Two novel alleles, HLA-B*40:125 and B*40:129, in the Brazilian population.

The new alleles, HLA-B*40:125 and HLA-B*40:129, present a mismatch at codon 103.1 (G → C) and three mismatches at codons 9.1 (C → T), 11.1 (T → G) and 12.1 (G → A).

Blood and marrow transplantation in mainland China.

As of 1981, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) was applied in an acute leukaemia patient with success. Since then, the number of BMT has been increasing gradually, especially since the 1990s. Approximately 2000 BMTs per year have been performed in recent years in more than 100 BMT units in mainland China. A recent survey of 12 major BMT units indicates that the predominant types of transplantation performed are identical sibling (38.6%), related mismatched/haploidentical (19.4%), unrelated (17.2%), and autologous (24.5%). The indications of major disease entities are acute myeloid leukaemia (32.8%), acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (20%), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) [18.9%], and lymphoid malignancy (13.5%). The number of transplants from unrelated donor or related mismatched/haploidentical donor has been increasing significantly in recent 6 years. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilised bone marrow plus peripheral blood are routinely used as a source of stem cells for haploidentical BMT. Umbilical cord blood is used less often. Although the total number of patients who received allo-BMT continues to increase, the increase in BMT for CML has been flattened since 2004. By the end of 2008, more than 960 000 volunteer's human leukocyte antigen (HLA) data are available in Chinese Marrow Donor Program (CMDP), and more than 1100 stem cell donations have been performed from it. Stem cells for unrelated BMT in mainland China are mainly from Taiwan Tzu Chi Stem Cell Center and CMDP. Related HLA-mismatched/haploidentical BMT has reached fairly good outcomes in terms of severe acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), chronic GVHD, relapse, treatment-related mortality, disease-free survival, and overall survival, which are comparable with HLA-identical-sibling BMT in the author's BMT units. Syngeneic BMT started successfully in 1964 and has still very good outcomes in more than 23 BMT units from the statistics of Chinese Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation.

Manhattan transfer: lethal radiation, bone marrow transplantation, and the birth of stem cell biology, ca. 1942-1961.

This study investigates how, in the late 1940s and 1950s, fears of nuclear accidents and nuclear warfare shaped postwar radiobiology. The new and intense forms of radiation generated by nuclear reactor technology, and which would be released in the event of a nuclear war, created concerns about a public-health hazard unprecedented in form and scale. Fears of inadvertent exposure to acute and potentially lethal radiation launched a search for anti-radiation therapies, out of which emerged the new technique of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). This study analyzes the use of BMT first as a research tool to explore the biological effects of ionizing radiation, and then as an adjunct to radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer. In highlighting how BMT became the province of different research and clinical constituencies, this study develops an understanding of the forces and contingencies that shaped its development. Exploring the emergence of BMT and the uses to which it was put, it reveals that BMT remained a technique in the making -- unstable and far from standardized, even as it became both a widely used research tool and rapidly made its way into the clinic. More broadly, it casts new light on one route through which the Manhattan Project influenced postwar radiobiology; it also affords new insights into one means by which radiobiology came to serve the interests of the Cold War state. In its focus on BMT this paper provides a new perspective on the evolving relationship between radiobiology and biomedicine in the postwar period.

Efforts of the United States' National Marrow Donor Program and Registry to improve utilization and representation of minority donors.

SUMMARY: Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is often used as a therapy for patients with certain blood, metabolic or immune system disorders. The United States' National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) works to facilitate such life-saving transplants by coordinating the donor search and match process. However, concern exists that the NMDP Registry is underutilized and under-representative of racial and ethnic minorities. African-Americans and Hispanics are somewhat under-represented within the total number of donors, and it is estimated that the Registry is used by only approximately one-third of patients needing transplants. The NMDP has instituted programmes that address such concerns, resulting in an increase in both the total number of donors and the minority representation on the Registry. It has also increased efforts to recruit donors of umbilical cord blood, often a viable alternative source of haematopoietic stem cells. Over the past 8 years, the Registry has grown by more than 30% to contain over seven million donors, and the proportional distribution of racial and ethnic groups on the Registry has steadily approached their proportional distribution in the US population. Continued efforts on the part of the NMDP to maintain a Registry that is large in number and ethnically diverse should help ensure access to haematopoietic stem cell transplants for all patients who need them. The procedures and experience of the NMDP and its Registry may have implications for registries elsewhere in the world as they confront similar issues of number and diversity.

Bone marrow and stem cell transplantation: Malaysian experience.

Malaysia conducted the first BMT in the country in 1987. Since then, there have been 1155 transplantations performed in a total of eight transplant centres. A majority of the transplantations were allogeneic, including myeloablative and nonmyeloablative. A vast majority of donors are HLA identical siblings. The mean age of transplanted patients was 26 years. The major reason for transplantation was hematological malignancies. The overall survival was 60% for allogeneic transplantation and 52% for autologous transplantation. The most common cause of death in transplanted patients was the underlying disease followed by infection-related complications. Currently, the government is expanding the existing public cord blood bank as well as the local donor registry.

