ABSTRACT
Glycolipids, consisting of a carbohydrate moiety linked to fatty acids, are microbial surface active compounds produced by various microorganisms. They are characterized by high structural diversity and have the ability to decrease the surface and interfacial tension at the surface and interface, respectively. Rhamnolipids, trehalolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids and cellobiose lipids are among the most popular glycolipids. They have received much practical attention as biopesticides for controlling plant diseases and protecting stored products. As a result of their antifungal activity towards phytopathogenic fungi and larvicidal and mosquitocidal potencies, glycolipid biosurfactants permit the preservation of plants and plant crops from pest invasion. Also, as a result of their emulsifying and antibacterial activities, glycolipids have great potential as food additives and food preservatives. Furthermore, the valorization of food byproducts via the production of glycolipid biosurfactant has received much attention because it permits the bioconversion of byproducts on valuable compounds and decreases the cost of production. Generally, the use of glycolipids in many fields requires their retention from fermentation media. Accordingly, different strategies have been developed to extract and purify glycolipids. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Subject(s)
Agrochemicals/chemistry , Biological Control Agents/chemistry , Food Additives/chemistry , Glycolipids/chemistry , Industrial Waste/analysis , Surface-Active Agents/chemistry , Agrochemicals/economics , Agrochemicals/isolation & purification , Agrochemicals/metabolism , Animals , Biodegradation, Environmental , Biological Control Agents/economics , Biological Control Agents/isolation & purification , Biological Control Agents/metabolism , Chemical Phenomena , Crops, Agricultural/drug effects , Crops, Agricultural/economics , Crops, Agricultural/growth & development , Crops, Agricultural/immunology , Fermentation , Food Additives/economics , Food Additives/isolation & purification , Food Additives/metabolism , Food Preservatives/chemistry , Food Preservatives/economics , Food Preservatives/isolation & purification , Food Preservatives/metabolism , Food-Processing Industry/economics , Fungi/chemistry , Fungi/growth & development , Fungi/metabolism , Glycolipids/economics , Glycolipids/isolation & purification , Glycolipids/metabolism , Gram-Negative Bacteria/chemistry , Gram-Negative Bacteria/growth & development , Gram-Negative Bacteria/metabolism , Gram-Positive Bacteria/chemistry , Gram-Positive Bacteria/growth & development , Gram-Positive Bacteria/metabolism , Humans , Industrial Waste/economics , Pesticides/chemistry , Pesticides/economics , Pesticides/isolation & purification , Pesticides/metabolism , Plant Immunity/drug effects , Surface-Active Agents/economics , Surface-Active Agents/isolation & purification , Surface-Active Agents/metabolismABSTRACT
The Cuban laurel thrips, Gynaikothrips ficorum Marchal (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), is a critical insect pest of Ficus microcarpa in California urban landscapes and production nurseries. Female thrips feed and oviposit on young Ficus leaves, causing the expanding leaves to fold or curl into a discolored leaf gall. There have been attempts to establish specialist predator natural enemies of the thrips, but no success has been reported. We resampled the same areas in 2013-2014 where we had released Montandoniola confusa (= morguesi) Streito and Matocq (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in southern California in 1995 but had been unable to recover individuals in 1997-1998. Thrips galls were significantly reduced in all three of the locations in the recent samples compared with the earlier samples. M. confusa was present in all locations and appears to be providing successful biological control. The value of the biological control, the difference between street trees in good foliage condition and trees with poor foliage, was $58,766,166. If thrips damage reduced the foliage to very poor condition, the value of biological control was $73,402,683. Total cost for the project was $61,830. The benefit accrued for every dollar spent on the biological control of the thrips ranged from $950, if the foliage was in poor condition, to $1,187, if the foliage was in very poor condition. The value of urban forest is often underappreciated. Economic analyses that clearly demonstrate the very substantial rates of return on investment in successful biological control in urban forests provide compelling arguments for supporting future efforts.
