Long-term prevalence of vitamin deficiencies after bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery can lead to short-mid-term vitamin deficiencies, but the long-term vitamin deficiencies is unclear. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis regarding the long-term prevalence (≥ 5 years) of vitamin deficiencies after bariatric surgery. METHODS: We searched the EMBASE, PubMed, and CENTRAL databases for clinical studies until June 2023. Meta-analysis, sensitivity, subgroup, and meta-regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included 54 articles with follow-up duration ranging from 5 to 17 years. The most prevalent vitamin deficiencies after surgery were vitamin D (35.8%), followed by vitamin E (16.5%), vitamin A (13.4%), vitamin K (9.6%), and vitamin B12 (8.5%). Subgroup analyses showed that the prevalence of vitamin A and folate deficiencies increased with the follow-up time. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass had a higher rate of vitamin B12 deficiency than sleeve gastrectomy and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS). Studies conducted in Europe had higher vitamin A deficiency (25.8%) than in America (0.8%); Asian studies had more vitamin B12 but less vitamin D deficiency than European and American studies. Meta-regression analysis displayed that publication year, study design, preoperative age, BMI, and quality assessment score were not associated with vitamin A, B12, D, and folate deficiencies rate. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of vitamin deficiencies was found after bariatric surgery in the long-term follow-up, especially vitamin D, E, A, K, and B12. The variation in study regions, surgical procedures, and follow-up time are associated with different postoperative vitamin deficiencies; it is necessary to develop more targeted vitamin supplement programs.

Long-term outcome after biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch: a single-center experience with up to 20 years follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS) is the most effective standard bariatric procedure in terms of weight loss and remission of co-morbidities but carries the risk of severe long-term side effects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term effects of BPD/DS in terms of morbidity, weight loss, remission of associated medical problems, deficiencies, and reoperations. SETTING: Academic teaching hospital, Switzerland. METHODS: This is a retrospective, single-center study of prospectively collected data of all patients who underwent BPD/DS from 1999 to 2011 with a minimal follow-up (FU) of 10 years. RESULTS: A total of 116 patients (83.6% female) underwent BPD/DS with a mean initial body mass index (BMI) of 47 ± 6.5 kg/m2. Of these, 68% of the procedures were performed in open technique and 32% laparoscopically. The majority (76.7%) of patients had laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding before BPD/DS. The mean FU time was 14 ± 4.4 years and the FU rate at 5, 10, and 14 years was 95.6% (n = 108), 90% (n = 98), and 75.3% (n = 70), respectively. The mean excess BMI loss at 5, 10, and 14 years was 78% ± 24.1%, 76.5% ± 26.7%, and 77.8% ± 33.8%, respectively. Complete (n = 22) or partial remission (n = 4) of type 2 diabetes was observed in 92.8% of patients. Forty reoperations were necessary in 34 patients (29.3%) because of malnutrition or refractory diarrhea (n = 13), insufficient weight loss or weight rebound (n = 7), reflux or stenosis (n = 10), and various/combined indications (n = 10). The mean time to reoperation was 7.7 ± 5 years. There were no procedure-related deaths in the short or long term. CONCLUSIONS: BPD/DS offers sustainable long-term weight loss but is associated with important side effects that may be acceptable in selected patients with a high initial BMI (>50 kg/m2) and/or for nonresponders after primary restrictive procedures. Regular FU is necessary to detect and treat malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies.

[Vitamin deficiencies in the adult outpatient setting]. / Carences vitaminiques chez l'adulte en médecine ambulatoire.

Since their discovery more than a century ago to this day, vitamins went from misunderstood molecules with mysterious properties to fundamental components with undoubted clinical implications. Despite the scientific progresses in the understanding of their physiopathological role, vitamins raise to this day multiple interrogations in clinical practice. This article aims at answering questions that are frequently encountered in the outpatient setting regarding vitamin deficiencies: who to screen ? At what moment ? By which test ? How to interpret the results ? How to supplement ? By answering these questions, we hope to provide the general practitioners with a pragmatic tool to guide them in the management of issues related to vitamins.

