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1.
Indian J Exp Biol ; 29(4): 346-51, 1991 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1908438

ABSTRACT

Effects of topically applied betel leaf extract (BLE) and its constituents. beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, eugenol and hydroxychavicol on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced skin tumors were evaluated in two strains of mice. BLE, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, significantly inhibited the tumor formation by 83, 86, 86% in Swiss mice and 92, 94 and 89% in male Swiss bare mice respectively. Hydroxychavicol showed 90% inhibition in Swiss bare mice at 24 weeks of treatment. Eugenol showed minimal protection in both strains of mice. The mean latency period and survivors in BLE, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and hydroxychavicol treated groups were remarkably high as compared to DMBA alone treated group. Intraperitoneal injection of betal leaf constituents showed a significant effect on both glutathione and glutathione S-transferase levels in the Swiss mouse skin.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic , Areca/analysis , Plants, Medicinal , Skin Neoplasms/prevention & control , 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene , Animals , Female , Inactivation, Metabolic , Male , Mice , Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced
2.
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi ; 15(4): 204-6, 253, 1990 Apr.
Article in Chinese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2169759

ABSTRACT

The result of our experiment has shown that by root-zone application of carbofuran in admixture with fertilizers to Areca in spring the serious pest Tirathaba rufivena can be controlled for 4 months during flowering and young fruiting stage and the yield can increase by 50%. The final residual amount of carbofuran in fruits is below 0.1-0.01 ppm or too low to be examined, and there is no decrease in total alkaloid content in fruits.


Subject(s)
Areca/growth & development , Carbofuran , Plants, Medicinal , Alkaloids/analysis , Areca/analysis , Fertilizers , Insect Control , Pesticide Residues/analysis
3.
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi ; 15(2): 81-5, 125-6, 1990 Feb.
Article in Chinese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2390176

ABSTRACT

The investigation was conducted to find out the effect of PGR-1 (spurting) on variations in the mineral contents and nutritive values of the leaf, flower and root of Areca catechu in different phenophases of th year. The result shows that PGR-1 helps to expand th leaf area of different leaf segments by 20.8 to 37.47 cm2 and increase the dry matter by 4.66 to 6.56g, so as to promote the nutritive value of inflorescence and thus raise the flowering and fruitication rate.


Subject(s)
Areca/growth & development , Minerals/analysis , Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal/growth & development , Pyridines/pharmacology , Areca/analysis
4.
Mutagenesis ; 4(3): 200-4, 1989 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2659937

ABSTRACT

Hydroxychavicol and eugenol are the phenolic compounds isolated from betel leaf (piper betel). The modulation of nitrosation of methylurea by sodium nitrite at pH 3.6 and 30 degrees C was studied. The formation of mutagenic N-nitrosomethylurea was monitored by checking the mutagenicity of reaction mixture in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 and TA1535 without S9 mix. Hydroxychavicol and eugenol exhibit dose-dependent suppression of nitrosation in vitro without affecting the survival of the bacteria. Pre- or post-treatment of bacterial cells from S. typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535 with phenolics did not modify the mutagenicity of nitrosomethylurea. The blocking of hydroxy group(s) in the benzene ring by acetylation abolishes the anti-nitrosating activity of the molecule(s). The nitrosation inhibition by hydroxychavicol is through scavenging of nitrite ions in the media, thus making them non-available for the nitrosation of methylurea.


Subject(s)
Areca/analysis , Eugenol/analogs & derivatives , Nitroso Compounds/metabolism , Plants, Medicinal/analysis , Eugenol/isolation & purification , Eugenol/pharmacology , Methylnitrosourea/antagonists & inhibitors , Methylnitrosourea/metabolism , Molecular Structure , Mutagenicity Tests , Mutagens
5.
Mutagenesis ; 4(2): 154-6, 1989 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2659927

ABSTRACT

Epidemiological studies have implicated chewing tobacco alone to be more hazardous than chewing tobacco with betel quid. Experimental studies have shown that betel leaf is antimutagenic against standard mutagens like benzo[a]pyrene and dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Since the tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) are the only carcinogens present in unburnt forms of tobacco, including chewing tobacco, we tested the effect of an extract of betel leaf against the mutagenicity of the two important TSNA, viz., N'-nitrosonornicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay with TA100 +S9 and the in vivo micronucleus test. In both the test systems it was observed that betel leaf extract suppressed the mutagenic effects of both the nitrosamines to a significant extent.


