Preclinical safety and antitumor activity of the arginine-degrading therapeutic enzyme pegzilarginase, a PEGylated, cobalt-substituted recombinant human arginase 1.

Metabolic remodeling contributes to the development and progression of some cancers and exposes them to vulnerabilities, including specific nutrient dependencies that can be targeted therapeutically. Arginine is a semiessential amino acid, and several cancers are unable to endogenously synthesize sufficient levels of arginine for survival and proliferation, most commonly due to reduced expression of argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1). Such cancers are dependent on arginine and they can be targeted via enzyme-mediated depletion of systemic arginine. We report the preclinical safety, antitumor efficacy, and immune-potentiating effects of pegzilarginase, a highly potent human arginine-degrading enzyme. Toxicology studies showed that pegzilarginase-mediated arginine depletion is well tolerated at therapeutic levels that elicit an antitumor growth effect. To determine which tumor types are best suited for clinical development, we profiled clinical tumor samples for ASS1 expression, which correlated with pegzilarginase sensitivity in vivo in patient-derived xenograft (PDx) models. Among the histologies tested, malignant melanoma, small cell lung cancer and Merkel cell carcinoma had the highest prevalence of low ASS1 expression, the highest proportion of PDx models responding to pegzilarginase, and the strongest correlation between low or no ASS1 expression and sensitivity to pegzilarginase. In an immune-competent syngeneic mouse model, pegzilarginase slowed tumor growth and promoted the recruitment of CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. This is consistent with the known autophagy-inducing effects of arginine depletion, and the link between autophagy and major histocompatibility complex antigen presentation to T cells. Our work supports the ongoing clinical investigations of pegzilarginase in solid tumors and clinical combination of pegzilarginase with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Arginase purified from endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa IH2: Induce apoptosis through both cell cycle arrest and MMP loss in human leukemic HL-60 cells.

Arginase is a therapeutic enzyme for arginine-auxotrophic cancers but their low anticancer activity, less proteolytic tolerance and shorter serum half-life are the major shortcomings. In this study, arginase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa IH2 was purified to homogeneity and estimated as 75 kDa on native-PAGE and 37 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Arginase showed optimum activity at pH 8 and temperature 35 °C. Mn2+ and Mg2+ ions enhanced arginase activity while, Li+, Cu2+, and Al3+ ions reduced arginase activity. In-vitro serum half-life of arginase was 36 h and proteolytic half-life against trypsin and proteinase-K was 25 and 29 min, respectively. Anticancer activity of arginase was evaluated against colon, breast, leukemia, and prostate cancer cell lines and lowest IC50 (0.8 IU ml-1) was found against leukemia cell line HL-60. Microscopic studies and flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V/PI staining of HL-60 cells revealed that arginase induced apoptosis in dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis suggested that arginase induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. The increasing level of MMP loss, ROS generation and decreasing level of SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH suggested that arginase treatment triggered dysfunctioning of mitochondria. The cleavage of caspase-3, PARP-1, activations of caspase-8, 9 and high expression of proapoptotic protein Bax, low expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 indicated that arginase treatment activates mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Purified arginase did not exert cytotoxic effects on human noncancer cells. Our study strongly supports that arginase could be used as potent anticancer agent but further studies are required which are underway in our lab.

The role of autophagy in the cytotoxicity induced by recombinant human arginase in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), one of the most common malignant solid tumors in the world, has a high rate of mortality, recurrence, and metastasis. Recombinant human arginase (rhArg) recently has been developed in arginine deprivation therapy for a number of malignant tumors. In the present study, we observed that rhArg triggered significant cytotoxicity in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma Tu212 cells. Meanwhile, we observed that rhArg simultaneously activated autophagic flux in Tu212 cells, which was demonstrated by the accumulation of autophagosome and light chain 3 II (LC3-II). And, we explored the role of autophagy in cytotoxicity induced by rhArg in Tu212 cells. Autophagy inhibitors including chloroquine (CQ) and bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1) enhanced cytotoxicity induced by rhArg, implying the protective role of autophagy in rhArg-treated Tu212 cells. Moreover, Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was most possibly to participate in the rhArg-induced autophagy. Meanwhile, rhArg could upregulate the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in a time-dependent manner. Therefore, all the results illuminated the cytoprotective role of autophagy in the treatment of rhArg in laryngeal squamous carcinoma Tu212 cells and provided a potential approach for LSCC therapy by rhArg combined with autophagy inhibitors.