Depuis leur découverte il y a plus d'un siècle à aujourd'hui, les vitamines sont passées de molécules méconnues et aux propriétés mystérieuses à des composants primordiaux et aux implications cliniques certaines. Malgré les progrès scientifiques dans la compréhension de leur rôle physiopathologique, les vitamines suscitent encore de nombreuses interrogations en pratique clinique. Cet article s'efforce de répondre aux questions fréquem ment rencontrées en médecine ambulatoire portant sur les carences vitaminiques: qui dépister ? À quel moment ? Par quel test ? Comment interpréter les résultats ? Comment supplémenter ? En répondant à ces questions, nous espérons fournir au médecin de premier recours un outil pragmatique pour l'orienter dans la prise en charge des problématiques vitaminiques.

Case Report: Extensive Dermatitis Secondary to Severe Malnutrition, Zinc and Vitamin Deficiencies After Malabsorptive Bariatric Surgery.

Bariatric surgery is one of the most effective treatments currently available for obesity and its derived comorbidities. However, complications may occur, especially when malabsorptive surgeries like a biliopancreatic diversion is performed. We present the case of a female patient whose obesity was treated with this technique, and in the 9th year of follow-up developed an extensive dermatitis secondary to zinc deficiency and malnutrition, precipitated by therapeutic non-compliance. A close surveillance of early symptoms and signs of nutritional deficiencies as well as chronic supplementation of vitamins and trace elements is required; this case illustrates the relevance of periodical, lifelong visits to a medical physician with special training and experience in the management of post bariatric surgery patients in order to prevent, diagnosis and early treat related complications.

Alcoholism and nutrition: a review of vitamin supplementation and treatment.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This is a review of the research on the effectiveness of vitamin supplementation for alcoholism and alcohol-related illnesses. The focus is on research, both clinical and basic on alcohol treatment and nutritional effectiveness of these vital nutrients. RECENT FINDINGS: Most of the research involves basic experiments exploring the impact of vitamin depletion or deficits on physiological systems, especially liver and brain, in rodents. These often include behavioral measures that use cognitive, learning/memory and motivation experiments that model clinical studies. These provide support for hypotheses concerning the impact of such deficiencies in clinical populations. Clinical studies are rare and involve evaluation of the outcome of supplementation usually in the context of a treatment program. Specific vitamins, dosages and treatment programs vary. Deficiencies in retinoids (vitamin A), thiamine (B1) and niacin (B3) are the most frequently investigated. However, there is a greater need for further research on other vitamins, and for more uniform supplementation and treatment procedures. SUMMARY: The literature is primarily basic research on specific vitamins. There are very significant findings with individual vitamin supplementation and combinations that show promise of our understanding of the role of vitamins in the disease of alcoholism and its treatment.

Do Specialized Bariatric Multivitamins Lower Deficiencies After Sleeve Gastrectomy?

BACKGROUND: Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are common after a sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of a specialized bariatric multivitamin (WLS Optimum) for SG patients on deficiencies compared with a regular multivitamin (MVS) for up to 5 years. METHODS: Data of all patients who underwent a SG procedure in the Catharina Hospital Eindhoven (CZE) between July 2011 and July 2016 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. All patients who completed a preoperative blood test and at least one blood withdrawal during the first operative year were included in this study. RESULTS: This study included 970 patients; 291 patients in the WLS-user group and 679 patients in the non-WLS-user group. In favor of the user group, significantly less de novo deficiencies were found of vitamin B1 (2 years) and vitamin B6 (two and three), folic acid (1 and 2 years), and vitamin B12 (at 1 year). Binomial logistic regression showed a significant influence of multivitamin supplementation mainly on ferritin; vitamins B1, B6, B12, and D; and folic acid, (all p < 0.05). The total number of de novo deficiencies was significantly reduced during the whole study for all WLS Optimum users. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin deficiencies are common, and postoperative nutritional management after SG is underestimated. The use of a specialized multivitamin supplement resulted in higher mean serum concentrations and less deficiencies of vitamin B1, folic acid, and vitamin B12. This study shows that SG patients benefit from the specialized multivitamin supplements, but adjustments are required for iron and vitamin B6 content.

Etiology and Medical Management of Pediatric Intestinal Failure.

Pediatric intestinal failure occurs when gut function is insufficient to meet the growing child's hydration and nutrition needs. After massive bowel resection, the remnant bowel adapts to lost absorptive and digestive capacity through incompletely defined mechanisms newly targeted for pharmacologic augmentation. Management seeks to achieve enteral autonomy and mitigate the development of comorbid disease. Care has improved, most notably related to reductions in blood stream infection and liver disease. The future likely holds expansion of pharmacologic adaptation augmentation, refinement of intestinal tissue engineering techniques, and the development of a learning health network for efficient multicenter study and care improvement.

