ABSTRACT
Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión de las localizaciones, causas y hallazgos radiológicos específicos de los procesos avasculares óseos. Se define como isquemia ósea a las alteraciones ocasionadas por déficit de irrigación, llevando a la destrucción del hueso. Existen diferencias entre necrosis isquémica e infarto óseo, en base al sitio óseo de afectación. La etiología traumática es la más frecuente y suele ser unilateral. Los sitios de presentación más frecuentes son: cabeza femoral y humeral, rodilla y semilunar. La resonancia magnética (RM) es considerada la modalidad de imagen más sensible y específica, tanto para el diagnóstico temprano como estadificación y control. El conocimiento de las causas, características radiológicas y sus diferentes fases evitan el diagnóstico erróneo de otras etiologías, como las primarias o infecciosas, facilitando un correcto algoritmo terapéutico.
Abstract The aim of this article is to review the locations, causes and specific radiological findings of avascular bone processes. Bone ischemia is defined as the alterations caused by irrigation deficit, leading into the bone destruction. However, there are differences between ischemic necrosis and bone infarction, based on the bone site of involvement. The most frequent etiology is traumatic and is usually unilateral. The most frequent sites of presentation are: femoral and humeral head, knee, and lunate. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the most sensitive and specific imaging modality for early diagnosis, staging and control. The knowledge of the causes, radiological findings and their different phases avoid the erroneous diagnosis of other lesions, such as primary or infectious, facilitating a correct therapeutic algorithm.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Bone and Bones/diagnostic imaging , Bone Diseases/etiology , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Osteonecrosis/diagnostic imaging , Bone Diseases/classification , Bone Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Ischemia/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to summarize the nomenclature of nonneoplastic conditions affecting subchondral bone through a review of the medical literature and expert opinion of the Society of Skeletal Radiology Subchondral Bone Nomenclature Committee. CONCLUSION. This consensus statement summarizes current understanding of the pathophysiologic characteristics and imaging findings of subchondral nonneoplastic bone lesions and proposes nomenclature to improve effective communication across clinical specialties and help avoid diagnostic errors that could affect patient care.
Subject(s)
Bone Diseases/classification , Cartilage Diseases/classification , Terminology as Topic , HumansABSTRACT
Computerized microtomography is the gold standard examination for the evaluation of the three-dimensional bone structure. This experiment was developed to evaluate the structure and bone quality of Caiman yacare with metabolic bone disease using high resolution computerized microtomography (μCT). The animals were distributed into four groups: G1 - hyperphosphatemic diet with sun exposure deprivation (n=4), G2 - hyperphosphatemic diet with sun exposure (n=4), G3 - balanced diet with sun exposure deprivation (n=4), and G4 - balanced diet with exposure to sunlight (n=4). The parameters for the trabecular bone (Trabecular Number, Trabecular Thickness, Trabecular Separation, Bone Pattern Factor, Fractal Dimension, Euler Number, Structural Model Index, Degree of Anisotropy, Eigenvalues 1, 2 and 3, and Centroides X, Y and Z), and cortical bone (Number of Closed Pores, Volume of Closed Pores, Surface of Closed Pores, Closed Porosity, Volume of Open Pores, Open Porosity and Total Porosity). The overall results showed that the structure and bone quality of group G3 and G4 were better than those of groups G1 and G2, and that the diet factor influenced more than the sun exposure factor. The computerized microtomography allowed to evaluate the quality of the cortical and trabecular bones of the Pantanal alligator tibia with osteometabolic disease. The diet and sun exposure factors influenced individually the results of the μCT parameters between the groups, demonstrating the functional and structural complexity. Thus, these parameters can contribute to the interpretation of the mechanical behavior of bones and correlate them with the risk of lesions and fractures associated with osteometabolic diseases.(AU)
Microtomografia computadorizada é o exame padrão-ouro para a avaliação da estrutura tridimensional do osso. Este estudo experimental foi desenvolvido para avaliar a estrutura e a qualidade óssea de jacarés-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare) com doença óssea metabólica utilizando a microtomografia computadorizada (μCT) de Alta Resolução. