Francisco Javier Muñiz. Cirujano de guerra / Francisco Javier Muñiz. War Surgeon

Francisco Javier Muñiz nació en Monte Grande en 1795 y se graduó de médico en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en 1822. Además de la medicina y la paleontología, Muñiz se desempeñó como cirujano de guerra en la guerra con el Brasil y en la guerra de la Triple Alianza. En 1871, encontrándose jubilado, se ofrece como voluntario en la lucha contra la epidemia de fiebre amarilla que asoló a la ciudad de Buenos Aires provocando 14.467 muertos. Muñiz falleció el 8 de abril de 1871 en cumplimiento del deber, contagiado de fiebre amarilla. Médico, periodista, paleontólogo, descubridor de la vacuna nativa contra la viruela y realizador de apuntes de lingüística, Francisco Javier Muñiz, representa uno de los grandes ejemplos para la sociedad argentina. (AU)

Francisco Javier Muñiz was born in Monte Grande in 1795 and graduated as a physician from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires in 1822. In addition to medicine and paleontology, Muñiz served as a military surgeon in the War with Brazil and in the War of the Triple Alliance. In 1871, when he was retired, he volunteered to fight the yellow fever epidemic that devastated the city of Buenos Aires, causing 14,467 deaths. Muñiz died in the line of duty on April 8, 1871, infected with yellow fever. Doctor, journalist, paleontologist, discoverer of the native vaccine against smallpox and linguistic note-taker, Francisco Javier Muñiz is one of the great examples for Argentinian society. (AU)

The Balkan Wars in prof. Precechtel's memories.

Professor Precechtel's memories of the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 have various facets and encompass different impressions and phases of these events. They trace the preparations in Prague and the journey to Montenegro, the ancient city of Cetinje among the poor and primitive people, experiences in the Albanian environment plagued by diseases, and the war experienced in Bulgaria. Czech doctors enthusiastically aided their Slavic brethren in the Balkans, who fought for liberation and rights. Initially, they were received coolly and with reservation as the local population had no experience with Czech doctors. However, over time, the medical expeditions proved their worth. Albania presented many obstacles, including a shortage of medicines and suitable food. The army suffered from droughts and exhaustion, leading to high mortality rates and infections. Medical activities were carried out under difficult conditions, lacking hygiene and basic supplies. Despite all the difficulties, the doctors strove to provide help, and their work was invaluable. Memories of the Balkan War are filled with stories of scarcity, challenges, human suffering, and determination to aid and solidarity.

Memória, desmentida e traumatismo social sob a ótica da Psicanálise das Configurações Vinculares / Memory, denial and social traumatism from a Psychoanalysis of Binding Configurations perspective / Memoria, desmentida y trauma social desde la perspectiva del Psicoanálisis de las Configuraciones Vinculares / Mémoire, négationnisme et traumatisme social dans la perspective de la Psychanalyse des Configurations de Liaison

O discurso negacionista e a minimização dos efeitos nefastos da ditadura civil-militar por figuras do alto escalão do governo são exemplos emblemáticos da desmentida de histórias de sofrimento social. Este estudo teórico aborda os processos psicológicos de apagamento de memórias sociais traumáticas e seus efeitos na transmissão psíquica, da perspectiva da Psicanálise das Configurações Vinculares, à luz de Puget e Berenstein. Mobilizando os conceitos de memória social, desmentida, trauma e traumatismo social, argumentamos que a denegação de fatos traumáticos gera uma dupla violência: por um lado, produz lacunas na história e um não-trabalho vincular que favorece transmissões psíquicas transgeracionais e, por outro, atenta contra o pertencimento social e a constituição narcísica dos sujeitos. À vista disso, concluímos pela necessidade de criar um dispositivo de escuta dos traumatismos sociais na contramão da desmentida, garantindo o direito assegurado pela Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos do acesso do povo à própria história

