal disturbances. Clinically the effective charts of empiric antibacterial monotherapy 6 days it is been: Moxifloxacini intravenously 400 mgs one time in twenty-four hours during, Ertapenemi for a 1 g one time in twenty-four hours intravenously and combined - Aztreonami for a 1 g twice in twenty-four hours and of Clindamycini for 600 mgs twice in twenty-four hours, intramuscular during; Cefepimumi for a 1 g twice in twenty-four hours and of Clindamycini for 600 mgs twice in twenty-four hours, intramuscular.

Human visceral afferent recordings: preliminary report.

BACKGROUND: Conditions characterised by chronic visceral pain represent a significant healthcare burden with limited treatment options. While animal models have provided insights into potential mechanisms of visceral nociception and identified candidate drug targets, these have not translated into successful treatments in humans. OBJECTIVE: To develop an in vitro afferent nerve preparation using surgically excised freshly isolated human colon and vermiform appendix-mesentery tissues. METHODS: Non-inflamed appendix (n=18) and colon (n=9) were collected from patients undergoing right and left hemicolectomy. Electrophysiological recordings were made from mesenteric nerves and the tissue stimulated chemically and mechanically. RESULTS: Ongoing neuronal activity was sparse and where units occurred peak firing rates were: colon (2.0±0.4 spikes/s, n=4) and appendix (2.4±0.6 spikes/s, n=9). Afferent nerves innervating the appendix responded with a significant increase in activity following stimulation with inflammatory mediators (73±10.6 vs 3.0±0.3 spikes/s, n=6, p<0.001, inflammatory mediator vs baseline) and capsaicin (63±15.8 vs 2±0.3 spikes/s, n=3, p<0.001, capsaicin vs buffer). Afferent nerves innervating the colon responded with increased activity to blunt probing of the serosal surface. CONCLUSIONS: This first-in-human study demonstrates afferent nerve recordings from human gut tissue ex vivo and shows that tissue may be stimulated both chemically and mechanically to study neuronal responses. Collectively, the results provide preliminary evidence to validate this in vitro human tissue model as one that may aid future disease mechanistic studies and candidate drug testing.

[Participation of a distant cholinergic mechanism in the response of the vascular bed to intoxication by organophosphorus inhibitors of cholinesterase]. / Uchastie distantnogo kholinergicheskogo mekhanizma v reaktsii sosudistogo rusla na intoksikatsiiu fosfororganicheskimi ingibitorami kholinésterazy.

Poisoning with phosphacol causes dose--dependent decrease of blood flow speed in small vessels of mesoappendix. Administration of LD50 of phosphacole results in blood stagnation, simultaneous blood pressure fall, which leads to death of part of the animals. Electron microscopic study revealed the presence of acetyl and buthyryl cholinesterase in endotheliocytes of mesoappendicular capillaries, the activity of which was completely suppressed by administration of LD50 of phosphacol. 0,0-dimethyl-0 (2,2-dichlorvinyl) phosphate LD10 caused the damage of endotheliocyte surface. It was suggested that endothelial cholino-receptors that are activated through the rise of redundant acetyl-choline level in blood on the background of cholinesterase inhibition participate in the mechanism of pathological reactions described. Such variant of toxic effect was characterized as distant.

[The distant effects of acetylcholine--links in the pathogenesis of poisoning by cholinesterase inhibitors]. / Distantnye éffekty atsetilkholina--zven'ia v patogeneze intoksikatsii ingibitorami kholinésterazy.

Scanning electron microscopy showed that the capillary endothelial cells of rats poisoned by O,O-dimethyl-O(2,2-dichlorvinyl) phosphate swell and become wrinkled, while some of the cells acquire fenestrae. In 24 h. these changes become weaker. Mass deformity of erythrocytes was seen at the same time and lasted less than 24 h. Since the capillary endothelium and the erythrocytes are devoid of cholinergic innervation but possess cholinoreceptors, the occurring effects may be explained by the distant action of acetylcholine accumulating in the blood in poisoning by cholinestarase inhibitors.

Topical ketamine inhibits albumin extravasation in chemical peritonitis in rats.

BACKGROUND: As ketamine has local anaesthetic actions and local anaesthetics are known to have anti-inflammatory effects, ketamine could be expected to be an anti-inflammatory agent. Here we sought to determine whether ketamine is indeed anti-inflammatory in chemical peritonitis induced by HCl in rats. METHODS: Peritonitis was elicited by applying 0.02 M HCl on the surface of the cecum or appendix and quantified by measuring the extravasation of intravenously injected Evan's Blue bound to albumin extracted from those tissues. Three experimental sets were performed. In the first set, four groups of 10 rats each received: 1%, 2%, and 4% ketamine and 1% lidocaine. In the same animal, before induction of peritonitis one area was topically pre-treated with 0.9% saline (control site) and another area was topically pre-treated with 1%, 2% or 4% ketamine or 1% lidocaine (experimental site). In the second set, two groups of 10 rats each received: 2% ketamine or 1% lidocaine. Ten min after the induction of peritonitis, the control site was topically treated with 0.9% saline, while the experimental site was treated with 2% ketamine or 1% lidocaine. In the third set 20 rats, divided into two groups, were pre-treated either with 2% S(+)ketamine or 2% R(-)ketamine before the induction of peritonitis instead of the previously employed racemic version of the drug. RESULTS: Treatment of the cecum or appendix areas with ketamine or lidocaine before the induction of peritonitis decreased the extravasation of Evan's Blue-albumin from 5.7 +/- 0.7 micrograms/100 mg tissue to 4.5 +/- 0.8, N.S. with 1% ketamine; from 5.9 +/- 0.8 to 4.1 +/- 0.7, P < 0.01 with 2% ketamine; from 4.8 +/- 0.7 to 3.5 +/- 0.6, P < 0.05 with 4% ketamine and from 5.9 +/- 0.6 to 3.6 +/- 0.8, P < 0.01 with 1% lidocaine. Treatment of the areas of peritonitis with 2% ketamine or 1% lidocaine decreased the extravasation of Evan's Blue-albumin from 5.6 +/- 0.5 micrograms/100 mg tissue to 4.4 +/- 0.6, P < 0.05 and from 6.0 +/- 0.8 to 5.0 +/- 0.7, P < 0.01. Administration of the isomer S(+)ketamine to colonic areas before the induction of peritonitis reduced the extravasation of Evan's Blue-albumin from 6.5 +/- 0.7 micrograms/100 mg tissue to 4.1 +/- 0.6, P < 0.01; while the isomer R(-)ketamine was inactive. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that topically applied ketamine inhibited the development of chemical peritonitis. This action of racemic ketamine was due to the isomer S(+)ketamine.

