ABSTRACT
The ability of metabolically diverse hyperthermophilic archaea to withstand high temperatures, low pHs, high sulfide concentrations, and the absence of carbon and energy sources was investigated. Close relatives of our study organisms, Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, Archaeoglobus profundus, Thermococcus fumicolans, and Pyrococcus sp. strain GB-D, are commonly found in hydrothermal vent chimney walls and hot sediments and possibly deeper in the subsurface, where highly dynamic hydrothermal flow patterns and steep chemical and temperature gradients provide an ever-changing mosaic of microhabitats. These organisms (with the possible exception of Pyrococcus strain GB-D) tolerated greater extremes of low pH, high sulfide concentration, and high temperature when actively growing and metabolizing than when starved of carbon sources and electron donors/acceptors. Therefore these organisms must be actively metabolizing in the hydrothermal vent chimneys, sediments, and subsurface in order to withstand at least 24 h of exposure to extremes of pH, sulfide, and temperature that occur in these environments.
Subject(s)
Euryarchaeota/growth & development , Hot Temperature , Seawater/microbiology , Sulfides/pharmacology , Archaeoglobus/drug effects , Archaeoglobus/growth & development , Archaeoglobus/physiology , Euryarchaeota/drug effects , Euryarchaeota/physiology , Heat-Shock Response , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Thermococcus/drug effects , Thermococcus/growth & development , Thermococcus/physiologySubject(s)
Archaeoglobus/enzymology , Glutamate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Isocitrate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Malate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Archaeoglobus/genetics , Archaeoglobus/growth & development , Chromatography, Affinity , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel/methods , Enzyme Stability , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Glutamate Dehydrogenase/isolation & purification , Hot Temperature , Isocitrate Dehydrogenase/isolation & purification , Kinetics , Malate Dehydrogenase/isolation & purification , Molecular Sequence Data , Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid , ThermodynamicsABSTRACT
We present evidence that, in contrast to plasmids from other hyperthermophilic archaea, which are in the relaxed to positively supercoiled state, plasmid pGS5 (2.8 kb) from Archaeoglobus profundus is negatively supercoiled. This might be due to the presence of a gyrase introducing negative supercoils, since gyrase genes are present in the genome of its close relative A. fulgidus, and suggests that gyrase activity predominates over reverse gyrase whenever the two topoisomerases coexist in cells.