Denialist discourses and the downplayed harmful effects of the civil-military dictatorship by high-ranking Brazilian government officials are emblematic examples of negationist attitudes towards narratives of social suffering. This theoretical study addresses the psychological processes of erasing traumatic social memories and their effects on psychic transmission based on psychoanalysis of linking configurations according to Puget and Berenstein. By mobilizing the concepts of social memory, denial, trauma and social trauma, we argue that negating traumatic facts generates a double violence: on the one hand, it produces gaps in history and a non-work linking that favors transgenerational psychic transmissions; on the other, it attacks the individuals' social belonging and narcissistic constitution. We thus conclude by pointing out the need to create a listening device for social trauma that opposes denial, ensuring the right guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of people's access to their own history

El discurso negacionista y la minimización de los efectos nocivos de la dictadura civil-militar por parte de altas figuras gubernamentales son ejemplos emblemáticos de la desmentida de las historias de sufrimiento social. Este estudio teórico aborda los procesos psicológicos de borrado de las memorias sociales traumáticas y sus efectos en la transmisión psíquica, desde la perspectiva del Psicoanálisis de las Configuraciones Vinculares, a la luz de Puget y Berenstein. Movilizando los conceptos de memoria social, desmentida, trauma y trauma social, argumentamos que la negación de los hechos traumáticos genera una doble violencia: por un lado, produce vacíos en la historia y un no-trabajo vinculante que favorece las transmisiones psíquicas transgeneracionales y, por otro lado, ataca la pertenencia social y la constitución narcisista de los sujetos. En vista de ello, concluimos con la necesidad de crear un dispositivo de escucha de los traumas sociales en la dirección opuesta a la negación, garantizando el derecho garantizado por la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos del acceso de los pueblos a su propia historia

Le discours négationniste et la minimisation des effets néfastes de la dictature civilo-militaire par des personnalités gouvernementales de haut rang sont des exemples emblématiques du déni des histoires de souffrance sociale. Cette étude théorique s'intéresse aux processus psychologiques d'effacement des souvenirs sociaux traumatisants et leurs effets sur la transmission psychique basée sur la perspective de la psychanalyse des liens proposée par Puget et Berenstein. En mobilisant les concepts de mémoire sociale, négationnisme, traumatisme et traumatisme social, nous soutenons que le déni des faits traumatiques engendre une double violence: d'une part, il produit des lacunes dans l'histoire et un non-travail contraignant qui favorise les transmissions psychiques transgénérationnelles ; d'autre part, il attaque l'appartenance sociale et la constitution narcissique des sujets. Nous concluons sur la nécessité de créer un dispositif d'écoute du traumatisme social opposé au négationnisme, en assurant le droit garanti par la Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l'Homme d'accès des peuples à leur propre histoire

Retrodicting the rise, spread, and fall of large-scale states in the Old World.

Understanding the rise, spread, and fall of large-scale states in the ancient world has occupied thinkers for millennia. However, no comprehensive mechanistic model of state dynamics based on their insights has emerged, leaving it difficult to evaluate empirically or quantitatively the different explanations offered. Here I present a spatially- and temporally-resolved agent-based model incorporating several hypotheses about the behavior of large-scale (>200 thousand km2) agrarian states and steppe nomadic confederations in Afro-Eurasia between the late Bronze and the end of the Medieval era (1500 BCE to 1500 CE). The model tracks the spread of agrarian states as they expand, conquer the territory of other states or are themselves conquered, and, occasionally, collapse. To accurately retrodict the historical record, several key contingent regional technological advances in state military and agricultural efficiencies are identified. Modifying the location, scale, and timing of these contingent developments allows quantitative investigation of historically-plausible alternative trajectories of state growth, spread, and fragmentation, while demonstrating the operation and limits of the model. Under nominal assumptions, the rapid yet staggered increase of agrarian state sizes across Eurasia after 600 BCE occurs in response to intense military pressure from 'mirror' steppe nomadic confederations. Nevertheless, in spite of various technological advances throughout the period, the modeled creation and spread of new agrarian states is a fundamental consequence of state collapse and internal civil wars triggered by rising 'demographic-structural' pressures that occur when state territorial growth is checked yet (warrior elite) population growth continues. Together the model's underlying mechanisms substantially account for the number of states, their duration, location, spread rate, overall occupied area, and total population size for three thousand years.