Subject(s)
Areca/analysis , Mutagens , Mutation , Nitrosamines/toxicity , Plants, Medicinal/analysis , Animals , Male , Mice , Micronucleus Tests , Mutagenicity Tests , Mutagens/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/pharmacology
11.
Experientia ; 43(4): 391-3, 1987 Apr 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3032668

ABSTRACT

Treatment of reconstituted collagen fibrils and pieces of rat dermis with the crude extract, purified tannins or (+)-catechin from betel nut (Areca catechu) increases their resistance to both human and bacterial collagenases in a concentration-dependent manner. These tanning agents may stabilise collagen in vivo following damage to the oral epithelium, and promote the sub-epithelial fibrosis which occurs in betel nut chewers.


Subject(s)
Areca/analysis , Collagen/metabolism , Flavonoids , Mouth Diseases/chemically induced , Oral Submucous Fibrosis/chemically induced , Phenols/pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal/analysis , Polymers/pharmacology , Animals , Catechin/pharmacology , Macromolecular Substances , Microbial Collagenase/metabolism , Phenols/adverse effects , Polymers/adverse effects , Rats , Tannins/pharmacology
15.
Life Sci ; 38(15): 1375-82, 1986 Apr 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3007909

ABSTRACT

Among various tannins tested, Areca II-5-C, a fraction isolated from seeds of Areca catechu L., showed the most potent angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity in vitro. Its antihypertensive activity was therefore investigated in normotensive and spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) after both oral and intravenous (i.v.) administration. The activity was compared with that of captopril (D-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl-L-proline), a potent ACE inhibitor. Oral administration of Areca II-5-C to SHR produced a lasting, dose-related antihypertensive effect, and the responses obtained with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg were comparable to those of captopril at doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg. Intravenous administration of Areca II-5-C to SHR produced a rapid and marked reduction in blood pressure at doses of 10 and 15 mg/kg. The maximum antihypertensive effect of Areca II-5-C in SHR, at an i.v. dose of 15 mg/kg, was about 5 times as large as that of captopril at the same dose. Although the vasopressor response to norepinephrine and vasodepressor responses to bradykinin and acetylcholine were not appreciably changed by i.v. treatment with Areca II-5-C at a dose of 5 mg/kg, it did produce dose-related inhibition of the pressor responses to angiotensin I and II. It is suggested that Areca II-5-C has favorable properties as a hypotensive drug through its ability to inhibit the pressor responses to both angiotensin I and II.


Subject(s)
Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology , Areca/analysis , Plants, Medicinal/analysis , Tannins/pharmacology , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors , Angiotensins/pharmacology , Animals , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Bradykinin/pharmacology , Captopril/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Male , Rats , Rats, Inbred SHR , Rats, Inbred WKY
16.
Food Chem Toxicol ; 24(1): 27-31, 1986 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3512392

ABSTRACT

During N-nitrosamine analysis of extracts of betel quid with tobacco and of the saliva of chewers of betel quid with tobacco for N-nitrosamines using a Thermal Energy Analyzer, two unknown compounds were detected. They were identified as synthetic nitro musks, musk ambrette (5-tert-butyl-1,3-dinitro-4-methoxy-2-methylbenzene, CAS No. 83-66-9) and musk xylene, (1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, CAS No. 81-15-2), by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These compounds were detected in several samples of betel quid with tobacco and in perfumed tobacco used for chewing in India in amounts ranging from 0.45-23.5 mg/g wet weight. Musk ambrette was found to be mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 requiring metabolic activation by rat-liver postmitochondrial supernatant but musk xylene lacked mutagenicity.


Subject(s)
Areca/analysis , Dinitrobenzenes/isolation & purification , Mutagens , Nicotiana/analysis , Nitrobenzenes/isolation & purification , Plants, Medicinal/analysis , Plants, Toxic , Animals , Biotransformation , Chromatography, Gas , Dinitrobenzenes/toxicity , Humans , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Mutagenicity Tests , Mutagens/isolation & purification , Rats , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects , Salmonella typhimurium/genetics , Xylenes/isolation & purification , Xylenes/toxicity
18.
Carcinogenesis ; 6(2): 295-303, 1985 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3971493