An Alternative Technique of Reversal of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: the Small Bowel Limb Transposition.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is recently the second most frequent operation worldwide and is only preceded by sleeve gastrectomy. We present an alternative technique of reversal of RYGB. There is no need to dissect or resect the gastrojejunal anastomosis. This dissection might be difficult as the gastrojejunal anastomosis might be adherent to the residual stomach. The 2 anastomoses performed are technically easy and done on healthy non-inflammatory tissue.

Impact of Biliopancreatic Limb Length (70 cm vs 120 cm), with Constant 150 cm Alimentary Limb, on Long-Term Weight Loss, Remission of Comorbidities and Supplementation Needs After Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass: a Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: The best alimentary and biliopancreatic limb (BPL) lengths in the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) still remain unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a BPL of 70 vs 120 cm, with a constant AL of 150 cm on long-term weight loss, remission of comorbidities, and supplementation needs after RYGB. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective randomized study of morbidly obese patients undergoing RYGB was performed. Patients were randomized into two groups: those patients undergoing RYGB with a BPL of 70 cm (BPL 70 cm) and those ones undergoing RYGB with a BPL of 120 cm (BPL 120 cm). BMI, excess BMI loss (EBMIL), remission of comorbidities and specific vitamin and mineral supplementation needs at 1, 2, and 5 years were analyzed. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-three patients were included in each group. There were no significant differences in BMI, EBMIL and the remission of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia between groups at 1, 2, and 5 years after surgery. Patients from group BPL 120 cm required greater specific supplementation of vitamin B12, folic acid, and vitamin A during all the follow-up. CONCLUSION: A RYGB with 120 cm BPL does not achieve greater weight loss or remission of comorbidities than a RYGB with 70 cm BPL but is associated with greater deficiencies of vitamin B12, vitamin A, and folic acid. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03607305. https://clinicaltrials.gov/.

Prevalence of vitamin deficiencies in an apparently healthy urban adult population: Assessed by subclinical status and dietary intakes.

OBJECTIVES: Studies in children and pregnant women consistently showed pandemic proportions of micronutrient deficiencies in the Indian subcontinent. However, vitamin deficiencies in apparently healthy adults are seldom recognized, hence the aim of this exploratory study was to assess their subclinical vitamin status and dietary intakes. METHODS: In all, 270 apparently healthy urban adults 30 to 70 y of age, from Hyderabad city, India participated in this study. Blood levels of vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, total and active B12, D, and folate) and homocysteine were assessed. Anthropometric parameters were measured; dietary intake was obtained by food frequency questionnaire, and probability of adequacy (PA) was calculated by the estimated average requirement. RESULTS: Among the study population, the overall prevalence of deficiency of vitamin B2 was strikingly high (50%) followed by the vitamins B6 (46%), active B12 (46%), total B12 (37%), folate (32%), D (29%), B1 (11%), and A (6%). Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcys) was widely prevalent (52%) in the study participants. In case of dietary intakes, PA was lowest for vitamin B12 (4%) and folate (9%) followed by vitamins A (22%), B2 (33%), B6 (30%), and B1 (59%). The mean PA of these vitamins was noticeably low (28%). The unadjusted logistic regression analysis found men and those with a deficiency of folate and total and active B12 to be at higher risk for HHcys. In the adjusted model, the risk for active B12 deficiency almost doubled. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated a high prevalence of multiple subclinical vitamin deficiencies, dietary inadequacies, and HHcys, which are possible risk factors for disease burden among apparently healthy adults.

Nutritional and vitamin status in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Symptoms of gastroenteropancreatic located neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are often related to food intake and manifest as abdominal pain or diarrhoea which can influence patients nutritional status. Malnutrition is common in cancer patients and influences quality of life, treatment options and survival but is also present in up to 40% of patients with GEP-NENs. As part of malnutrition there are often deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins, mainly vitamin D. Little knowledge exists on trace elements. Several factors influence the development of malnutrition such as size and localisation of the primary tumour as well as metastases, side effects from treatment but also hormone production of the tumour itself. One of the main influencing factors leading to malnutrition is diarrhoea which leads to dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. Treatment of diarrhoea should be guided by its cause. Screening for malnutrition should be part of routine care in every GEP-NEN patient. Multidisciplinary treatment including dietician support is necessary for all malnourished patients with GEP-NENs.

