Determination of the Geographical Origin of Asparagus officinalis L. by 1H NMR Spectroscopy.

Food authenticity concerning the geographical origin becomes increasingly important for consumers, food industries, and food authorities. In this study, nontargeted 1H NMR metabolomics combined with machine learning methodologies was applied to successfully distinguish the geographical origin of 237 samples of white asparagus from Germany, Poland, The Netherlands, Spain, Greece, and Peru. Support vector classification of the geographical origin achieved an accuracy of 91.5% for the entire sample set and 87.8% after undersampling the majority class. Important regions of the spectra could be identified and assigned to potential chemical markers. A subset of samples was compared to isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), an established method for the determination of origin of white asparagus in Germany. Here, SVM classification led to accuracies of 79.4% for NMR and 70.9% for IRMS. Finally, the classification of asparagus from different German regions was evaluated, and the influence of year and variety was analyzed.

An unexpected genetic diversity pattern and a complex demographic history of a rare medicinal herb, Chinese asparagus (Asparagus cochinchinensis) in Korea.

Range-wide population studies of wide spread species are often associated with complex diversity patterns resulting from genetically divergent evolutionary significant units (ESUs). The compound evolutionary history creating such a pattern of diversity can be inferred through molecular analyses. Asparagus cochinchinensis, a medicinally important perennial herb, is in decline due to overharvesting in Korea. Eight A. cochinchinensis populations in Korea and three populations from neighboring countries (China, Japan and Taiwan) were examined using nine nuclear microsatellite loci and three chloroplast microsatellite loci to characterize molecular diversity patterns. The average within-population diversity was limited likely due to long-term bottlenecks observed in all eight populations. High pairwise FST values indicated that the populations have largely diverged, but the divergences were not correlated with geographic distances. Clustering analyses revealed a highly complex spatial structure pattern associated with two ESUs. Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) suggests that the two ESUs split about 21,000 BP were independently introduced to Korea approximately 1,800 years ago, and admixed in secondary contact zones. The two ESUs found in our study may have different habitat preferences and growth conditions, implying that the two genetically divergent groups should be considered not only for conservation and management but also for breeding programs in agricultural areas.

Ecological investigation of three geophytes in the Deltaic Mediterranean coast of Egypt.

This study was conducted to investigate the ecological features of three geophytes namely Asparagus stipularis, Cyperus capitatus and Stipagrostis lanata which grow naturally in the Nile Delta coast of Egypt. C. capitatus and S. lanata are growing in non-saline sandy soils and can tolerate drought stress while, A. stipularis is growing in saline and non-saline sandy and calcareous clay soils and can tolerate drought and salt stress. Multivariate analysis of the vegetation of 100 sampled stands supporting growth of the three geophytic species in the study area led to the recognition of four vegetation groups namely, (A) Alhagi graecorum, (B) Cyperus capitatus, (C) Lycium schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii-Asparagus stipularis and (D) Juncus acutus subsp. acutus. Vegetationally, the vegetation groups associated with the three species can be distinguished into two community types. The first one is psammophytic community comprising vegetation groups A and B that may represent the non-saline sand formations (flats, hummocks and dunes). The second one is halophytic community including vegetation groups C and D that may represent the saline sand flats and salt marsh habitat types, respectively. Sodium adsorption ratio, electrical conductivity, sodium cation, chlorides, silt and sand fractions, pH value, moisture content, bicarbonates and available phosphorus were the most effective soil factors that controlling the abundance and distribution of the plant communities associated with the investigated geophytes. This study showed the ecological features of the selected geophytes in terms of their habitats, associated plant communities and the most edaphic factors controlling their richness and distribution in the study area.

[Comparison of rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences in asparagus].

OBJECTIVE: Using ITS sequence of nine species to identify counterfeiting medicine and analyse phylogenetic of Asparagus. METHODS: Analysing ITS sequences by amplification, cloning,sequencing and alignment. RESULTS: The length range of ITS sequence of nine species was from 711 to 748 bp, the percentage of G + C content was about 60%. The phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of the ITS sequences showed that nine species were divided into two branches: Asparagus cochinchinensis, Asparagus officinalis, Asparagus densiflorus, Asparagus densiflorus cv. Myers and Asparagus densiflorus cv. Sprengeri were a branch and the others were a branch. Asparagus densiflorus and Asparagus densflorus cv. Myers those were from Africa had priority to clustering and then clustering with Asparagus densiflorus cv. Sprengeri that was a variant of Asparagus densiflorus in the first branch. Asparagus setaceus had relatively distant genetic relationship with the others three materials in another branch. CONCLUSIONS: The ITS sequences could distinguish species of Asparagus to test the counterfeit. Division status in phylogenetic tree of some species were debatable and ITS sequence was combined with others analytical tools to analyze the realistic phylogeny.

Occurrence and characterization of a Phytophthora sp. pathogenic to asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) in Michigan.

A homothallic Phytophthora sp. was recovered from asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) spears, storage roots, crowns, and stems in northwest and central Michigan in 2004 and 2005. Isolates (n = 131) produced ovoid, nonpapillate, noncaducous sporangia 45 microm long x 26 microm wide and amphigynous oospores of 25 to 30 microm diameter. Mycelial growth was optimum at 25 degrees C with no growth at 5 and 30 degrees C. All isolates were sensitive to 100 ppm mefenoxam. Pathogenicity studies confirmed the ability of the isolates to infect asparagus as well as cucurbits. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of 99 isolates revealed identical fingerprints, with 12 clearly resolved fragments present and no clearly resolved polymorphic fragments, suggesting a single clonal lineage. The internal transcribed spacer regions of representative isolates were homologous with a Phytophthora sp. isolated from diseased asparagus in France and a Phytophthora sp. from agave in Australia. Phylogenetic analysis supports the conclusion that the Phytophthora sp. isolated from asparagus in Michigan is a distinct species, and has been named Phytophthora asparagi.

Identification of flavonoid diglycosides in several genotypes of asparagus from the Huétor-Tájar population variety.

The qualitative and quantitative composition of flavonoids from the Huétor-Tájar population variety of asparagus (commonly known as " triguero") was investigated. Flavonoids were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) under identical HPLC conditions was used to verify the identities of the flavonoid glycosides from triguero asparagus. The quantities of asparagus flavonoids were calculated according to concentration curves constructed with authentic standards. Total flavonoid contents, calculated as the sum of individual compounds, were determined and ranged from 400 to 700 mg/kg fresh weight. The most abundant was rutin, which represented 55-98% of the total flavonoid complement. Triguero asparagus were revealed to be an important source of not only quercetin derivatives but also kaempferol and isorhamnetin glycosides. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in the content and relative composition of flavonoids were found among the spears of the distinct asparagus genotypes from the Huétor-Tájar population variety.

[Determination of sarsasapogenin in "tian dong" by TLCS].

This paper reported the determination of sarsasapogenin in 12 samples from 7 species and varieties of Asparagus genus whose commercial name is "Tian-Dong"(Radix Asparagi), Asparagus cochichinensis(Lour.) Merr, A. cochichinensis (lour.) Merr. var. gaudichaudianus (Kunth) X. D. Luo and G. J. Xu, A. taliensis Wang et Tang, A. munitus Wang et Tang, A. myriacanthus Wang et S. C. Chen, A. meioclados Levl and A. trichoclados (Wang et Tang) Wang et S. C. Chen by TLCS. The results showed that it was no pertinence between content of sarsaspogenin with the species, and the content of sarsasapogenin in the tuberous roots was inverse ratio with the commercial grande in same species.