Bone marrow donation: factors influencing intentions in African Americans.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To identify factors influencing the intentions of African Americans to donate or not to donate bone marrow. DESIGN: Exploratory, descriptive. SETTING: Participants were recruited from three churches, four public housing developments, and a university teaching hospital-all in the Philadelphia, PA, area. SAMPLE: African American adults aged 18-60 years and able to read, write, and speak English. METHODS: Focus groups were conducted for the purpose of instrument development. A factor analysis was conducted on questionnaire data. A multiple regression was conducted of the demographic variables and the factors that contributed to behavioral intention to donate or not to donate bone marrow. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intentions regarding bone marrow donation. FINDINGS: "Fear or not trusting," "external influences," and "concerned about resources" correlated significantly with the intention not to donate bone marrow. Helping others, approval of people, and value of knowledge correlated significantly with the intention to donate bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS: Greater attention must be paid to increasing donations and improving the critical need for bone marrow donors. Patient education programs should be expanded to improve African Americans' knowledge of the importance of bone marrow donation, including the process, associated costs, and resources available to donors. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Nurses--irrespective of practice areas--are key contributors to increase the rate of bone marrow donation, particularly among African Americans.

An exploration of the concept of patient education: implications for the development of educational programmes for relapsed post-bone marrow transplantation patients and their families in Korea.

Frequently, the nursing care of patients who undergo bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is focused on acute, curative care. However, given that recurrent disease following BMT has a poor prognosis, a focus on acute care alone appears inappropriate for those clients who experience relapse. Care for this group of patients should be more inclusive of principles that underpin palliative care. Patient education is an important element of palliative care. Therefore, patient education based on the principles of palliative care should play a significant part in the nursing care of BMT patients with recurrent disease. This paper proposes a framework for the development of a palliative educational programme for relapsed post-BMT patients and their families in Korea. The framework was developed through a concept analysis of patient education.

Dental abnormalities in children preparing for pediatric bone marrow transplantation.

The purpose of our study was to describe the types and frequencies of altered dental development in pediatric patients preparing for bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Retrospective review of the medical records and panoramic radiographs of all patients who underwent BMT at St Jude Children's Research Hospital between 1990 and 2000 for whom pre-BMT dental examination and panoramic radiography records were available. All patients were treated on institutional protocols. We recorded patient demographics and radiographic evidence of microdontia, hypodontia, taurodontia, root stunting, caries, enamel pearls, and pulpal calcifications. The 259 patients identified (150 male and 109 female) had a median age of 12.82 years (range, 3.18-25.93 years) at the time of BMT. In total, 203 were Caucasian, 38 were African-American, and 18 were of other races. In all, 150 (57.9%) had abnormal dentition. The most common dental abnormalities were caries (n=84), pulpal calcifications (n = 34), and dental extractions (n = 33). Developmental abnormalities occurred less frequently: taurodontia (n = 8), hypodontia (n = 10), microdontia (n = 11), and root stunting (n = 11). Dental abnormalities are prevalent in children undergoing BMT. Pre-transplant oral hygiene and dental examination should be standard care in order to minimize potential sites of infection.

Pairwise multiple comparison adjustment in survival analysis.

Many clinical studies have as their endpoint the time until some event (such as death) occurs. Often in such studies researchers are interested in comparing several treatment or prognostic groups with one another in terms of their survival curves. When many such pairwise group comparisons are done, the chance of finding a false significance among all of the comparisons is inflated above the usual desired significance level. This paper investigates methods of adjusting the survival analysis for the number of comparisons being made. These methods are applied to a retrospective study conducted by the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry and compared in a simulation study in terms of the power to detect actual differences in the survival curves between the groups.

Comparison of graft-versus-host-disease and survival after HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplantation in ethnic populations.

The association of ethnicity with the incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and other clinical outcomes after transplantation is controversial. We compared the results of HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplantations for leukemia, performed between 1990 and 1999, among different ethnic populations, including 562 Japanese, 829 white Americans, 71 African Americans, 195 Scandinavians, and 95 Irish. Results for adults and children were analyzed separately. Multivariate analyses of adult patients showed that white Americans, African Americans, and Irish cohorts were at significantly higher risk for acute GVHD than Japanese or Scandinavian cohorts (relative risk [RR] = 1.77, P < .001; RR = 1.84, P < .006; RR = 2.22, P < .001, respectively). White Americans, African Americans, and Irish, but not Scandinavians, were at significantly higher risk for early (within 3 months of transplantation) transplant-related mortality (TRM) compared with Japanese (RR = 2.99, P < .001; RR = 5.88, P < .001; RR = 2.66, P < .009, respectively). No differences in the risk for chronic GVHD, relapse, and overall survival were noted. In the pediatric cohort (limited to Japanese and white Americans), white Americans were at significantly higher risk for acute (RR = 1.93; P = .04) and chronic (RR = 3.16; P = .002) GVHD. No differences in other clinical outcomes were noted. Our findings suggest that ethnicity may influence the risk for GVHD, though overall survival rates after transplantation remain similar.