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos, G1 - dieta hiperfosfatêmica com privação de luz solar (n=4), G2 - dieta hiperfosfatêmica com exposição à luz solar (n=4), G3 - dieta balanceada com privação de luz solar (n=4) e G4 - dieta balanceada com exposição à luz solar (n=4). Avaliaram-se os parâmetros para o osso trabecular (Número de Trabéculas, Espessura Trabecular, Separação Trabecular, Fator do Padrão Ósseo, Dimensão Fractal, Número de Euler, Índice do Modelo Estrutural, Grau de Anisotropia, Autovalores 1, 2 e 3 e Centroides X, Y e Z) e osso cortical (Número de Poros Fechados, Volume dos Poros Fechados, Superfície de Poros Fechados, Porosidade Fechada, Volume de Poros Abertos, Porosidade Aberta e Porosidade Total). Os resultados gerais evidenciaram que a estrutura e a qualidade óssea dos grupos G3 e G4 foram superiores aos dos grupos G1 e G2, sendo que o fator dieta influenciou mais do que o fator exposição solar. A Microtomografia Computadorizada permitiu avaliar a qualidade dos ossos cortical e trabecular da tíbia de jacarés do pantanal com doença osteometabólica. Os fatores dieta e exposição solar influenciaram individualmente no resultado dos parâmetros do μCT entre os grupos, demonstrando a complexidade funcional e estrutural. Assim, esses parâmetros podem contribuir na interpretação do comportamento mecânico dos ossos e correlacioná-los com o risco de lesões e fraturas associadas às doenças osteometabólicas.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Bone Diseases/classification , Alligators and Crocodiles/abnormalities , X-Ray Microtomography/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Computerized microtomography is the gold standard examination for the evaluation of the three-dimensional bone structure. This experiment was developed to evaluate the structure and bone quality of Caiman yacare with metabolic bone disease using high resolution computerized microtomography (μCT). The animals were distributed into four groups: G1 - hyperphosphatemic diet with sun exposure deprivation (n=4), G2 - hyperphosphatemic diet with sun exposure (n=4), G3 - balanced diet with sun exposure deprivation (n=4), and G4 - balanced diet with exposure to sunlight (n=4). The parameters for the trabecular bone (Trabecular Number, Trabecular Thickness, Trabecular Separation, Bone Pattern Factor, Fractal Dimension, Euler Number, Structural Model Index, Degree of Anisotropy, Eigenvalues 1, 2 and 3, and Centroides X, Y and Z), and cortical bone (Number of Closed Pores, Volume of Closed Pores, Surface of Closed Pores, Closed Porosity, Volume of Open Pores, Open Porosity and Total Porosity). The overall results showed that the structure and bone quality of group G3 and G4 were better than those of groups G1 and G2, and that the diet factor influenced more than the sun exposure factor. The computerized microtomography allowed to evaluate the quality of the cortical and trabecular bones of the Pantanal alligator tibia with osteometabolic disease. The diet and sun exposure factors influenced individually the results of the μCT parameters between the groups, demonstrating the functional and structural complexity. Thus, these parameters can contribute to the interpretation of the mechanical behavior of bones and correlate them with the risk of lesions and fractures associated with osteometabolic diseases.(AU)
Microtomografia computadorizada é o exame padrão-ouro para a avaliação da estrutura tridimensional do osso. Este estudo experimental foi desenvolvido para avaliar a estrutura e a qualidade óssea de jacarés-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare) com doença óssea metabólica utilizando a microtomografia computadorizada (μCT) de Alta Resolução. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos, G1 - dieta hiperfosfatêmica com privação de luz solar (n=4), G2 - dieta hiperfosfatêmica com exposição à luz solar (n=4), G3 - dieta balanceada com privação de luz solar (n=4) e G4 - dieta balanceada com exposição à luz solar (n=4). Avaliaram-se os parâmetros para o osso trabecular (Número de Trabéculas, Espessura Trabecular, Separação Trabecular, Fator do Padrão Ósseo, Dimensão Fractal, Número de Euler, Índice do Modelo Estrutural, Grau de Anisotropia, Autovalores 1, 2 e 3 e Centroides X, Y e Z) e osso cortical (Número de Poros Fechados, Volume dos Poros Fechados, Superfície de Poros Fechados, Porosidade Fechada, Volume de Poros Abertos, Porosidade Aberta e Porosidade Total). Os resultados gerais evidenciaram que a estrutura e a qualidade óssea dos grupos G3 e G4 foram superiores aos dos grupos G1 e G2, sendo que o fator dieta influenciou mais do que o fator exposição solar. A Microtomografia Computadorizada permitiu avaliar a qualidade dos ossos cortical e trabecular da tíbia de jacarés do pantanal com doença osteometabólica. Os fatores dieta e exposição solar influenciaram individualmente no resultado dos parâmetros do μCT entre os grupos, demonstrando a complexidade funcional e estrutural. Assim, esses parâmetros podem contribuir na interpretação do comportamento mecânico dos ossos e correlacioná-los com o risco de lesões e fraturas associadas às doenças osteometabólicas.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Bone Diseases/classification , Alligators and Crocodiles/abnormalities , X-Ray MicrotomographyABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción. La prevalencia de talla baja en Colombia es de 10 %, aproximadamente. En el 2009, la International Skeletal Dysplasia Society incluyó 456 condiciones clínicas en su clasificación, con base en criterios bioquímicos, radiológicos y moleculares para su diagnóstico. Objetivo. Analizar las variables demográficas, epidemiológicas y clínicas en un grupo de pacientes con enfermedades genéticas del esqueleto, remitidos al Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron pacientes remitidos entre el 2008 y el 2014, con 167 diagnósticos relacionados con enfermedades genéticas del esqueleto según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades, versión 2010 (CIE-10). Se exploraron las variables demográficas, epidemiológicas y clínicas empleando estadística descriptiva. Se generó una puntuación para las intervenciones que contempló las combinaciones de tratamientos, y se analizaron las variables mediante la prueba t de Student. Resultados. El motivo de consulta más frecuente fue por sospecha de enfermedad genética del esqueleto. Entre los tipos de tratamiento, se consideraron los de soporte, los quirúrgicos, el farmacológico y la 'ortesis', y se pudo establecer que los pacientes con enfermedades genéticas del esqueleto obtenían puntajes mayores en la variable de intervención y menores en las de talla alta y baja. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico de la mayoría de los pacientes remitidos respondía a enfermedades genéticas del esqueleto, talla baja y otras enfermedades genéticas monogénicas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la edad de inicio de los síntomas y la de diagnóstico, así como diversos enfoques terapéuticos. Hubo menos intervenciones en los pacientes con talla alta y baja, lo cual podría alertar sobre la necesidad de reevaluar las necesidades terapéuticas de este grupo.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Short height in Colombia has an estimated prevalence of 10%. The 2009 Nosology and Classification of Skeletal Genetic Diseases described 456 clinical conditions using biochemical, molecular and radiological criteria for diagnosis. Objective: To analyze demographic, epidemiological and clinical variables in a group of patients with skeletal genetic diseases referred to the Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt. Materials and methods: Patients referred between 2008 and 2014 were analyzed filtering 167 diagnoses of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD 10), related to skeletal genetic diseases. Demographic, epidemiological and clinical variables were explored using descriptive statistics. An intervention score was generated contemplating different combinations of treatments. An inferential statistical analysis using Student's t test was performed on such variables. Results: The most frequent reason for consultation was suspicion of a genetic skeletal disorder. The types of treatments considered included support, surgical, pharmacological and orthotics, and it was established that genetic skeletal disorders were associated with higher intervention scores while tall and short height showed a lower score. Conclusions: Most referred patients were classified with genetic bone diseases, short stature and other monogenic genetic diseases. Significant differences were found between the age at symptoms onset and the age of diagnosis. Diversity was found in the therapeutic approach among different groups of pathologies. Patients with tall and short height showed lower intervention scores, which may warn on the need to reassess the therapeutic requirements of these groups.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bone Diseases/classification , Radiography/methods , Genetic Diseases, Inborn , Prevalence , Colombia , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/classificationABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Short height in Colombia has an estimated prevalence of 10%. The 2009 Nosology and Classification of Skeletal Genetic Diseases described 456 clinical conditions using biochemical, molecular and radiological criteria for diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To analyze demographic, epidemiological and clinical variables in a group of patients with skeletal genetic diseases referred to the Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients referred between 2008 and 2014 were analyzed filtering 167 diagnoses of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD 10), related to skeletal genetic diseases. Demographic, epidemiological and clinical variables were explored using descriptive statistics. An intervention score was generated contemplating different combinations of treatments. An inferential statistical analysis using Student's t test was performed on such variables. RESULTS: The most frequent reason for consultation was suspicion of a genetic skeletal disorder. The types of treatments considered included support, surgical, pharmacological and orthotics, and it was established that genetic skeletal disorders were associated with higher intervention scores while tall and short height showed a lower score. CONCLUSIONS: Most referred patients were classified with genetic bone diseases, short stature and other monogenic genetic diseases. Significant differences were found between the age at symptoms onset and the age of diagnosis. Diversity was found in the therapeutic approach among different groups of pathologies. Patients with tall and short height showed lower intervention scores, which may warn on the need to reassess the therapeutic requirements of these groups.
Subject(s)
Bone Diseases/classification , Genetic Diseases, Inborn , Radiography/methods , Colombia , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/classification , Humans , PrevalenceABSTRACT
As reações ósseas frente às demandas funcionais e agressões são diferentes de acordo com a morfologia do local, intensidade e duração da irritação e do estado sistêmico do paciente. Nesse trabalho, inicialmente procurou-se correlacionar esses três importantes fatores para compreender o resultado final na estrutura óssea, especialmente do ponto de vista imaginológico. Em seguida, são apresentados os conceitos dos nomes universalmente aceitos para identificar as doenças ósseas inflamatórias, de forma a facilitar a comunicação científica e clínica entre os profissionais.