Las enfermeras de la Juventud Femenina de la Acción Católica en la GuerraCivil Española y la Constitución de Salus Infirmorum / As enfermeiras da Juventude Feminina da Ação Católica na Guerra Civil Espanhola e aConstituição da Salus Infirmorum / The nurses of the Feminine Youth of the Catholic Action in the Spanish Civil War and the Constitution of Salus Infirmorum

The health requirements brought about by the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) led to the urgentorganisation of health services. Nurses played a crucial role and generously took care of the civil andmilitary populations. Objetive: we want to highlight the work carried out by nurses of the women’sbranch of the Catholic Action Youth, led by their president María de Madariaga, who was appointedDeputy Inspector of women’s hospital services; and justify the creation of the Sisterhood of Nurses SalusInfirmorum. Method: It is study historical-desccriptive, based on primary and secundary sources from thearchives of Catholic Action Youth and Salus Infirmorum. Results: Over 4,500 nurses of the Women'sCatholic Action Youth provided care and assistance in hospitals, pharmacies, and garment workshops forcombatants, visited hospitals and trained nurses. This work led to the subsequent creation of the SalusInfirmorum Sisterhood in 1942 founded by María de Madariaga as a group of Catholicnurses.Conclusion: The young women of JFAC actively participated in the national camp. Finished thewar, it is created and and developed the Salus Infirmorum Sisterhood as a result leadership by María deMadariaga in the JFAC. (AU)

Las necesidades sanitarias que trajo consigo la Guerra Civil española (1936-1939), provocó laurgente organización de los servicios sanitarios. Las enfermeras participaron de manera decisiva ygenerosa en los cuidados de la población civil y militar, en cada uno de los bandos enfrentados. Objetivo:destacar la labor de las enfermeras de la rama femenina de las jóvenes de Acción Católica (JFAC),lideradas por su presidenta María de Madariaga; y justificar la creación de la Hermandad de EnfermerasSalus Infirmorum. Metodología: estudio histórico descriptivo mediante fuentes primarias y secundariasdel archivo de la Juventud Femenina de la Acción Católica y de Salus Infirmorum. Resultados: Más de4.500 enfermeras de la JFAC prestaron atención y ayuda en hospitales, farmacias, talleres de confecciónde prendas para combatientes, visitando hospitales o realizando cursillos de formación para enfermeras.Esta labor derivó en la posterior creación de la Hermandad de Enfermeras Salus Infirmorum en 1942,fundada por María de Madariaga como una agrupación de enfermeras católicas. Conclusión: Las jóvenesde la JFAC participaron activamente en el bando nacional. Finalizada la guerra, se crea y desarrolla lahermandad de enfermeras Salus Infirmorum, fruto del liderazgo de María de Madariaga en la JFAC. (AU)

As necessidades de saúde decorrente da Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936-1939), levaram à urgenteorganização dos serviços de saúde. Os enfermeiros participaram de forma decisiva e generosa no cuidadoda população civil e militar, em cada um dos lados que se enfrentavam. Objetivo: destacar o trabalho dasjovens enfermeiras da Ação Católica (J, lideradas por sua presidente María de Madariaga; e justificar acriação da Irmandade de Enfermeiras Salus Infirmorum. Método: Estudio histórico descritivo, com fontesprimárias e secundárias, do arquivo da Juventude Feminina da Ação Católica e Salus Infirmorum.Resultados: Mais de 4.500 enfermeiras da Juventude Feminina da Ação Católica prestaram atendimento eajuda em hospitais, farmácias, ateliê de roupas para combatentes, visitando hospitales ou realizandocursos de formação para enfermeiras. Este trabalho levou à criação posterior da Irmandade deEnfermeiras Salus Infirmorum em 1942, fundada por María de Madariaga como um grupo de enfermeirascatólicas. Conclusões: As jovens do JFAC participaram ativamente do acampamento nacional. Após aguerra, a irmandade de enfermeiras Salus Infirmorum foi criada e desenvolvida, como resultado daliderança de María de Madariaga no JFAC. (AU)