ABSTRACT

In order to evaluate exposure of betel quid chewers to N-nitroso compounds, saliva and urine samples were collected from chewers of betel quid with or without tobacco, from tobacco chewers, from cigarette smokers and from people with no such habit, and were analysed for the presence of N-nitrosamines by gas chromatography coupled with Thermal Energy Analyzer and alkaloids derived from betel nut and tobacco by capillary gas chromatography fitted with nitrogen-phosphorous selective detector. The levels of the betel nut-specific nitrosamines, N-nitrosoguvacoline and N-nitrososoguvacine (the latter being detected for the first time in saliva), ranged from 0 to 7.1 and 0 to 30.4 ng/ml, respectively. High levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines were detected in the saliva of chewers of betel quid with tobacco and in that of chewers of tobacco, ranging from 1.6 to 59.7 (N'-nitrosonornicotine), 1.0 to 51.7 (N'-nitrosoanatabine) and 0 to 2.3 [4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone] ng/ml. Urinary concentrations of certain N-nitrosamino acids, including N-nitrosoproline, were determined as a possible index of exposure to nitroso compounds and their precursors in the study groups: no clear difference was observed. The betel nut-specific alkaloid, arecoline, was present at high levels in the saliva of betel quid chewers with or without tobacco. Nicotine and cotinine were also detected in saliva and urine of chewers of tobacco and of betel quid with tobacco. In order to assess whether N-nitroso compounds are formed in vivo in the oral cavity during chewing or in the stomach after swallowing the quids, the levels of N-nitroso compounds in betel quid extracts were determined before and after nitrosation at pH 7.4 and 2.1. The results indicate that N-nitroso compounds could easily be formed in vivo. The possible role of N-nitroso compounds in the causation of cancer of the upper alimentary tract in betel quid chewers is discussed.


Subject(s)
Areca , Nicotiana , Nitroso Compounds/analysis , Plants, Medicinal , Plants, Toxic , Saliva/analysis , Adult , Alkaloids/analysis , Areca/analysis , Cotinine/urine , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Male , Middle Aged , Nicotine/urine , Nitrites/analysis , Nitroso Compounds/metabolism , Thiocyanates/analysis
19.
Cancer Lett ; 23(2): 189-92, 1984 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6744244

ABSTRACT

The genotoxicity of arecaidine, an alkaloid of betel nut, was studied on mouse bone marrow cells in vivo by sister chromatid exchange (SCE) method. Arecaidine was administered intraperitoneally to mice at the dose levels of 2.5 mg, 5 mg and 7.5 mg to each mouse weighing 25 +/- 1 g for 5, 10 and 15 days. Significant increase in the number of SCEs was observed in the treated groups, and this increase, although dose-dependent, was not dependent upon the duration of exposure.


Subject(s)
Areca , Arecoline/analogs & derivatives , Bone Marrow/drug effects , Crossing Over, Genetic/drug effects , Plants, Medicinal , Sister Chromatid Exchange/drug effects , Animals , Areca/analysis , Arecoline/isolation & purification , Arecoline/pharmacology , Arecoline/toxicity , Bone Marrow/ultrastructure , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Nuts/analysis , Time Factors
20.
Int J Cancer ; 33(5): 581-6, 1984 May 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6327538

ABSTRACT

The present study evaluates the incidence of tumors in hamster buccal pouches following short-term (10 days) and long-term (6 months) topical exposures to graded doses of benzo(a)pyrene, B(a)P (25 micrograms, 50 micrograms and 100 micrograms per pouch either daily for 10 days or thrice weekly for 6 months) alone or in combination with extract of tobacco (1 mg/pouch, twice daily), betel nut (1 mg/pouch, twice daily) or betel leaf (5 mg/pouch, twice daily). Given alone, the three doses of B(a)P respectively yielded, 6 months after the last treatment, 4%, 8.7% and 16.7% tumors in the short-term study, and 20%, 35% and 61% tumors in the long-term study. Short-term treatments with individual ingredients of betel quid did not produce any tumors while long-term treatments produced tumors only with tobacco (17.6%) and betel nut (10.5%). When B(a)P, and betel quid ingredients were painted concomitantly for 10 days, there was, depending upon the dose of B(a)P, complete or partial suppression of tumor production. But when B(a)P-plus-tobacco or B(a)P-plus-betel nut treatments were given for 6 months, there was a considerable increase in tumor incidence. Betel leaf extract, in both short-term and long-term studies, expressed its inhibitory influence on B(a)P-induced tumorigenesis.


Subject(s)
Areca , Benzopyrenes , Carcinogens , Mouth Neoplasms/chemically induced , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Plants, Medicinal , Animals , Areca/analysis , Benzo(a)pyrene , Cheek , Cricetinae , Female , Mesocricetus , Plants, Toxic , Precancerous Conditions/chemically induced , Nicotiana/analysis
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