Motor response to electric spatial stimulation of isolated intact and inflamed human appendix.

The smooth muscle responses to electric stimulation of intact, slightly or severely inflamed, isolated human appendix strips were studied. No changes were noted in the motility of the not inflamed and slightly inflamed appendices, (simple appendicitis), the preparations responded to nervous stimulation with contractions of the same size. The smooth muscle contractions were blocked by atropine, and enhanced by physostigmine, which proves the cholinergic nature of the innervation. The severe inflammation (acute phlegmonous appendicitis) reduced also the contraction and relaxation of the appendix strips. With the advancement of the inflammatory process, the decreased motility of the appendix can play an in vivo role in the rapid progress of the process.

[The effect of histamine and histamine H1 and H2 receptor blockers on the tone of the longitudinal muscles in the human appendix]. / Utjecaj histamina i blokatora histaminskih H1 i H2 receptora na tonus longitudinalne muskulature humanog apendiksa.

The aims of this study were to determine whether the effect of histamine on a smooth musculature of the human appendix is mediated by histamine H1-receptors only or whether histamine H2-receptors are involved, as well. The obtained results indicate histamine increases tonus in musculature; however, histamine H1-receptor antagonist (promethazine) decreases tonus. Histamine H2-receptor antagonist (cimetidine) has caused a mild increase in tonus of musculature what indicates that it has a certain intrinsic activity. By blocking histamine receptors with H1 and H2 antagonists which were used either separately or together before cumulative histamine concentrations, it has been concluded that histamine actions are exerted not exclusively by H1-receptors but also histamine H2-receptor antagonists can significantly decrease the tonicizing effect of histamine.

[The effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha and indomethacin on the musculature of the human appendix]. / Utjecaj prostaglandina F2 alpha i indometacina na muskulaturu humanog apendiksa.

In their research, the authors have tried to determine possible differences in effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha on longitudinal musculature tonus in normal and inflamed human appendix and the extent to which it is possible to react on prostaglandin effect by indomethacin. The obtained results indicate that PGF2 alpha increases tonus in human appendix musculature; however, the change is more pronounced in a normal appendix musculature. Even more, indomethacin prevents spasms caused by PGF2 alpha in musculature of both normal and inflamed appendix significantly. This indicates that, in addition to its influence on prostaglandin synthesis indomethacin also has another mechanism of activity, may be even at the level of prostaglandin receptors.

Effect of various pharmacological agonists on the rat caecum-appendix preparation: a preliminary study.

A preliminary study with various pharmacological agents revealed the presence of contractile muscarinic and H1-histamine receptors as well as inhibitory alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors and purinoceptors in rat caecum-appendix. Histamine also produced indirect actions mediated through the release of catecholamines. 5-Hydroxytryptamine produced variable response, the contractile response was mediated through 5-HT receptors and the relaxant response through the release of catecholamines.

[Immunodepressive action and effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on the lymphatic tissue of the rabbit appendix]. / Azione immunodepressiva ed effetti del medrossiprogesterone acetato sul tessuto linfatico dell'appendice di coniglio.

The influence of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on lymphoid tissue of rabbit appendix was investigated. The agent caused a uniform depletion of lymphoid cells, which confirmed the immunodepressive properties of the drug. Other findings suggested a corticoid action of the agent and a possible anticellular activity, interfering with nucleic acid synthesis of proliferating cells.

[Immunosuppressive action and effects of amethopterin on the lymphoid tissue of the rabbit appendix]. / Azione immunosoppressiva ed effetti dell'ametopterina sul tessuto linfoide dell'appendice nel coniglio.

Effects of amethopterin (MTX) on lymphoid tissue of rabbit appendix have been evaluated. The drug caused an evident depletion of lymphoid cells. This finding suggested the relevance of cytotoxicity in the mechanism of immune suppression. Discontinuation of drug treatment demonstrated a tendency toward the reorganization of the lymphoid tissue.

Effect of some drugs on human appendix in vitro.

Muscarinic action of acetylcholine was demonstrated in the human isolated appendix. Histamine-induced contractions seemed to the mediated by H1 receptors. Nicotine and DMPP-induced contractions were mediated through their action on ganglion cells. Experiments with adrenergic drugs suggested the presence of beta receptors.