Fuenterrabía: el soldado en busca de un incierto destino / Fuenterrabía: the soldier in search of an uncertain destiny

En 1523, San Juan de Dios se alistó como soldado para la campaña de Fuenterrabía movido por el deseo de conocer mundo y gozar de libertad. Se trata de un periodo donde se combinan los peligros y los vicios que vivió, enfrentándose a la muerte en un par de ocasiones. Hasta que lo expulsaron de la guerra por haberle sido robado un botín que custodiaba. Aunque estuvieron a punto de condenarle a muerte por tal hecho, un misterioso personaje logró convencer al capitán para que no lo ahorcasen. Lope de Vega un siglo después identifica al salvador de Juan Ciudad en el duque de Alba (AU)

The Unique Identification of an Unknown Soldier from the Estonian War of Independence.

The identification of human remains is challenging mostly due to the bad condition of the remains and the available background information that is sometimes limited. The current case report is related to the identification of an unknown soldier from the Estonian War of Independence (1918-1920). The case includes an anthropological study of the remains, examinations of documents found with the exhumed remains, and kinship estimations based on archival documents, and DNA analyses. As the preliminary data pointed to remains of male origin, Y-chromosomal STR (short tandem repeat) analyses of 22 Y-STR loci were used to analyze the exhumed teeth. Reference samples from individuals from two paternal lineages were collected based on archival documents. Y-chromosomal STR results for the tooth samples were consistent with a patrilineal relationship to only one reference sample out of two proposed paternal lineages. Based on the provided pedigrees in the consistent case, the Y-STR results are approximately four million times more likely if the tooth sample originated from an individual related along the paternal line to the matching reference sample, than if the tooth sample originated from another person in the general population. Special considerations have to be met when limited evidence is available.

Pandemics throughout the centuries.

Pandemics have ravished the globe periodically, often associated with war, at times commencing as fever and rash, beginning in recorded history in the crowded walled city of Athens during the Peloponnesian War as described in great detail by the Athenian historian and military general Thucydides in 430 BCE. As the world now faces the first major pandemic of the 21st century, we focus on the "plague" commencing in Athens in 430 BCE and the 2 pandemics of the more recent century, which killed more than one million, the Spanish flu of 1918 and the Asian flu of 1957. The latter linked with successful vaccine development thanks to the heroic efforts of microbiologist Maurice Hilleman. We now look back and then forward to the viral infection coronavirus disease 2019 now devastating the world.

Brief history of the medical and non-medical use of amphetamine-like psychostimulants.

The alkaloid ephedrine derived from Ephedra vulgaris is at the origin of psychostimulant-drugs as amphetamine. These drugs have been principally utilized for medical treatments in the past, while their utilization has been largely reduced from the 1970s when the high risk of addiction and abuse has been recognized. The first reported treatments were as anti-asthmatics and to contrast narcolepsy until their recreational stimulant and anorexic effects were reported. Benzedrine and Pervitin use were of great importance during the Second World War due to their abundant utilization among military troops. Nowadays the use of selective amphetamine-like drugs is limited to ADHD treatment.

Health impacts for New Zealand military personnel from the South African War of 1899-1902.