Adequate Multivitamin Supplementation after Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass Results in a Decrease of National Health Care Costs: a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with morbid obesity undergoing metabolic surgery are prone to develop vitamin and mineral deficiencies, which may worsen in time. In order to prevent these deficiencies after metabolic surgery, all patients are advised to take daily multivitamin supplementation. The aim of the study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of specially developed multivitamins (WLS Forte®) for metabolic surgery and over-the-counter (standard) multivitamin supplementation (sMVS). METHODS: This cost-effectiveness analysis was preformed alongside an RCT for the Netherlands. Between June 2011 and March 2012, a total of 148 patients were randomized to one tablet daily of either WLS Forte® or sMVS. The patients were followed for 12 months. Data on costs within the health sector and outside the health sector were collected. The primary outcome is financial and logistic advantages, in terms of less patient visits to the outpatient department and the relevant costs to the employer due to absenteeism. RESULTS: In total, 10 (14%) patients in the WLS Forte® group versus 23 (30%) patients in the sMVS group developed a deficiency. The costs for the WLS forte® supplement were €38 versus €23 for sMVS. Additional return visits and associated costs for medical staff were the largest costs, up to 43% in the sMVS group. Total costs for supplementation with sMVS were €243 versus €134 for WLS Forte®. CONCLUSION: Preventing deficiencies with WLS Forte® seem initially more expensive than sMVS. However, treatment with WLS Forte® resulted in less vitamin and mineral deficiencies, which eventually resulted in less overall costs.

Chronic Complications of Cholestasis: Evaluation and Management.

Patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are at risk for various harmful consequences of chronic cholestasis. These include fat-soluble vitamin deficiency, even in the setting of macronutrient sufficiency, as well as metabolic bone disease, including osteoporosis with fractures. Hyperlipidemia is often present and less commonly associated with risk of cardiovascular event; however, the long-term effect of new emerging therapies for PBC remains to be determined. Patients with PBC also have infrequent but notable risk of portal hypertension despite early-stage disease. This review discusses the background, evaluation, and practical management of these complications of chronic cholestasis.

Does Bariatric Surgery Cause Vitamin A, B1, C or E Deficiency? A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The restrictive and/or malabsorptive nature of bariatric surgery may increase the risk for micronutrient deficiencies. This systematic review aimed to identify and critique the evidence for vitamin A, B1, C or E deficiencies associated with bariatric surgery. METHODS: This review utilised PRISMA and MOOSE frameworks with NHMRC evidence hierarchy and the American Dietetic Association bias tool to assess the quality of articles. RESULTS: Twenty-one articles were included and once critiqued all studies were of level IV grade and neutral or negative in quality. The relevance of measuring micronutrient supplementation and inflammatory markers for validity of serum vitamins is absent within the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Future research is needed to investigate the risk of deficiency for these procedures with focus on confounders to serum micronutrients.

Do specialized bariatric multivitamins lower deficiencies after RYGB?

BACKGROUND: One of the side effects of bariatric surgery is the risk of vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Vitamin B12, vitamin D, folate, and iron deficiencies are especially common among Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of a specialized multivitamin supplement for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients on deficiencies the first 3 years postoperatively, retrospectively in a large, prospectively collected cohort. SETTING: Large specialized bariatric hospital. RESULTS: One thousand one hundred sixty patients were included, 883 users and 258 who were nonusers of the specialized multivitamin. Patient characteristics and total weight were comparable. Higher serum concentrations of ferritin (124.7 ± 96.2 µg/L versus 106.0 ± 83.0 µg/L, P = .016), vitamin B12 (347.3 ± 145.1 pmol/L versus 276.8 ± 131.4 pmol/L, P<.001), folic acid (34.9 ± 9.6 nmol/L versus 25.4 ± 10.7 nmol/L, P<.001), and vitamin D (98.4 ± 28.7 nmol/L versus 90.0 ± 34.5 nmol/L, P = .002) were observed in users compared with nonusers after 1 year. Less new deficiencies were found for ferritin (1% versus 4%, P = .029), vitamin B12 (9% versus 23%, P<.001), and vitamin D (0% versus 4%, P<.001) in users compared with nonusers. Two and 3 years after the surgery these findings remained almost identical. CONCLUSIONS: The use of specialized multivitamin supplements resulted in less deficiencies of vitamin B12, vitamin D, folic acid, and ferritin. The study showed that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients benefited from the specialized multivitamin supplements and it should be advised to this patient group.