The bone reactions before functional demands and aggressions are different according to the local morphology,intensity and duration of the irritation and systemic state of the patient. In this work, initially it was sought to correlate these three important factors to comprehend the final result on the bone structure, especially from the imaging point of view. Then, it was presented the concepts of universally accepted names to identify inflammatory bone diseases, in order to facilitate the scientific and clinical communication between professionals.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bone Diseases, Infectious/classification , Bone Diseases, Metabolic/classification , Bone Diseases/classification , Bone and Bones/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
As doenças ósseas reacionais inflamatórias são frequentes nos maxilares e associadas às lesões periapicais. Um abscesso dentoalveolar crônico representa uma osteíte crônica purulenta, assim como o granuloma periapical uma osteíte crônica granulomatosa. Imaginologicamente, as lesões periapicais inflamatórias crônicas são osteítes que se manifestam ora como rarefações ósseas, ora como áreas esclerosadas. Os termos "lesão rarefaciente difusa" ou "esclerosante no periápice" são aplicados em laudos para identificar lesões periapicais crônicas inflamatórias que representam verdadeiras lesões ósseas inflamatórias reacionais com nomes específicos pela relação direta com os dentes como o abscesso dentoalveolar e granulomas periapicais. Quando os dentes são extraídos, podem deixar alterações estruturais imaginologicamente detectadas, como escleroses e rarefações ósseas, sem a possibilidade de estabelecer uma relação de causa e efeito, dificultando um diagnóstico seguro. Nos planejamentos, o diagnóstico prévio do estado ósseo implica em reconhecer as lesões e situações patológicas. A uniformização da nomenclatura e conceitos pode facilitar a comunicação e o estabelecimento de protocolos e condutas uniformes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology , Bone Diseases, Infectious/classification , Bone Diseases/classification , Periodontal DiseasesABSTRACT
El hiperparatiroidismo secundario (HPT2) de los pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica (HD) se traduce en alteraciones óseas compatibles con enfermedad ósea de alta velocidad de recambio, tanto por aumento de la actividad osteoclástica como osteoblástica. Estos cambios se reflejan en la radiología ósea. La resorción ósea (ROS+) propia de la gran actividad osteoclástica es generalizada, siendo el patrón de resorción ósea subperióstica uno de los más característicos del HPT2 (1,2,5,6,8,9,). El objetivo del estudio fue establecer la prevalencia radiológica de ROS+, su localización, grado de severidad y su correlación con factores demográficos y marcadores bioquímicos de metabolismo óseo. Se estudió una población en hemodiálisis crónica constituida por 100 pacientes, 55 hombres, 45 mujeres; 22 por ciento de diabéticos; con valores promedios de edad 59.6 años, DS 16.37; 57.1 meses de hemodiálisis (mHD) 57,1, DS 50.27.En nuestros pacientes la evaluación radiológica demostró una alta prevalencia para la presencia de ROS + como marcador de HPT2 (96 por ciento) y existió correlación estadísticamente significativa entre ROS+ y aumento de PTHi en mano, cráneo y columna lumbar. El número de localizaciones también se correlacionó con la severidad del HPT2 evidenciado por los nives de PTHi.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Renal Dialysis/adverse effects , Radiography , Bone Resorption/pathology , Bone Diseases/classification , Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder/pathologySubject(s)
Orthopedics , Orthopedic Procedures , Traumatology , Musculoskeletal Diseases/classification , Musculoskeletal Diseases/diagnosis , Musculoskeletal Diseases/therapy , Musculoskeletal Abnormalities , Fractures, Bone/classification , Fractures, Bone/therapy , Wounds and Injuries/classification , Wounds and Injuries/therapy , Bone Diseases/classification , Bone Diseases/diagnosis , Bone Diseases/therapy , Bone Diseases/pathologySubject(s)
Musculoskeletal Abnormalities , Musculoskeletal Diseases/classification , Musculoskeletal Diseases/diagnosis , Musculoskeletal Diseases/therapy , Bone Diseases/classification , Bone Diseases/diagnosis , Bone Diseases/pathology , Bone Diseases/therapy , Wounds and Injuries/classification , Wounds and Injuries/therapy , Fractures, Bone/classification , Fractures, Bone/therapy , Orthopedics , Orthopedic Procedures , TraumatologyABSTRACT
El método foto-radiográfico, constituye un excelente auxiliar para el diagnóstico en ortodoncia - Con el, se pueden apreciar los tejidos duros blandos para juzgar la relación entre ambos - Con él también, se puede observar la relación de los dos maxilares entre sí para determinar las tres clases de angle - Constituye un guia eficaz para planear un tratamiento adecuado - Repitiéndole a intérvalos de tiempos regulares, puede servir de control del tratamiento