AIM: We aimed to update and provide more complete epidemiological information on the health impacts of the South African War on New Zealand military personnel. METHODS: Mortality datasets were identified and analysed. Systematic searches were conducted to identify additional war-attributable deaths in the post-war period. To estimate the morbidity burden, we analysed a random sample of archival military files of 100 military personnel. Lifespan analyses of veterans included those by level of combat exposure (eg, a non-combat sample came from a troopship that arrived at the time the war ended). RESULTS: We identified 10 additional war-attributable deaths (and removed three non-attributable deaths) to give a new New Zealand total of 239 war-attributable deaths. Given the average age of death of 26 years, this equates to the loss of 10,300 years of life. Most deaths (59%) were from disease rather than directly from the conflict (30%). Over a third (39%; 95%CI: 30%-49%) of personnel were estimated to have had some form of reported illness (26%) or injury (14%). The lifespan analysis of veterans suggested no substantive differences by exposure to combat (68.5 [combat] vs 69.1 years [non-combat]) and similarly when compared to a matched New Zealand male population. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality burden was larger and the morbidity impacts on the New Zealand military personnel in this war were much more substantive than revealed in the prior historical literature. There is a need to more fully describe historical conflicts so that their adverse health impacts are properly understood.

The Life and Death of Lord Nelson: The Leader, the Patient, the Legend.

Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson is perhaps the most renowned naval commander, who allowed Britain to have dominion over the sea for 100 years after his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar. He was able to do so despite suffering from a multitude of communicable diseases and traumatic injuries, including the functional loss of his right eye, amputation of his right arm, scalp laceration, head injury, and finally a spinal injury. These injuries had permanent consequences but did not stop him from leading the charge and allowing the British to defeat the French and Spanish fleets in the decisive Battle of Trafalgar.

[The potato in hospital nutrition as an approach to its introduction in the urban diet: the case of Vitoria (Alava, Spain)]. / La patata en la nutrición hospitalaria como aproximación a su introducción en la dieta urbana: el caso de Vitoria (Álava, España).

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: given the lack of historical documentary sources about the beginning of potato effective consumption in Vitoria (Alava, Spain), its introduction in the urban diet is estimated from cultivation and production data. This only allows asserting the introduction of the cultivation at the end of the 18th century, the recognition of two quantitative jumps during the Independence and First Carlist Wars, and that it was the second cultivation in quantity by 1857. Objective/method: from the hypothesis of a good correspondence between hospital diet and ordinary urban diet, evidenced in other studies for Vitoria, it is proposed to document the chronology of potato introduction in the urban diet from its analysis in the city hospital, as well as to contextualize concurrent historical events, through the review and analysis of primary and secondary documentary sources. Results: the hospital keeps a record of food acquisitions since 1743. The first purchase of potatoes was paid on September 17, 1834. Acquisitions continue in very variable quantities and dates, which are normalized from 1844. Contextually, there is a major subsistence crisis with cholera as the most immediate and necessary cause in synergy with the first carlist war and the devastation of crops in a summer storm. In 1854 the potato was established in the urban diet. Conclusions: the first acquisition of potatoes was made in September 1834 in the immediate context of cholera together with the carlist war and catastrophic weather effects.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: dada la carencia de fuentes documentales históricas sobre el inicio del consumo efectivo de patata en Vitoria (Álava, España), su introducción en la dieta urbana se estima a partir de los datos de cultivo y producción. Ello solo permite aseverar la introducción del cultivo a finales del siglo XVIII, el reconocimiento de dos saltos cuantitativos durante las guerras de independencia y primera carlista, y que era el segundo cultivo en cantidad en 1857. Objetivo/método: desde la hipótesis de una buena correspondencia entre la dieta hospitalaria y la dieta ordinaria urbana, evidenciada en otros estudios para Vitoria, se propone documentar la cronología de la introducción de la patata en la dieta urbana a partir de su análisis en el hospital de la ciudad, así como contextualizar los acontecimientos históricos concurrentes mediante la revisión y el análisis de fuentes documentales primarias y secundarias. Resultados: el hospital conserva el registro de alimentos adquiridos desde 1743. La primera compra de patatas se abona el 17 de septiembre de 1834. Se continúa con adquisiciones en cantidades y fechas muy variables que se normalizan a partir de 1844. Contextualmente, existe una crisis mayor de subsistencia con el cólera como causa más inmediata y necesaria en sinergia con la primera guerra carlista y la devastación de cultivos en una tormenta veraniega. En 1854 la patata está asentada en la dieta urbana. Conclusiones: la primera adquisición de patatas se realizó en septiembre de 1834 en el contexto inmediato del cólera junto a la guerra carlista y efectos catastróficos meteorológicos.