A relação arginase-óxido nítrico na infecção experimental por leishmania braziliensis / The relationship arginase-nitric oxide in experimental infection by Leishmania braziliensis

A arginase é uma importante enzima envolvida no processo de desintoxicação, eliminando amônia via ciclo da ureia, hidrolisando a L-arginina à L-ornitina e ureia. L-ornitina pode ser metabolizada pela ornitina descarboxilase (ODC), dando origem a poliaminas, que são importantes para divisão e proliferação celular. A L. major usa esta via metabólica para proliferar dentro do macrófago durante a infecção. Por outro lado, a óxido nítrico sintase (NOS) oxida a L-arginina à citrulina e óxido nítrico, participando, desta forma, da eliminação do parasita. Estas enzimas podem ser moduladas na presença de citocinas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre arginase e óxido nítrico durante a infecção experimental causada por L. braziliensis. No modelo cutâneo de infecção por L. braziliensis, camundongos BALB/c desenvolvem uma lesão que cura espontaneamente na décima semana após infecção. Os parasitas, no entanto, persistem no linfonodo de drenagem (LNd) até 6 meses após a infecção. Camundongos BALB/c foram infectados com L. braziliensis, na derme da orelha, e o desenvolvimento da lesão, a carga parasitária, a atividade da arginase e a produção de óxido nítrico (NO) foram avaliados, assim como a produção de citocinas. A atividade da arginase na orelha aumenta com o desenvolvimento da lesão e diminui com a cura da mesma. No LNd, a atividade da arginase foi detectada junto com a persistência do parasita. A presença de NO na orelha foi maior no pico de desenvolvimento da lesão, acompanhando a presença de IFN-g, no LNd. Com a cura da clínica, houve redução dos níveis de NO na orelha, acompanhado de aumento na produção de TGF-b no LNd. A inibição da arginase, utilizando Nor-NOHA, reduziu significativamente o tamanho da lesão e a carga parasitária na orelha e no LNd. Curiosamente, este efeito foi associado a uma maior produção de IL-4 e IL-10. Por outro lado, a suplementação com L-arginina, o substrato comum para as enzimas iNOS e arginase exacerbou o tamanho da lesão e elevou a carga parasitária. Nossos dados sugerem que a arginase está envolvida com a multiplicação de L. braziliensis, causando a lesão na orelha e, posteriormente, está envolvida com a persistência do parasita no LNd.

Mouse strain susceptibility to trypanosome infection: an arginase-dependent effect.

We previously reported that macrophage arginase inhibits NO-dependent trypanosome killing in vitro and in vivo. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice are known to be susceptible and resistant to trypanosome infection, respectively. Hence, we assessed the expression and the role of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and arginase in these two mouse strains infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Arginase I and arginase II mRNA expression was higher in macrophages from infected BALB/c compared with those from C57BL/6 mice, whereas iNOS mRNA was up-regulated at the same level in both phenotypes. Similarly, arginase activity was more important in macrophages from infected BALB/c vs infected C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, increase of arginase I and arginase II mRNA levels and of macrophage arginase activity was directly induced by trypanosomes, with a higher level in BALB/c compared with C57BL/6 mice. Neither iNOS expression nor NO production was stimulated by trypanosomes in vitro. The high level of arginase activity in T. brucei brucei-infected BALB/c macrophages strongly inhibited macrophage NO production, which in turn resulted in less trypanosome killing compared with C57BL/6 macrophages. NO generation and parasite killing were restored to the same level in BALB/c and C57BL/6 macrophages when arginase was specifically inhibited with N(omega)-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine. In conclusion, host arginase represents a marker of resistance/susceptibility to trypanosome infections.

[Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine and arginase: effect on corneal regeneration and its antiviral effect]. / Polyvinyl-Pyrrolidon-Jod und Arginase: Einfluss auf Hornhaut-Regeneration und antivirale Wirkung.

PVP-iodine was found to be virucidal for adenoviruses and herpes simplex virus in a concentration of 0.5%, i.e., a 1:20 dilution of Betaisodona. Similar concentrations did not delay the healing of corneal epithelium of the rabbit after experimental lesions (Ullerich and Durchschlag, 1953), although the eyes were slightly irritated. However, a higher concentration (1.25%) caused considerable ocular irritation, and healing of the cornea was delayed or completely inhibited. Arginase, which inhibited the multiplication of adenoviruses and herpes simplex virus in cell culture, did not impair corneal healing in solutions of up to 5%.

The effects of arginine deficiency on lymphoma cells.

When L5178Y and L1210 mouse lymphosarcoma cells were incubated with rat or beef liver arginase there was up to 100% cell destruction in 24 hours. This was reversed specifically with arginine and partially with arginino-succinic acid, citrulline and ornithine. The concentration of arginine was critical; at 8 µmol/l the cells remained viable and reversible inhibition could be shown; below this level cells died. L5178Y cells were grown in medium containing from 0 to 80 µmol/l arginine for 24 hours then transferred to fresh medium for 24 hours. Viable cell counts and mitotic indices were determined, and cells were pulsed with (3)H-thymidine, (3)H-uridine, (14)C-leucine and (14)C-arginine at various times. Thymidine uptake was affected most and preceded parallel changes in viable cell numbers. It was concluded that arginine is required by these cells even in a "resting" state and despite some evidence for their capacity to utilize precursors, the tumour cells underwent rapid and extensive destruction when available arginine was severely depleted.