Reconhecimento à Anna Justina Ferreira Nery: mulher e personalidade da história da enfermagem / Reconocimiento a Anna Justina Ferreira Nery: mujer y personalidad en la historia de enfermería / Recognition to Anna Justina Ferreira Nery: woman and personality in nursing history

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar os rituais de consolidação da figura de Anna Nery como enfermeira brasileira, heroína da Guerra do Paraguai, durante a trasladação de seus restos mortais à cidade de Cachoeira (BA). Método Estudo histórico-social em fontes documentais impressas e fotográficas, pertencentes aos acervos do Centro de Documentação da Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal da Bahia e da Hemeroteca Digital Brasileira da Biblioteca Nacional. Análise de informações impressas com base em Bardin, e na iconologia para as fontes imagéticas. Resultados Revelam-se dois aspectos fulcrais, a legitimação de uma enfermeira heroína pelo Estado e o processo trasladatório com suas interfaces e aspectos históricos, políticos, econômicos e sociais. Destaca-se a construção de um ícone feminino, cívico e herói atrelada à efervescência da discussão de gênero que contribui para forjar a identidade profissional no ensino de enfermagem. Conclusão e implicações para a prática o estudo permite compreender os determinantes e implicações dos fatos históricos na biografia de Anna Nery para a Enfermagem e Enfermeiras, revelando os rituais do traslado de seus restos mortais e suas influências na construção da imagem social da mulher e da mulher enfermeira.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar los rituales de consolidación de la figura de Anna Nery como enfermera brasileña, heroína de la Guerra del Paraguay, durante el traslado de sus restos a la ciudad de Cachoeira (BA). Método Estudio histórico-social en fuentes documentales impresas y fotográficas, pertenecientes a las colecciones del Centro de Documentación de la Escuela de Enfermería Anna Nery de la Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro, la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad Federal de Bahía y la Biblioteca Digital Brasileña de la Biblioteca Nacional. El análisis de la información impresa se basó en Bardin y en la iconología para las fuentes de imágenes. Resultados Se revelan dos aspectos clave, la legitimación de una enfermera heroína por parte del Estado y el proceso de transferencia con sus interfaces y aspectos históricos, políticos, económicos y sociales. Se destaca la construcción de un ícono femenino, cívico y heroico vinculado a la efervescencia de la discusión de género que contribuye a forjar la identidad profesional en la educación de la enfermería. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica El estudio permite comprender los determinantes e implicaciones de los hechos históricos en la biografía de Anna Nery para la Enfermería y Enfermeras, revelando los rituales del traslado de sus restos y sus influencias en la construcción de la imagen social de las mujeres y las enfermeras.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the rituals of consolidation of the character of Anna Nery as a Brazilian nurse, the heroine of the War of Paraguay, during the transfer of her remains to the city of Cachoeira (BA). Method Socio-historical study in printed and photographic documentary sources, belonging to the collections of the Anna Nery Nursing School Documentation Center of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Nursing School of the Federal University of Bahia and the Brazilian Digital Library of the National Library. Analysis of printed information was based on Bardin, and iconology for imagery sources. Results Two key aspects are revealed, the legitimacy of a heroin nurse by the State and the transfer process with its interfaces and historical, political, economic, and social aspects. It highlights the construction of a female, civic, and hero icon linked to the effervescence of the gender discussion that contributes to shaping professional identity in nursing education. Conclusion and implications for practice The study allows to understand the determinants and implications of historical facts in Anna Nery´s biography for Nursing and Nurses, revealing the rituals of the transfer of her remains and their influences in the construction of the social image of women and nurse women.

La Agrupación Profesional de Médicos Liberales: la respuesta progresista del asociacionismomédico español (1935-1939) / The Professional Association of Liberal Doctors: the progressive response of Spanish medical associations (1935-1939)

Este trabajo es una aportación a la escasa historiografía sobre el asociacionismo profesional médico en España en la primera mitad del siglo XX. La Agrupación Profesional de Médicos Liberales (APML), creada durante la II República Española, no sólo intentó romper con los antecedentes asociativos tradicionales de la profesión médica, sino que participó activa-mente a nivel político y social con el objetivo de obtener una medicina comprometida con la sociedad. Este posicionamiento activo hizo que la APML fuera considerada un enemigo más del régimen de Franco, y sus afiliados víctimas de la represión y el exilio (AU)

Lactancia materna: transición alimentaria durante la guerra y posguerra española (1936-1949) / Breastfeeding: food transition during the Spanish war and post-war period (1936-1949) / Amamentação: transição alimentar durante a guerra espanhola e o período pós-guerra (1936-1949)

Durante los años 1900 hasta 1936, la salud infantil comenzaba a ganar importancia en Europa. En España, la mortalidad infantil era elevada. Para contrarrestar esta situación, el estado propuso medidas sanitarias, educativas y alimentarias. OBJETIVO: Analizar la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939), que continuó con los "años del hambre" durante la posguerra (1939-1949), conocidos por el racionamiento de alimentos y decadencia de la salud materno-infantil. MÉTODO: Estudio histórico descriptivo con fuentes primarias y secundarias. Que trata sobre, el contexto sociosanitario y la transición alimentaria, que vivieron los infantes durante la guerra y posguerra española (1936-1949). RESULTADOS: El gobierno realizó una promoción de la lactancia materna guiada por pediatras de la época, no obstante, la leche de fórmula ganó importancia, debido a la modificación de la estructura familiar básica. La figura clásica de la mujer se fracturó, en favor del trabajo en las fábricas o, en última instancia, como participantes activas en la guerra. CONCLUSIONES: Las instituciones sanitarias, se centraron en el cuidado de heridos, cuestión que repercutió en la atención del niño enfermo. Esta situación dio lugar a altas tasas de morbimortalidad infantil, las cuales se mantuvieron hasta el final de la posguerra

During the years 1900 to 1936, children's health began to gain importance in Europe. In Spain, infant mortality was high. To counteract this situation, the state proposed health, educational and food measures. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), which continued with the "hungry years" of the post-war period (1939-1949), known for food rationing and the decline of mother and child health. Method. Historical descriptive study with primary and secondary sources. It deals with the socio-health context and the food transition experienced by infants during the Spanish war and post-war period (1936-1949). RESULTS: The government carried out a promotion of breastfeeding guided by pediatricians of the time, however, formula gained importance, due to the modification of the basic family structure. The classic figure of the woman was fractured, in favour of working in factories or, ultimately, as active participants in the war. CONCLUSIONS: Health institutions focused on the care of the wounded, an issue that impacted on the care of the sick child. This situation resulted in high rates of child morbidity and mortality, which continued until the end of the post-war period

Durante os anos de 1900 a 1936, a saúde das crianças começou a ganhar importância na Europa. Em Espanha, a mortalidade infantil foi elevada. Para contrariar esta situação, o Estado propôs medidas sanitárias, educativas e alimentares. OBJECTIVO: Analisar a Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936-1939), que continuou com os "anos de fome" do pós-guerra (1939-1949), conhecida pelo racionamento de alimentos e pelo declínio da saúde materna e infantil. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo histórico com fontes primárias e secundárias. Trata do contexto sócio-sanitário e da transição alimentar vivida pelos bebés durante a guerra espanhola e o período pós-guerra (1936-1949). RESULTADOS: O governo realizou uma promoção da amamentação orientada por pediatras da época, mas a fórmula ganhou importância, devido à modificação da estrutura básica da família. A figura clássica da mulher foi fracturada, a favor de trabalhar em fábricas ou, em última análise, como participante activa na guerra. CONCLUSÕES: As instituições de saúde concentraram-se no cuidado dos feridos, uma questão que teve impacto no cuidado da criança doente. Esta situação resultou em elevadas taxas de morbilidade e mortalidade infantil, que se mantiveram até ao final do período pós-guerra